Summary
stating that under Valentine, if the plaintiff's claim sounds in tort, it is for the court; if it is a claim on a contract, it is for the mpsc
Summary of this case from Travelers Insurance Co. v. Detroit Edison Co.Opinion
Docket No. 65605.
Decided August 2, 1983. Leave to appeal denied, 418 Mich. 935.
Norman K. Marsh, for plaintiff.
Cholette, Perkins Buchanan (by Robert J. Riley), for defendant.
Defendant appeals by leave granted from the trial court's order denying defendant's motion for summary or accelerated judgment.
Plaintiff, a locksmith, filed a complaint against defendant, alleging that it committed "simple negligence" and, alternatively, "willful, wanton and gross conduct [sic]" inasmuch as defendant listed plaintiff's advertisement in the yellow pages of defendant's telephone directory under "Loans" rather than "Locksmiths".
Defendant moved for summary or accelerated judgment. It asked for accelerated judgment, pursuant to GCR 1963, 116.1(2), on the ground that the Public Service Commission, not the circuit court, has jurisdiction over plaintiff's claim. It asked for summary judgment, pursuant to GCR 1963, 117.2(1), for the reason that 1979 AC, R 460.1960(3) and General Telephone Company of Michigan Tariff MPSC No. 7 limit defendant's liability for errors in a directory listing to refund of the charge for the listing and that plaintiff's charge had been refunded.
The trial court denied the motion. This Court granted leave on October 6, 1982.
There are two issues on appeal. First: Does the circuit court or the Public Service Commission have jurisdiction over plaintiff's claim? Second: Assuming arguendo that the circuit court has jurisdiction, is defendant's liability limited by the applicable code and tariff provisions?
I
The Supreme Court has discussed in several cases the circuit court's jurisdiction to adjudicate a plaintiff's claims against a telephone company. In Harbaugh v Citizens Telephone Co, 190 Mich. 421; 157 N.W. 32 (1916), a declaration for trespass on the case against a telephone company for wrongful refusal to connect plaintiff's telephone with a city exchange, charging loss of business, was held to state a cause of action for which damages could be recovered. Harbaugh recognized that in some situations a court of general jurisdiction is the proper forum in which to sue a telephone company.
In Muskegon Agency, Inc v General Telephone Co of Michigan, 340 Mich. 472; 65 N.W.2d 748 (1954), the plaintiff sued for damages suffered due to negligence of a telephone company in assigning a number. The Court found that the plaintiff's action could be adjudicated by the circuit court because the action was one "sounding in tort". This holding was reaffirmed in Muskegon Agency, Inc v General Telephone Co of Michigan, 350 Mich. 41; 85 N.W.2d 170 (1957).
The latest word from the Supreme Court on this topic is found in Valentine v Michigan Bell Telephone Co, 388 Mich. 19; 199 N.W.2d 182 (1972). The plaintiff brought suit alleging that the telephone company had not provided him with adequate service. The trial court granted defendant's motion for summary judgment. The Court, on review, discussed the jurisdiction question at some length. The Court described the jurisdiction of the Public Service Commission as follows:
"[T]he code or tariff is part of the contract between the parties and limits of liability therein contained are presumptively valid. Any claim based upon the contractual obligation of the parties is limited to validly promulgated provisions of the tariff or code within the authority of the Public Service Commission. Ordinarily, a party aggrieved by the provisions of a tariff or code should seek relief by an attack upon those provisions before the Public Service Commission and from it to the Ingham County Circuit Court." 388 Mich. 26.
The jurisdiction of the circuit court is set forth in the following passages:
"If a plaintiff's cause of action is based upon a claim that the utility has violated Public Service Commission promulgated tariffs or codes, or if the claim covers some action by the utility outside of the regulations of the Public Service Commission, a court of general jurisdiction is the proper forum. * * * Harbaugh, supra, and Muskegon Agency cases, supra, have clearly established that the proper forum for a claim sounding in tort is a court of general jurisdiction of this state." 388 Mich. 25-26.
"A claim that sets forth facts showing a plaintiff suffered damage as a result of a violation of the tariffs and regulations can be entertained by a court of general jurisdiction, or a claim in tort that sets forth facts which would constitute tortious conduct to the injury and damage of the claimant can also be filed in a court of general jurisdiction." 388 Mich. 30.
Thus, under Valentine, if the plaintiff's claim sounds in tort, it is for the court; if it is a claim on a contract, it is for the Public Service Commission.
The principles of Valentine must be applied to the instant case. That task is considerably easier in light of this Court's decision in B W Rustproofing, Inc v Michigan Bell Telephone Co, 88 Mich. App. 242; 276 N.W.2d 572 (1979). The plaintiff alleged in its complaint that the defendant failed to include its new number in the latest telephone directory. This Court concluded:
"The complaint sets forth allegations contending that defendant acted in a negligent manner. Since the complaint alleges tortious conduct on the part of defendant it was properly brought in circuit court." 88 Mich. App. 245. (Footnote omitted.)
This case also involves an allegation that the telephone company acted negligently regarding a listing in a telephone directory. Thus, the action was properly brought in circuit court.
II
The next issue is whether the defendant's liability is limited by the applicable code and tariff provisions. 1979 AC, R 460, 1960 (3) provides:
"(3) The telephone utility is not liable for errors in or omissions from directories except in cases where a specific charge has been made for a listing; in no event shall the liability for such error of omission be beyond the amount of the specific charge."
General Telephone Company Tariff MPSC No 7, First Revised Sheet 8.1 provides:
"For the convenience of the service, a directory for each exchange is published from time to time, but as experience demonstrates that errors and omissions will occur with more or less frequency, the Telephone Company is not liable for errors or omissions from the directories except in cases where a specific charge has been made for listing; in no event shall the Telephone Company be liable for any such error or omission beyond the amount of such charge."
The defendant argues that, under Valentine, plaintiff's recovery is limited by these provisions. In a passage quoted above, the Court said that the "code or tariff is part of the contract between the parties and limits of liability therein contained are presumptively valid. Any claim based upon the contractual obligation of the parties is limited to validly promulgated provisions of the tariff or code within the authority of the Public Service Commission." 388 Mich. 26. But, as this language makes clear, these limits apply only to a claim based on the contract between the parties. As a recent case of this Court indicates, recovery is not so limited when the action sounds in tort.
In Hunter v General Telephone Co, 121 Mich. App. 411; 328 N.W.2d 648 (1982), the plaintiff sued the defendant for the failure of its employees to give out the correct number of his business. The plaintiff sought damages for the alleged negligent, reckless, wilful, wanton, malicious and intentional misconduct of defendant. The defendant argued that its liability was limited by 1954 AC, R 460.1960(10.2) [1979 AC, R 460.1960(2)]. That provision limits the telephone utility's liability for damages arising out of "mistakes, omissions, interruptions, delays, errors, or defects in transmission" to "an amount proportionate to the charge to the customer" for the affected period of service. This Court rejected the defendant's argument. Valentine, this Court said, "appears to affirm the notion that, once tortious conduct is properly alleged, a plaintiff may proceed in a court of general jurisdiction against a telephone company to recover full tort damages without regard to 1954 AC, R 460.1960(10.2). There is no indication in Valentine that any tort action against a telephone company which is properly brought in a court of general jurisdiction is nonetheless subject to the limitations on liability set forth in the regulation and tariffs." 121 Mich. App. 419 -420. Although critical of Valentine, the Hunter Court found itself constrained to follow it. See Hunter, supra, p 421.
Hunter correctly construed Valentine. Indeed, Valentine is consistent with earlier case law which establishes that a plaintiff who sues a telephone utility in tort is entitled to full tort recovery. See Harbaugh, supra, p 428; Muskegon Agency, 340 Mich. 482. Thus, the plaintiff in the present case is entitled to full tort recovery. The trial court did not err in denying defendant's motion for summary or accelerated judgment.
Affirmed. No costs.
I concur on the authority of what I consider to be the holding of Valentine v Michigan Bell Telephone Co, 388 Mich. 19; 199 N.W.2d 182 (1972). I write separately to express my judgment that Valentine constitutes uncertain precedent in an important area of the law and to invite the Supreme Court to clarify its holding in that case. See Hunter v General Telephone Co, 121 Mich. App. 411; 328 N.W.2d 648 (1982).