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holding that parental rights do not revert to the natural parent after the death of the adoptive parents
Summary of this case from D.M. v. D.ROpinion
Record No. 991284.
November 5, 1999.
Present: All the Justices.
The minor defendant's aunt and uncle, as persons "standing in loco parentis," were served with notice of a juvenile transfer hearing which, along with the notice provided to the defendant, fully complied with former Code § 16.1-263 because the defendant had no parents, guardian, or legal custodian. The Commonwealth's failure to provide notice to biological parents did not create a jurisdictional defect rendering his convictions void. The petition for a writ of habeas corpus is denied.
Criminal Law and Procedure — Juvenile Transfer Statutes — Capital Murder — Transfer to Circuit Court — Notice to Parents — Adoption — Persons In Loco Parentis — Jurisdiction
Defendant was convicted of capital murder, first degree murder, and two counts of using a firearm in the commission of a felony. The first degree murder conviction was based on the killing of his girlfriend's father and the capital murder conviction arose from the killing of his girlfriend's mother as a part of the same act. The other two convictions were based on defendant's use of a firearm in commission of the murders. The defendant, who was 17 years old at the time of these offenses, was sentenced to death on the capital murder conviction based on the aggravating factor of "vileness." He also received a sentence of sixty-five years' imprisonment for first degree murder and a total of six years' imprisonment for the two firearms convictions. The Court affirmed the trial court's judgment. The defendant filed the present petition for a writ of habeas corpus. He alleges that his biological father was not provided notice as required by former Code § 16.1-263 of the proceedings in the juvenile court that resulted in his transfer to the circuit court for trial as an adult. He asserts that the Commonwealth's failure to provide such notice created a jurisdictional defect that rendered his convictions void.
1. In another case, the Court of Appeals held that a plain reading of Code §§ 16.1-263 and 16.1-264 manifests legislative intent that both parents be notified and dispenses with this requirement only when the trial judge has certified on the record that the identity of a parent is not reasonably ascertainable. Because the notice of the initiation of juvenile proceedings was not properly served on the required parties, the transfer of jurisdiction was ineffectual and the subsequent convictions are void.
2. In 1990, when the defendant was charged with these four offenses, former Code § 16.1-263(A) provided that after a petition has been filed, the court shall direct issuance of summonses, one to the child, if the child is twelve or more years of age, and another to the parents, guardian, legal custodian or other person standing in loco parentis, and such other persons as appear to the court to be proper or necessary parties to the proceedings.
3. In accordance with these provisions, the defendant's aunt and uncle, with whom he was living, as persons "standing in loco parentis," were served with notice of the transfer hearing. This service of process, along with notice that was provided to the defendant, fully complied with the requirements of former Code § 16.1-263 because, at that time, defendant had no parents, guardian, or legal custodian.
4. Under Code § 63.1-233, a final adoption order entered in 1982 divested defendant's biological parents of all legal rights and obligations with respect to him. That order, in conformance with the provisions of the statute, stated that the defendant was to all intents and purposes the child of his adopting grandparents.
5. There is no merit in the defendant's contention that the consent forms executed by his biological parents imposed limiting conditions on the adoption, which resulted in their resuming the status of "parents," for purposes of former Code § 16.1-263, when the adoptive parents died. The final adoption order unconditionally divested the biological parents of all legal rights with respect to the defendant. Since the adoption order was not appealed within six months after it was entered, its validity is "not subject to attack in any proceedings, collateral or direct." Code § 63.1-237.
6. Thus, the defendant's biological father was not his "parent" within the meaning of former Code § 16.1-263 at the time of the transfer proceedings and was not entitled to notice under that statute.
7. The defendant had no legal guardian and there is no requirement that a guardian ad litem be appointed to represent a juvenile defendant in a transfer proceeding. This issue was resolved in another case which noted that a defendant under a disability who is represented by counsel need not have appointed to him a guardian ad litem unless a statute applicable to a particular case expressly requires such an appointment.
8. Because the juvenile transfer statutes did not expressly require appointment of a guardian ad litem for a juvenile defendant at a transfer hearing, the juvenile defendant had no such right. In the present case, the statutory notice requirements for a transfer hearing were fully satisfied.
Upon A Petition For A Writ Of Habeas Corpus.
Writ denied.
Robert E. Shepherd, Jr. (Robert Lee; Michele J. Brace; Lisa P. O'Donnell; Lawrence H. Woodward, Jr.; Aileen C. Tucker; Richard R. Fuller, Jr.; Shuttleworth, Ruloff Giordano, on briefs, for petitioner.
Pamela A. Rumpz, Assistant Attorney General (Mark L. Earley, Attorney General, on brief), for respondent.
Douglas Christopher Thomas was convicted in the Circuit Court of Middlesex County (circuit court) of capital murder, first degree murder, and two counts of using a firearm in the commission of a felony. The first degree murder conviction was based on the killing of James Baxter Wiseman, II, Code § 18.2-32, and the capital murder conviction arose from the killing of Kathy J. Wiseman as a part of the same act or transaction of killing James Baxter Wiseman, II, Code § 18.2-31(7). The other two convictions were based on Thomas's use of a firearm in the commission of these murders. Code § 18.2-53.1. Thomas, who was 17 years old at the time of these offenses, was sentenced to death on the capital murder conviction based on the aggravating factor of "vileness." He also received a sentence of 65 years' imprisonment for first degree murder and a total of six years' imprisonment for the two firearms convictions. We affirmed the trial court's judgment in Thomas v. Commonwealth, 244 Va. 1, 419 S.E.2d 606, cert. denied, 506 U.S. 958 (1992).
Thomas filed the present petition for a writ of habeas corpus invoking this Court's original jurisdiction. He alleges that his biological father was not provided notice of the proceedings in the Middlesex County Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Court (juvenile court) that resulted in his transfer to the circuit court for trial as an adult, as required by former Code § 16.1-263. He asserts that under our recent holding in Commonwealth v. Baker, 258 Va. 1, 516 S.E.2d 219 (1999) (per curiam), the Commonwealth's failure to provide such notice created a jurisdictional defect that rendered his convictions void.
Thomas raised the same claim in a motion for writ of coram vobis filed in the circuit court, which denied the motion by order dated June 16, 1999. Thomas's appeal of the circuit court order is pending in this Court and has been consolidated with this habeas corpus proceeding. See Thomas v. Commonwealth of Virginia, Record. No. 991291. We will decide the coram vobis appeal separately by order and, for reasons not germane to this appeal, we will affirm the circuit court's judgment in that case.
In November 1990, the juvenile court issued criminal petitions against Thomas in which his mother was identified as Margaret M. Thomas and his aunt and uncle, Brenda J. and Herbert Marshall, were identified under the heading, "guardian, legal custodian or person in loco parentis." Thomas does not dispute that these three individuals were given notice of the transfer proceedings in the juvenile court. Thomas's father was identified in the petitions as "Robert Christopher Thomas[,] Whereabouts unknown." No notice of the juvenile court proceedings was provided to Robert Christopher Thomas, and the record does not reflect that any effort was made to locate him.
On the date set for the transfer hearing in the juvenile court, Thomas and his counsel executed a written document waiving his right to the hearing. The document stated in part: "IT IS THE CONCLUSION of the Defendant and his counsel that the statutory requirements for transfer to Circuit Court are met and that the waiver of both a probable cause hearing and transfer hearing is in the best interest of the Defendant." After informing Thomas of the purpose of a transfer hearing and asking him questions to determine whether his waiver was voluntary and intelligent, the juvenile court accepted Thomas's waiver pursuant to former Code § 16.1-270 and transferred Thomas to the circuit court for further criminal proceedings. Following the transfer, Thomas was indicted, tried, and convicted in the circuit court on the four felony charges.
The following facts concerning Thomas's family relationships are not in dispute. Thomas's biological parents, Margaret M. Thomas and Robert Christopher Thomas, separated in 1973, several months before Thomas was born. They divorced in 1974. In 1982, Thomas was adopted by his maternal grandparents, Herbert B. Marshall, Sr., and Virginia J. Marshall.
Prior to the adoption, both of Thomas's biological parents executed documents indicating their consent to the adoption. The following handwritten language appeared on the consent form signed by Thomas's biological mother:
Also, I would like to know by signing this paper will Douglas C. Thomas at [my parents'] death come back to me is why I gave consent for them to have custody of my son is because [his grandfather] wanted to put him on his social security his insurance papers.
The consent form signed by Thomas's biological father contained the following typewritten language:
3) That respondent . . . would like for the records to reflect that due to serious illness or death to the [adoptive parents] that the child be returned to the custody and care of his natural Mother.
4) That respondent . . . would also like for the records to reflect that due to the death or serious illness of the child's natural Mother . . . that the child be awarded to the custody of his natural Father.
In 1985, after both adoptive parents died, Thomas lived with his biological mother for a period of time. In 1988, he began living with his aunt and uncle, Brenda and Herbert Marshall, in Middlesex County, where he was residing when he committed these offenses. During the years after his adoptive parents died, Thomas did not have a legal guardian or custodian appointed by any court.
In his petition for a writ of habeas corpus, Thomas relies primarily on our holding in Baker. There, for the reasons stated in the opinion of the Court of Appeals, we affirmed the Court's judgment voiding the circuit court convictions of a juvenile because the required notice of transfer hearing was not provided to the juvenile's father. 258 Va. at 2, 516 S.E.2d at 220. The Court of Appeals held that "[a] plain reading of Code §§ 16.1-263 and 16.1-264 manifests legislative intent that both parents be notified and dispenses with this requirement only when the trial judge has certified on the record that the identity of a parent is not reasonably ascertainable." Baker v. Commonwealth, 28 Va. App. 306, 312, 504 S.E.2d 394, 397 (1998) (emphasis added). The Court of Appeals concluded that "[b]ecause the notice of the initiation of juvenile proceedings was not properly served on the required parties, the transfer of jurisdiction was ineffectual and the subsequent convictions are void." Id. at 315, 504 S.E.2d at 399.
Thomas argues that the circuit court did not acquire jurisdiction to try him as an adult because the transfer proceedings in the juvenile court were invalid. He essentially contends that after the death of his adoptive parents, his biological mother and father again became his "parents" and, thus, were entitled under former Code § 16.1-243 to notice of the transfer proceedings in the juvenile court. We disagree with Thomas's argument.
In 1990, when Thomas was charged with the four offenses, former Code § 16.1-263(A) provided, in relevant part:
After a petition has been filed, the court shall direct the issuance of summonses, one directed to the child, if the child is twelve or more years of age, and another to the parents, guardian, legal custodian or other person standing in loco parentis, and such other persons as appear to the court to be proper or necessary parties to the proceedings. . . . The court may direct that other proper or necessary parties to the proceedings be notified of the pendency of the case, the charge and the time and place for the hearing.
In accordance with these provisions, Thomas's aunt and uncle, as persons "standing in loco parentis," were served with notice of the transfer hearing. This service of process, along with the notice that was provided to Thomas, fully complied with the requirements of former Code § 16.1-263 because, at that time, Thomas had no parents, guardian, or legal custodian. Under Code § 63.1-233, the final adoption order entered in 1982 divested Thomas's biological parents of all legal rights and obligations with respect to him. That order, in conformance with the provisions of the statute, stated that Thomas was "to all intents and purposes . . . the child of said petitioners, Herbert B. Marshall and Virginia Marshall, husband and wife." See Code § 63.1-233.
We find no merit in Thomas's contention that the consent forms executed by his biological parents imposed limiting conditions on the adoption, which resulted in their resuming the status of "parents," for purposes of former Code § 16.1-263, when the adoptive parents died. The final adoption order unconditionally divested the biological parents of all legal rights with respect to Thomas. See Code § 63.1-233; Doe v. Doe, 222 Va. 736, 746, 284 S.E.2d 799, 805 (1981); Sozio v. Thorpe, 22 Va. App. 271, 275, 469 S.E.2d 68, 70 (1996); Cage v. Harrisonburg Dept. of Social Services, 13 Va. App. 246, 249-50, 410 S.E.2d 405, 406-07 (1991). Since the adoption order was not appealed within six months after it was entered, its validity is "not subject to attack in any proceedings, collateral or direct." Code § 63.1-237. Thus, Thomas's biological father was not his "parent" within the meaning of former Code § 16.1-263 at the time of the transfer proceedings and was not entitled to notice under that statute.
Thomas next asserts an alternative argument that, if he had no parents at the time of the juvenile court proceedings, "there was a jurisdictional defect in the transfer proceedings because a person required to be summonsed, i.e., the legal guardian or guardian ad litem, was not notified." We disagree with this argument.
First, Thomas had no legal guardian. Second, there is no requirement that a guardian ad litem be appointed to represent a juvenile defendant in a transfer proceeding. We resolved this issue in Wright v. Commonwealth, 245 Va. 177, 184, 427 S.E.2d 379, 384 (1993), vacated on other grounds, 512 U.S. 1217 (1994), stating that "[a] defendant under a disability who is represented by counsel need not have appointed to him a guardian ad litem unless a statute applicable to a particular case expressly requires such an appointment." Id. at 183, 427 Va. at 384. We held that because the juvenile transfer statutes (former Code §§ 16.1-269 to -272) did not expressly require the appointment of a guardian ad litem for a juvenile defendant at a transfer hearing, the juvenile defendant had no such right. Id. Thus, in the present case, we conclude that the statutory notice requirements for a transfer hearing, recognized by this Court in Baker, were fully satisfied.
We reject Thomas's additional argument that because the transfer petitions listed Robert Thomas as the defendant's father, the Commonwealth should be barred from asserting that Robert Thomas was not the defendant's "parent" at the time of the transfer proceedings. The terms "father" and "parent" are not synonymous under the facts of this case.
For these reasons, we will deny Thomas's petition for a writ of habeas corpus.
Writ denied.