Opinion
Argued April 30, 1884
Decided May 9, 1884
James W. Covert for appellant. John Fleming, district attorney, for respondent.
The defendant was put upon his trial for the crime of murder, and interposed challenges for actual bias to several persons who were called to act as jurors, which his counsel now claims were improperly overruled.
The Code of Criminal Procedure, section 376, provides that "the previous expression or formation of an opinion or impression, in reference to the guilt or innocence of the defendant, or a present opinion or impression in reference thereto, is not a sufficient ground for challenge for actual bias to any person otherwise legally qualified, if he declare on oath that he believes that such opinion or impression will not influence his verdict, and that he can render an impartial verdict according to the evidence, and the court is satisfied that he does not entertain such a present opinion or impression as would influence his verdict." That provision is substantially a re-enactment of section 1 of the act chapter 475 of the Laws of 1872. Notwithstanding the provision, a person who has formed or expressed an opinion or impression in reference to the guilt or innocence of the defendant is still, as formerly, disqualified to sit as a juror, unless three things shall concur: (1.) He must declare on oath that he believes that such opinion or impression will not influence his verdict; (2) he must also declare on oath that he believes he can render an impartial verdict according to the evidence; and (3) the court must be satisfied that he does not entertain such a present opinion or impression as would influence his verdict. Unless these three things concur the person must now, as before, be excluded from the jury box. ( Balbo v. People, 80 N.Y. 484; Cox v. People, id. 500; People v. Cornetti, 92 id. 85.) The cases cited also hold that the decision of the trial judge in such a case, overruling the challenge, is reviewable in this court, and that it is our province and duty to determine, upon the evidence elicited by the examination of the person, whether or not he was a competent juror.
Charles Davidson was called as a juror, and upon his examination testified that he had heard and read about the case; that what he had read left an impression on his mind, for or against the defendant; that he had talked the case over with his neighbors; that in conversation with them he had expressed an opinion in reference to the guilt or innocence of the defendant; that he still had the opinion thus expressed, and that he was pretty sure he had said that he thought the defendant was guilty. This question was put to him by the district attorney: "Notwithstanding that you have heard or read of it, or may have formed or expressed an opinion or impression, can you sit as a juror, if selected, and determine this case upon the evidence as you shall hear it from the witnesses?" and he answered: "Well I suppose I could." The court ruled that he was a good juror. James Waldron was called as a juror and testified upon his examination, that he had heard and read of the case, and formed an opinion or impression in reference to it; and then the district attorney asked him this question: "Notwithstanding that, could you in your opinion sit here as a juror, and determine it entirely upon the evidence in the case?" and he answered "Yes." Upon his cross-examination he testified that he had read in the newspapers a criticism upon a dissenting juror upon a previous trial; that he had formed a distinct impression as to the guilt or innocence of the defendant; that he still had that impression; that it would require evidence to remove it; and that he would go into the jury box, if accepted as a juror, with a prejudice in his mind as the result of the newspaper reading and the adverse criticism that he had seen in the public press. He was asked this question: "Would that definite, distinct impression that you have in your mind, would it shape or shadow your verdict at all?" and he answered, "Well I would go according to the evidence, I think." There were further questions and answers as follows: Q. "Apart from the evidence as it might be disclosed to you on the trial, would this previously formed impression or prejudice arising from your newspaper reading, aid at all in shaping and forming your verdict?" A. "Well I don't know that it would." Q. "Are you sure that it would not?" A. "No, sir; I am not sure about that." Q. "And the impression that you had, after thinking this matter all over, after reading the newspaper articles, and after the conversation that you had had with your neighbors, was a distinct impression — is with you yet — and it would go with you into the jury box, and you think might change, shade or shadow the verdict which you would give on the evidence?" A. "Well it might, but it hadn't ought to." Q. "But you say that it might; you are not sure that you could divest your mind entirely of that prejudice?" A. "No, sir." The court sustained the competency of the juror. Warren Willis was called as a juror, and upon his examination testified that he had heard and read of the case, and this question was put to him by the district attorney: "Notwithstanding that fact, could you determine it according to the evidence if selected as a juror?" and he answered: "I suppose I could." Q. "That is your opinion, is it, that you could?" A. "Yes, I suppose I could." He was then cross-examined by the defendant's counsel, and testified that he had read accounts of the homicide in newspapers, and then he was questioned, and answered as follows: Q. "Did the result of your newspaper reading, or of any conversation that you might have had with any person, make any distinct impression on your mind concerning the guilt or innocence of the accused?" A. "Yes, sir." Q. "That impression is with you yet, is it?" A. "Yes, sir; I think it is" Q. "In addition to the formation of an opinion, did you express any opinion as to the guilt or innocence of the prisoner?" A. "Yes, sir, I did, here in the court-room." Q. "Did you say you thought the defendant was guilty, or words to that effect?" A. "I might." Q. "You did make that statement?" A. "Yes, sir; I think he is guilty, from what I read." Q. "I am not asking what you think; I ask you whether you said so?" A. "Yes, sir; I think I have said so." The court sustained the competency of the juror. Isaac Johnson was called as a juror, and upon his examination by the district attorney testified that he had heard about the case, and had an impression about it. These questions were then put to him, and answered: Q. "Could you sit there as a juror, and determine it according to the evidence in the case without regard to any thing that you may have heard outside?" A. "Well, according to what I have heard outside, I have my mind about made up I suppose." Q. "Notwithstanding that fact that your mind is about made up, could you sit there as a juror and determine it entirely from the evidence which you would hear in the trial?" A. "I suppose I would have to." Q. "Without any regard to what you have heard outside?" A. "I suppose I would have to go according to the witnesses of course." Q. "And you would do it, wouldn't you?" (No answer.) Upon his cross-examination he testified that he had had conversation about the homicide with other people; that there was an expression of opinion on the part of the other people about it; that he concurred with them; that the way he heard the story, it seemed to him that the defendant was guilty; that he so stated, and that he was still a good deal of that opinion. Q. "Was that opinion to the effect that the defendant was guilty of the offense?" A. "It was." Q. "You have expressed your opinion then?" A. "Yes, sir." Q. "You are of the same opinion now?" A. "Yes, sir." Q. "If you were now accepted as a juror in this case, would you take your seat in this box, having that opinion still in your mind?" A. "Well, it would be still in my mind — I could not get it out." Q. "Would that impression be in your mind during the progress of the trial?" A. "It would still be in my mind — Sir, I could not help it." Q. "You could not help it, and would that opinion assist in framing or inducing you to frame your verdict?" A. "It might, sir; I could not say about that." Q. "It might tinge your opinion?" A. "It might change my opinion." Q. "And assist in the formation of your verdict?" A. "It might, sir." The court held that the juror was competent.
It will be perceived that not one of these persons testified that he believed that the impression or opinion he had formed would not influence his verdict, or that he could render an impartial verdict according to the evidence. While the juror, Johnson, stated that he supposed he would have to determine the case according to the evidence, and that he would have to go according to the witnesses (by all of which he evidently meant that that would be his duty), yet he testified that he had an opinion which would go with him into the jury box, which he could not get out of his mind; that he could not help it; that it might assist in forming his verdict, and he met with silence the question whether he would go according to the witnesses. Such a person is clearly incompetent to sit as a juror. It would be grossly unfair and unjust, and against all the traditions of our race, to compel any person to go to trial before a juror in such a frame of mind. It is the object of the laws, so far as possible, to obtain impartial, unbiased, fair-minded men for jurors, who can divest themselves of all previous impressions and try a case submitted to them upon its merits and decide it according to the evidence. It is clear, therefore, that he should have been held incompetent to sit as a juror.
The other jurors named were not so clearly incompetent; but they had all formed and expressed opinions as to the guilt of the defendant, and their answers were not such as to qualify them. It is impossible to say upon their evidence that they were impartial jurors, who could fairly sit in judgment upon the defendant. When persons called to sit as jurors are otherwise incompetent from actual bias, they must be required to make the declarations specified in the section of the Code quoted. They need not make those declarations literally, but they must make them in substance; that is an absolute prerequisite; and then if there is nothing in their further examination materially impeaching such declarations, the court may receive them as jurors, if satisfied that their opinions and impressions will not influence their verdict. These jurors did not literally, nor in substance, make the declarations required, and hence it was the duty of the court to hold them incompetent for actual bias.
But these jurors, after the rulings of the court that they were competent to sit as jurors, were peremptorily challenged by the defendant and excluded from the panel; and hence it is claimed on the part of the people that the defendant was not harmed, and that he was thus deprived of any objection which he would otherwise have. It is, however, admitted in the record, that before the jury was fully impaneled, the defendant had exhausted all the peremptory challenges allowed him by law. He was, therefore, by the erroneous rulings of the trial judge in holding these persons to be competent jurors, obliged to use his peremptory challenges, and was thus deprived of the right and power to use other peremptory challenges in case he desired to. If, after the plaintiff had used as many peremptory challenges as he desired, he had not yet exhausted all his challenges, it could well be said that he had not been harmed. But where, by the erroneous rulings of the court, a defendant is obliged to exhaust his peremptory challenges, it is clear that he is harmed; that his rights are abridged, and that he has just cause to complain.
This homicide was committed on the 11th day of March, 1883. On the 10th day of April the defendant was indicted. On the 23d day of April he was put upon his trial, and the jury disagreed. The case was much discussed in the public press and in the community, and there was adverse criticism of some one or more members of the jury. He was again put upon his trial on the 21st day of May, while the homicide and the former trial were still the subject of much criticism and conversation. Under such circumstances it can be seen that the defendant's right to challenge peremptorily was of great value to him, and it cannot be said that rulings of the court which abridged that right were not harmful. In the case of Burt v. Panjaud ( 99 U.S. 180) it was held that an error committed in overruling an objection to a juror as legally disqualified is cured where it appears affirmatively that he was not a member of the panel which tried the case, and it does not appear that by his exclusion therefrom the party's right of challenge was abridged. MILLER, J., writing the opinion of the court, said: "We are of opinion that since Holmes did not sit on the jury no harm was done to defendant. The object of both motions was to exclude him as one incompetent to sit. It is immaterial to the defendant how this was brought about. It is possible that if defendant had shown affirmatively that he was excluded by reason of his peremptory challenge, and that in doing so the exercise of his right of peremptory challenge had been abridged, the result might be otherwise. It is sufficient to say that the record does not show that he was on the jury, but in fact that he was not, or that in getting rid of him any right of defendant was abridged or lost."
Joseph D. Dowd was also called as a juror, and upon his examination he testified that he had heard and read about the case, and this question was put to him: "Notwithstanding what you have heard and read about it, could you sit as a juror and determine this case upon the evidence?" And he answered, "Well, I should, of course." Upon his cross-examination he testified that he had read about the case in the newspapers, and that it had made an impression upon him which still remained; that he would bring that impression into the jury box, and that he thought it would require evidence to remove it; that he had expressed the opinion that the defendant was guilty of murder, and that he still had that opinion. The court sustained the competency of this juror, and he was sworn and served as a juror. We are of opinion that this juror was not competent. He was not asked to, and did not declare on oath that his opinion or impression would not influence his verdict, and that he could render an impartial verdict according to the evidence, or that he could weigh the evidence impartially. He did not so declare in words or in substance. Unless he did so declare, and could so declare, he was incompetent, and in the absence of such a declaration he should have been excluded. It is not sufficient for a juror simply to declare that he supposes he can determine the case according to the evidence, or that he would go according to the evidence, or that his opinion as to the defendant's guilt ought not to influence his verdict, or that he supposes that he would have to go according to the witnesses. The defendant has the right to have the conscience and mind of the juror tested by a declaration under oath, not simply that he will be governed by the evidence, but by declarations which show that he believes he is in such a state of mind, so free from bias and prejudice, that he can weigh the evidence impartially, uninfluenced by any opinion or impression which he has formed. As said in Bacon's Abridgment (Juries, E. 5) "An honest but weak man may be so much biased as to think he goes by the evidence when his affections add weight to the evidence." Indifferency is one of the common-law characteristics of a jury, and it is inviolably secured by the constitutional guaranty of jury trial. A party put upon trial for a crime has a constitutional right by challenge, or in some other mode, to protect himself against a biased jury.
Other exceptions taken during the trial to rulings upon questions of evidence, and relating to the charge of the judge have been brought to our attention. But we do not regard them as important, and they need not now be considered.
The judgment of the General Term and of the Oyer and Terminer should be reversed and a new trial granted.
All concur.
Judgment reversed.