Opinion
No. 35549.
August 25, 1960.
STATUTES — CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION — RETROACTIVE OPERATION — STATUTES RELATING TO REMEDIES AND PROCEDURE. A statute ordinarily operates prospectively unless it is remedial in nature or the Legislature indicates that it is to operate retrospectively.
SAME — REMEDIAL STATUTES — DEFINITION AND APPLICATION. A statute is remedial and has a retroactive application when it relates to practice, procedure, or remedies, and does not affect a substantive or vested right.
PROCESS — SERVICE — NATURE. Service of process is a matter of procedure.
SAME — SUBSTITUTED SERVICE — FORMER RESIDENTS AND NONRESIDENTS — JUSTIFICATION. The justification for substituted service, as provided for in RCW 46.64.040, which appoints the Secretary of State as attorney for former residents and nonresidents for the purpose of service of summons and processes growing out of any automobile accident occuring within the state, is that such a statute is a valid exercise of the police power based upon the right of the state to regulate the use of its highways for its protection, and the protection of persons and property within the state.
SAME — STATUTES — CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION — RETROACTIVE OPERATION. Laws of 1957, chapter 75, § 1, which amends RCW 46.64.040 to authorize substituted service upon former residents in the same manner as had previously been authorized in the case of nonresidents, operates retroactively, and such substituted service is valid as to a former resident of this state who was involved in an automobile accident prior to the date that the amendment became law, and subsequently removed himself from this state.
See Ann. 35 A.L.R. 951, 57 A.L.R. 1239, 99 A.L.R. 130, 17 A.L.R. 2d 516, 18 A.L.R. 2d 544, 38 A.L.R. 2d 1199; 48 A.L.R. 2d 1283; Am. Jur., Automobiles and Highway Traffic, § 861.
Petition filed in the Supreme Court April 8, 1960, for a writ of prohibition restraining a Superior Court from entertaining further proceedings and from entering an order denying a motion to quash. Petition dismissed.
Kahin, Carmody Horswill ( Pinckney M. Rohrback, of counsel), for defendant-relator. McCutcheon, Soderland Wells ( Robert C. Wells, of counsel), for plaintiff-respondent.
This is an original petition for a writ of prohibition. The relator seeks to restrain the trial judge from entertaining further proceedings in the cause and from entering an order denying relator's motion to quash service of process.
On March 10, 1957, the parties to this suit were involved in an automobile accident in Seattle. At that time, the relator was a resident of the state of Washington and subject to service of process in this state until January 16, 1958, when he removed to Los Angeles.
Prior to 1957, RCW 46.64.040 provided that a nonresident by exercising the privilege extended to him of driving upon the state highways thereby appointed the secretary of state "to be his true and lawful attorney upon whom may be served all lawful summons and processes against him growing out of any accident" occurring within the state. By the Laws of 1957, chapter 75, § 1, p. 310, RCW 46.64.040 was amended by the addition of the following provision:
". . . Likewise each resident of this state who, while operating a motor vehicle on the public highways of this state, is involved in any accident, collision or liability and thereafter within three years departs from this state appoints the secretary of state of the state of Washington as his lawful attorney for service of summons as provided in this section for nonresidents. . . ."
It is the contention of the relator that this provision cannot apply to him because it did not become law until June 12, 1957, over two months after the accident.
[1-3] It is true that a statute ordinarily operates prospectively unless it is remedial in nature or the legislature indicates that it is to operate retrospectively. In re Wind's Estate, 32 Wn.2d 64, 200 P.2d 748. A statute is remedial and has a retroactive application when it relates to practice, procedure, or remedies, and does not affect a substantive or vested right. Nelson v. Department of Labor Industries, 9 Wn.2d 621, 115 P.2d 1014; and cases cited; Bodine v. Department of Labor Industries, 29 Wn.2d 879, 190 P.2d 89. See, also, 50 Am. Jur., Statutes, 505, § 482; 82 C.J.S., Statutes, 996, § 421. The reason for this rule is that a party does not have a vested right in any particular form of procedure. White v. Powers, 89 Wn. 502, 154 P. 820. Service of process is a matter of procedure.
[4] The justification for such substituted service upon former residents is the same as that for substituted service upon nonresidents, which has been approved by the United States supreme court in Hess v. Pawloski, 274 U.S. 352, 71 L.Ed. 1091, 47 S.Ct. 632. The statutory provision for such substituted service is "a valid exercise of the police power based upon the right of the State to regulate the use of its highways for their protection, and the protection of persons and property within the State." Ogdon v. Gianakos, 415 Ill. 591, 114 N.E.2d 686.
[5] This court has not previously decided whether or not the nonresident substitute service statute is to be construed retrospectively. Other states have made such determinations on factual situations identical with the instant case. The authorities are divided. Iowa in Davis v. Jones, 247 Ia. 1031, 78 N.W.2d 6, applies the statute prospectively only; and Illinois in Ogdon v. Gianakos, supra, applies the statute retrospectively. The reasoning expressed in the latter case is more persuasive to us and seems better suited to the ends of justice, and we, accordingly, adopt it.
The petition is dismissed. The writ will not issue.
WEAVER, C.J., HILL, DONWORTH, and HUNTER, JJ., concur.