Summary
In Teche Lines, Inc. v. Keyes, 187 Miss. 780, 193 So. 620, 126 A.L.R. 1080 (1940) it is succinctly said: "The rule which is agreed upon and established by all the cases is that a common carrier by motor bus owes the duty to its passengers to exercise the highest degree of care and precaution for their safety that is consistent with the practical conduct of its business."
Summary of this case from Lambert v. LottOpinion
No. 33881.
February 12, 1940.
1. APPEAL AND ERROR.
In determining bus company's liability for injuries to passenger sustained in bus accident, Supreme Court would consider as true those facts which were developed by appellant during trial together with undisputed facts.
2. CARRIERS.
A common carrier by motor bus owes duty to its passengers to exercise highest degree of care and precaution for their safety that is consistent with practical conduct of its business.
3. CARRIERS.
A carrier of passengers by motor bus is not liable for injuries sustained by passenger in accident caused by unknown defects in public road that has every appearance of being safe and solid, if defects cannot be detected by highest degree of care consistent with practical conduct of carrier's business.
4. CARRIERS.
A carrier of passengers by motor bus is liable for injury caused by defect in public road known to carrier, or of which it should have known, and concerning which in reasonable and practical conduct of its business it could and should have informed its drivers, so that they could avoid the defect.
5. CARRIERS.
In the discharge of the "highest degree of care and precaution" for safety of bus passengers, bus company has duty to require reports to be made by bus drivers in respect to dangerous places on highways and to pass on to other drivers using the highways the knowledge furnished by the reports.
6. CARRIERS.
Bus company was liable for injuries to bus passenger sustained in accident which resulted when heavy bus struck boggy place in highway which was not apparent to bus driver, where driver who was making his first trip on the route was not informed of the dangerous spot, although the route had been used by company for more than year, during which time another driver had learned of the dangerous place and how to avoid it.
7. DAMAGES.
An award of $1,250 for painful and severe injuries sustained by woman passenger on bus was reasonable under the circumstances and would not be interfered with by the Supreme Court.
APPEAL from the circuit court of Jasper county; HON. EDGAR M. LANE, Judge.
Stevens Stevens, of Jackson, and O.M. Oates, of Bay Springs, for appellant.
There is no liability in this case. The court erred in refusing to grant instruction No. A, the peremptory instruction asked for by the defendant.
The bus struck a soft seepy place in the highway and there was nothing visible to warn the driver that such would occur. It was a hidden or latent danger. We would stress the point that under no circumstances could it be said that appellant was responsible for the condition of the highway. No complaint is made as to the bus company's equipment. The complaint is that the defendant bus company caused the motor bus to be run in a reckless and negligent manner over hills and around curves. The averments of the declaration, with reference to hills and curves, do not correspond with the proof and are not supported by the proof. At the time of the accident the speed of the bus was well within the statutory limit and was not at all unreasonable in the absence of an unforeseen occurrence such as the sinking of the wheel of the heavy bus in a soft or seepy place in the highway and at the time fully covered by sand and gravel. The operator of the bus had a right to assume that there would be no obstruction or defect in the highway.
The operator of the bus was not responsible for the condition of the road bed. The sinking of the wheel of the heavy bus in the soft shoulder was the proximate cause of the accident.
Under no view could it be said that the Teche Lines were responsible for the condition of Highway 11. The accident occurred on a detour marked out by the Highway Department as a lawful detour on United States Highway 11.
Mayor and Aldermen of the City of Vicksburg v. Harralson, 101 So. 713, 136 Miss. 872; Public Service Corp. et al. v. Watts, 150 So. 192, 168 Miss. 235.
The proximate cause of the bus getting out of control of the driver was the sinking of the wheel in the soft dirt and all of the injury complained of results therefore from this unforeseen defect in the highway and the loss of control occasioned by it. The condition of the highway becomes the proximate cause of the injury complained of, and that condition was a hidden or latent one not discernible by any amount of care or caution on the part of the bus driver.
McWhorter v. Draughn, 102 So. 567, 137 Miss. 515, 98 So. 597; Matteson v. Teche-Greyhound Lines, 178 So. 272.
In the absence of negligence on the part of the carrier, it is not liable to a passenger where the injury is due to a natural cause, overwhelming force, or other cause beyond the control of the carrier.
13 C.J.S., par. 697; 10 C.J. 909; Oliver v. Union Transfer Co. (Tenn.), 71 S.W.2d 478.
A person using the public highway has in the absence of knowledge to the contrary a right to presume, and to act upon the presumption, that the way is safe and clear for ordinary travel and need not continuously look out for obstructions.
Babbitt on Motor Vehicles (4 Ed.), Sec. 517 and Par. 523; Paving Co. v. Fonville, 218 Ala. 556, 119 So. 610; Corcoran v. N Y, 188 N.Y. 131, 80 N.E. 660; Rowlands v. Morphis, 158 Miss. 662, 130 So. 906; Pounders v. Day, 151 Miss. 436, 118 So. 298; Martin v. Mercier, 255 Mich. 587, 78 A.L.R. 520.
The court erred in overruling defendant's motion for a new trial.
The authorities, especially in Mississippi, are in accord in holding that in all cases where the verdict of the jury is contrary to the overwhelming testimony in the case, the trial judge not only has the right but it is his duty to set aside the verdict and grant a new trial. Under any view of this case the overwhelming proof is with the defendant.
Sec. 592, Code of 1930; Jolly v. State, 174 So. 244; Heflin v. State, 178 So. 594; Great A. P. Tea Co. v. Davis, 171 So. 550, 177 Miss. 562.
Homer Currie, of Raleigh, and H.L. Bayless, Jr., of Bay Springs, for appellee.
Code 1930, Section 5569, Mississippi, as amended by laws of 1936, Chapter 309: "No person shall operate a motor vehicle on a public highway, or street, avenue of any city, town or village in this state at a greater rate of speed than is reasonable and proper, having due regard to the traffic and use of the highway; or so as to endanger the life or limb of any person or the safety of any property. . . . . . . . . . . . ."
In Wheat v. Teche Lines, Inc., 179 So. 553, the court stated that, "The operation of a motor vehicle at less than a fixed maximum rate of speed may be negligence under proper circumstances. Code 1930, Section 5569, as amended by Laws of 1936, Chapter 309." Also, the court stated that, "That there is no negligence when a motor vehicle is driven at less than a fixed maximum rate of speed, is not the meaning of the statute.
Teche Lines, Inc., v. Bateman, 162 Miss. 404, 139 So. 159; Ulmer v. Pistole, 115 Miss. 485, 76 So. 522.
A passenger is entitled to travel upon the assumption that there will be no failure of duty on part of carrier.
Tri-State Transit Co. v. Martin, 179 So. 349.
A carrier of passengers is not an insurer but it is required to exercise the highest degree of care, vigilance, and precaution for the safety of those it undertakes to transport and is liable for the slightest negligence. This so-called highest degree of care imposed upon the carrier is said to be affected by the character of conveyance, its mode of propulsion, the usual course of its business, and the hazards of the particular situation. And, also, while it is undoubtedly true that a passenger must take the risks incident to the mode of travel and the character of the means of conveyance which he adopts, such risks are only those which cannot be avoided by the carrier by the use of the utmost degree of care and skill in the preparation and management of the means of conveyance.
10 Am. Jur. 163, 171, 172; Matteson v. Teche Greyhound Lines, 178 So. 272.
There is no merit in the contention of the appellant that the court erred in overruling appellant's motion for a new trial in the lower court. Neither the argument nor the authorities cited by appellant in its brief are applicable in this case.
We respectfully submit that this cause should be affirmed by the court.
Argued orally by O.M. Oates and J.M. Stevens, Sr., for appellant, and by Homer Currie and H.L. Bayless, Jr., for appellee.
On March 3, 1938, appellee was a passenger for hire on a motor bus of appellant carrier, her destination being Quitman, Miss. At a point about eight miles before reaching Quitman the bus suddenly left the highway, ran across the highway ditch and along the course of a roadside rail fence, breaking down the fence for about seventy feet. Appellee was sitting on a front seat and was thrown therefrom with such force that she was painfully and severely injured.
The immediate cause of the accident was that there was a soft or boggy place in this road at this particular location, the soft or boggy place being about 20 to 25 feet in length along the road and within the driveway portion to the right of the center thereof. Although this condition in the road at this point had existed for months and years, and was known to all who had had opportunity to be acquainted with that road, the roadway had been recently dragged by the public authorities, so that the defective or dangerous place aforesaid was presently concealed from a driver unacquainted with the situation. But the dragging of a road, as everybody knows, does not remedy defects such as existed here, but only smooths them over, has no other substantial effect than merely concealing them for the time being.
The driver of the bus on the occasion in question was making his first trip over this particular road and had received no information about this dangerous place. Being within this information, he approached and attempted to pass over this place without taking the care which was requisite to a safe passage along or around it with such a heavy vehicle — with the result that the rear right dual wheels suddenly sank into this bog, and threw the bus wholly out of control, whence it took the course above described. The bus weighed about 16,000 pounds, and at the time was traveling at the speed of from 30 to 35 miles per hour.
From a judgment allowing damages to appellee for the injury aforesaid, the carrier has appealed; and so far as the issue of liability is concerned, we dispose thereof by taking as true those facts which were developed by the appellant during the trial, together with the facts which are undisputed.
The rule which is agreed upon and established by all the cases is that a common carrier by motor bus owes the duty to its passengers to exercise the highest degree of care and precaution for their safety that is consistent with the practical conduct of its business; and we are in accord with the rule as stated in Oliver v. Union Transfer Co., 19 Tenn. App. 694, 71 S.W.2d 478, 481, that a carrier of passengers by motor bus is not liable in damages for an accident caused by unknown defects in a public road that has every appearance of being safe and solid, and which defects cannot be detected by the highest degree of care consistent with the practical conduct of its business. But the converse of that rule holds equally good, that such a carrier will be liable for an injury caused by a defect in the road known to the carrier, or of which it should have known, and concerning which, in the reasonable and practical conduct of its business, it could and should have informed its drivers, so that they and each of them could and would avoid the said defect or danger.
The argument of appellant is that the bus company is not charged with the duty of constructing and maintaining the public roads over which it operates, and that a driver of a motor bus has the right to assume that a highway which is open to unrestricted use is reasonably safe, and when there are no present indications to the contrary, may proceed upon that assumption. This argument, when traced to its end would lead to this: The bus company has knowledge that a certain bridge has become weakened to such an extent as to make it dangerous for the use of heavy vehicles, although there is nothing in the appearance of the bridge which would give a driver any notice thereof. The bus company, with this knowledge, but without informing its driver and without inquiry whether the driver knows of the dangerous bridge, sends a heavy bus loaded with passengers in charge of a driver who does not know of the danger, and who, seeing nothing about the bridge to indicate danger, attempts to cross it, and the bridge falls in, drowning all the passengers, — and the argument is that because the particular driver did not know of the danger, and saw no indications of it, the bus company would not be liable. To which our reply is that such a contention must be rejected.
A case definitely in point, upon the principle involved, is Littlejohn v. Fitchburg R. Co., 148 Mass. 478, 20 N.E. 103, 105, 2 L.R.A. 502, opinion by Justice Holmes, when he was a member of that court. The facts were that the railroad was constructed and owned by the Commonwealth and under the contract with the operating company the Commonwealth was to maintain the tracks and keep them in good repair. A derailment occurred because of a defect in an embankment, and by the filling of ditches which had occurred about two months prior to the accident. The operating company requested a peremptory ruling in its favor, because the evidence disclosed no indications of danger to those in charge of the train at the time of the accident. In ruling against this request, the court said in a paragraph which contains a concise summary of the precise law on the subject as follows: "If the danger might have been discovered by the exercise of due care, the defendant will be liable, whether the defect was in the original construction of the road or was due to a failure on the part of the Commonwealth to make necessary repairs, or however otherwise it may have been caused. If the defendant carried its passengers into a place which it knew or ought to have known was dangerous, it was negligent, although it did not create, and had no right to remove, the danger."
The driver of a common carrier motor bus is the engineer, the conductor, the brakeman and the flagman on that bus. In the practical conduct of the business of the company, the drivers are among those best enabled to discover and to know of dangerous places or situations along their routes, and in the discharge of the highest degree of care and precaution for the safety of its passengers it is entirely consistent with the practical conduct of the business of the carrier that reports shall be required of its drivers in respect to such dangerous places and that the knowledge furnished by these reports shall be passed on to all other drivers using the involved route or routes. Not to require this would be a failure to exercise the highest degree of care and precaution for the safety of passengers — and we are not intimating here that information required of and obtained from the drivers is the only source to which the carrier is obliged to look.
Here this particular route had been in use by the defendant motor bus carrier for more than a year, during which time its driver, Boudreaux, had learned of this particular dangerous place and how to avoid it. Boudreaux testified:
"Q. State to the court and jury what you knew about that ground. A. It was just a seepy spot. We never did have much trouble there, but when I got there I never went to the right, I held to the center of the road, I knew what kind of a spot it was.
"Q. You knew that spot by having run over it. How long had you run over that? A. We had detoured since October, 1936.
"Q. You had been on that run during all that time? A. Yes, sir."
And in verification we will quote the language of appellant's brief: "All of the credible testimony in the record shows that at the very point where the bus left the highway, there was a seepy and treacherous place in the highway. Prior to this accident, several trucks and automobiles had bogged down or left the highway. Operator Boudreaux by long service on this highway was familiar with this seepy place, and testified that when he approached the point he veered to the center of the highway instead of driving as busses are ordinarily required to do on the right hand side."
Yet the testimony is undisputed that the carrier sent this heavy bus along that route on this day in the sole and unaccompanied charge of a driver who had never been on that route before and to whom not one word of information was given about this dangerous place. Had he been informed of it, as the carrier's high duty of precaution required, he would have approached the place with care and with his bus slowed down so as to be under careful control, and he would have gone to the left of this dangerous spot, as Boudreaux always did, and the unfortunate injury to the plaintiff passenger would not have happened; and this, we think is all that is necessary to be said on the issue of liability.
As to the amount of the verdict, $1,250, it seems to us, upon the facts, to be reasonable, and certainly, it is not so excessive at to call for interference at our hands.
Affirmed.