Opinion
36134.
DECIDED APRIL 13, 1956.
Action for damages. Before Judge Wood. Fulton Superior Court. January 11, 1956.
Camp Camp, for plaintiff in error.
Moise, Post Gardner, contra.
1. ( a) The general rule is that if, subsequently to an original wrongful or negligent act, a new cause has intervened, of itself sufficient to stand as the cause of the misfortune, the former must be considered as too remote. But if the character of the intervening act claimed to break the connection between the original wrongful act and the subsequent injury was such that its probable or natural consequences could reasonably have been anticipated by the original wrongdoer, the causal connection is not broken, and the original wrongdoer is responsible for all of the consequences resulting from the intervening act. Southern Ry. Co. v. Webb, 116 Ga. 152 ( 42 S.E. 395, 59 L.R.A. 109).
( b) While the petition alleges as negligence against the defendant that its agent placed a piece of iron pipe on the lawn of a customer, where it should have been reasonably anticipated that the lawn would be mowed with a rotary type mower, thus creating a dangerous situation which resulted in the pipe being hurled against the plaintiff by the lawnmower as the grass was being cut and inflicting injuries upon her, these facts as alleged show the act of running the lawn mower over the pipe and hurling it into the plaintiff to be an independent superseding cause of injury, making the alleged negligence of the defendant too remote to form a part of the proximate cause thereof. While the petition does allege that the pipe was "almost black and of a color which made it blend into the color of the grass and therefore made its presence difficult of detection by an ordinary person not knowing of its presence, but could have been easily detected by a person experienced in handling such pipes," its failure to allege the operator of the lawn mower as being a person "not knowing of its presence" and not being a "person experienced in handling such pipes," thus making its detection to him difficult, renders the petition fatally defective. It is also defective because it fails to allege that the operator was not negligent, or if negligent, that there was a duty on the part of the defendant to anticipate such negligence. Further, the petition fails to allege that the pipe was not so placed with the knowledge, consent, or approval of the property owner, under which circumstances no duty to anticipate injury through the acts of the owner or his family would arise. Since petitions must be construed most strongly against the pleader, these omissions of essential facts necessary to raise any duty of the defendant toward the plaintiff or others in her class require inferences adverse to her right of recovery.
DECIDED APRIL 13, 1956.
Lynn Diane Taylor, by her father as next friend, filed an action for damages in the Superior Court of Fulton County for injuries sustained in the following alleged manner: Several days prior to the injury, employees of the defendant, Atlanta Gas Light Company, removed a gas meter from the basement home of a neighbor, C. R. May. In changing meters at this location, they cut several pieces of pipe, and after making the new installation, left pieces of pipe lying on the front yard on the grass lawn of the May home; that one such piece of pipe was about 1 inch in diameter, 4 inches long, almost black, and of a color which made it blend into the color of the grass and therefore "made its presence difficult of detection by an ordinary person not knowing of its presence, but could have been easily detected by a person experienced in handling such pipes." On August 7, 1954, the plaintiff was standing on the curb in front of the May house where the May son was mowing the front lawn with a gasoline powered lawn mower. He ran the mower over the iron pipe, and the mower blade picked it up and slung it with terrific force, hitting plaintiff on the mouth and inflicting certain described injuries on her. The defendant's employees, during the course of their work, passed through the garage on several occasions where the mower was in plain view, and it is alleged on information and belief that said employees saw said mower and knew of its existence. The defendant reasonably should have anticipated that a rotary-type lawn mower would be used to mow the grass, and that it would probably strike pieces of pipe left on the lawn, thereby endangering the safety and lives of persons in the vicinity, including the plaintiff. The negligence of the defendant gas light company is the direct and proximate cause of the injuries sustained.
The trial court sustained a general demurrer on the ground that the petition failed to set forth a cause of action, and this judgment is assigned as error.
The facts of this case demand an application of the peculiarly perplexing rules of law relating to remote and superseding causes of injury. A superseding cause is an act of a third person or other force which by its intervention prevents the actor from being liable for harm to another which his antecedent negligence is a substantial factor in bringing about. An intervening force may be either a superseding or concurrent cause of injury, depending upon a number of causative factors involved. It may be either dependent upon or (as in this case) independent of the original negligent act, and yet be such that, except for the existence of both negligent acts, the injury would not have occurred. The original act of negligence may be passive, that is, harmless unless something further occurs but capable of being made dangerous by the operation of some new force, as occurred in this case. Under such conditions, the fact that an intervening act of a third person is itself negligent, and acts upon the original passive negligence so that injury occurs which otherwise would not have occurred, does not necessarily operate to make the second act of negligence by the third party the sole proximate cause of injury and thus insulate the original wrongdoer from liability where the original wrongdoer at the time of his negligent conduct should have realized that a third person might so act, or, as a reasonable person knowing the situation existing when the act of the third person was done, would not regard it as extraordinary that the third person would so act. Restatement of the Law, Torts, §§ 440-447. For applications of these rules of law in Georgia, particularly on the question of the original wrongdoer, as a reasonable person, anticipating that "the second or intervening act might, not improbably but in the natural and ordinary course of things, follow his act of negligence," see Bozeman v. Blue's Truck Line, 62 Ga. App. 7 ( 7 S.E.2d 412); Williams v. Grier, 196 Ga. 327 ( 26 S.E.2d 698); Allyn Bacon Book Pub. v. Nicholson, 58 Ga. App. 729 ( 199 S.E. 771); Richards Associates v. Studstill, 92 Ga. App. 853 ( 90 S.E.2d 56). Where such result should in the exercise of ordinary care have been foreseen by an exercise of reasonable diligence, the original act of negligence, as well as the intervening force which, acting upon it, produces injury, is also a part of proximate cause. "It appears that the modern trend of judicial opinion is in favor of eliminating foreseeable consequences as a test of proximate cause. "It except where an independent, responsible, intervening cause is involved." (Emphasis added.) 38 Am. Jur. 709, § 58, quoted in Blunt v. Spears, 93 Ga. App. 623 ( 92 S.E.2d 573). Where such conditions occur, it is sufficient if the defendant, in ordinary prudence, might have foreseen that some injury would result from his act, but it is not necessary that he should have anticipated the particular consequences which ensued. Williams v. Grier, supra, p. 337; Henderson v. Nolting First Mortgage Corp., 184 Ga. 724, 737 ( 193 S.E. 347, 114 A.L.R. 1022). If the allegations of this petition were sufficient to show that the employees of the defendant gas company, in leaving the pipe on the lawn, should in the exercise of ordinary prudence have been aware that they were creating a situation which, in connection with the use of a lawnmower in the manner in which it was used, they should have anticipated would be dangerous to persons in the vicinity, then the petition would set out a cause of action and the intervening force represented by the use of the lawnmower, being the very force to be anticipated and guarded against, would not break the causal connection between the original act and the injury inflicted. It is to be noted that it is not alleged that the act of leaving the pipe on the lawn was either illegal or negligent except in connection with the duty to anticipate the act of another in mowing the lawn with a rotary power mower. And while, under proper allegations, it might be possible to allege facts from which the duty to anticipate such act on the part of another, and the resultant creation of a dangerous situation against which the defendant should have guarded in the first instance, would arise, an examination of the petition here shows that the trial court correctly sustained the general demurrer to the petition for the reason that the plaintiff failed to allege facts sufficient to create a duty on the part of the defendant to anticipate and therefore guard against the dangerous situation which in fact developed. The allegation that the presence of the pipe on the lawn was "difficult of detection by an ordinary person, but could have been easily detected by a person experienced in handling such pipes" may have been an attempt to allege that the person mowing the lawn was within that class of persons not knowing of the existence of the pipe, as to whom detection would have been difficult; but it does not allege that May when he drove the lawnmower over the pipe did not know it was there. If, knowing it was there and knowing the consequences of driving the mower blade over it, he nevertheless deliberately did so, his voluntary act should be regarded as the sole cause of injury and the negligence of the gas company would be too remote. See, in this connection, the discussion in Atlantic Coast Line R. Co. v. Coxwell, 93 Ga. App. 159, 166 ( 91 S.E.2d 135), in which the facts in the case of Central of Georgia Ry. Co. v. Shepard, 37 Ga. App. 643 ( 141 S.E. 415) are stated as an example of supervening cause sufficient to constitute the sole proximate cause of the injury, rendering the original act of negligence of the defendant too remote for consideration. It must be assumed that, if May saw the pipe, he would have known the consequences of running over it, because, unless such result was usual and probable in human experience, the gas company could not be charged with a duty to anticipate that such result would occur. Construing the petition against the pleader, it must be assumed that May did see the pipe and knowingly ran the mower over it; and since the position of the pipe was innocuous except when in contact with the lawnmower, if May knowingly created such situation his negligence would have been the sole proximate cause of the plaintiff's injuries. Also, as in Blunt v. Spears, supra, a duty may devolve upon one to anticipate that others will be negligent, but the petition here alleges no duty on the part of the defendant to have anticipated that another person would negligently run the mower over the pipe, thus hurling it out toward the curb, and fails to show that the pipe was concealed and the act was not done deliberately. Another theory under which the defendant would have no duty to anticipate this result, and therefore would be lacking in any negligence toward the plaintiff, which is not negatived by any averments in the petition, is the theory that the pipe was left on the lawn with the consent or perhaps at the request of the owner of the house, in which event there would be no duty to assume that such owner or members of his family would allow the pipe to remain there and create a dangerous situation in regard to it. Counsel for the plaintiff in error cites Georgia Power Co. v. Kinard, 47 Ga. App. 483 ( 170 S.E. 688), and Wright v. Southern Ry. Co., 62 Ga. App. 316 ( 7 S.E.2d 793), to the effect that mere negligence of another in failing to guard against the defendant's negligence will not insulate him from liability, and that proximate cause means any act wanting in ordinary care which actively aids in producing injury. While this is true, these rules are not applicable where, as here, the only negligence alleged was in failing to foresee and guard against the act of another, which subsequent act created the dangerous situation; but the petition fails to allege either that the defendant negligently concealed the pipe on the lawn, thus creating a trap for the person using it, or that the defendant should have anticipated that such person would be negligent in failing to avoid the obstacle. In the absence of such allegations, no reason appears why the defendant should reasonably have anticipated injury as a result of leaving the pipe on the lawn. Failure to so anticipate injury being the only negligence alleged, and being insufficient for this purpose, the pleaded facts raise no duty on the part of the defendant toward the plaintiff the breach of which would be actionable.
The record here shows no offer to amend this petition in the trial court, nor has a request to allow time for amendment been made in this court (in which connection see Code § 6-1610; Green v. Massee Felton Lumber Co., 6 Ga. App. 389, 65 S.E. 44; Gibbs v. Georgia Southern c. Ry. Co., 49 Ga. App. 565 (3), 176 S.E. 648).
The trial court did not err in sustaining the general demurrer and dismissing the petition.
Judgment affirmed. Gardner, P. J., and Carlisle, J., concur.