Opinion
No. CIV. A. 99-10911-WGY.
July 12, 1999.
Daniel D. Tavares, F.C.I. Beckley, Beaver, WV, Pro se.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
On April 26, 1999, the Petitioner, Daniel Tavares ("Tavares"), filed his self-prepared Petition for Writ of Error Coram nobis, seeking the imposition of a state sentence in connection with 14 separate cases placed on file by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in 1988. Tavares claims that the actual imposition of sentences by the Massachusetts district courts would then enable him to appeal the sentences to a jury of six pursuant to the de novo system which was in effect at the time of the "guilty — filed" dispositions in 1988.
More specifically, Tavares now seeks to have the state cases which were "placed on file" (a suspension of active proceedings but not a final disposition) converted to final judgments that are appealable. Tavares claims that "[b]ecause the cases were filed and had in no way affected [him], he has never caused them to be reactivated. Now, however, the cases are being used by the U.S. Government in [his] federal case to most substantially enhance his federal sentence." Pet'r. Compl. at 5. Tavares also claims to have exhausted all state remedies in connection with this issue, his appeals having been denied.
In sum, Tavares claims to be caught in a procedural "Catch-22." Back in 1988, when he received the 14 "guilty — filed" dispositions in the Massachusetts district courts, he naturally made no objection because such dispositions carried no sanction against him. Convicted in this Court of serious firearms violations, he found his sentence enhanced by considerations of certain of the Massachusetts "guilty — filed" dispositions. United States v. Tavares, 93 F.3d 10, 16-17 (1st Cir. 1996). Tavares recognizes that if he can have a sufficient number of these Massachusetts "guilty — filed" dispositions vacated, he will be entitled to re-sentencing in this Court. United States v. Pettiford, 101 F.3d 199, 201-02 (1st Cir. 1996). Under Massachusetts law, however, Tavares thinks a "guilty — filed" disposition can be reactivated only by the Commonwealth, not a defendant in his position.
Tavares may well be wrong in this assumption. Compare Commonwealth v. Maloney, 145 Mass. 205, 210, 13 N.E. 482 (1887) (placing a conviction on file "leaves it within the power of the court at any time, upon the motion of either party to bring the case forward, and pass any lawful order or judgment thereon.") with Commonwealth v. Carver, 224 Mass. 42, 44, 112 N.E. 481 (1916) ("Unless and until the prosecuting attorney shall move for sentence there is no occasion to pass upon the conduct of the forgery trial [which had been placed on file]"). See generally DuPont v. Superior Court, 401 Mass. 122, 123, 514 N.E.2d 1086 (1987) (Hennessey, C.J.); Commonwealth v. Bianco, 390 Mass. 254, 256, 454 N.E.2d 901 (1983) (Nolan, J.); Marks v. Wentworth, 199 Mass. 44, 45, 85 N.E. 81 (1908).
Stymied, Tavares reaches for the writ of error coram nobis. The writ of error coram nobis was a common law mechanism used to bring before the court errors of fact which had not been in issue at trial, but were material to the validity and regularity of the proceeding. Spaulding v. United States, 155 F.2d 919, 921 (6th Cir. 1946). According to Black's Law Dictionary, a writ of coram nobis is a
procedural tool whose purpose is to correct errors of fact only, and its function is to bring before the court rendering the judgment matters of fact which, if known at time judgement was rendered, would have prevented its rendition. . . . The essence of the common law remedy of coram nobis is that it is addressed to the very court which renders the judgment in which injustice is alleged to have been done, in contrast to appeals or review directed to another court; the words "coram nobis," meaning "our court," as compared to the common-law writ of "coram vobis," meaning "your court," clearly point this up.
Black's Law Dictionary 337 (6th ed. 1990) (internal citations omitted). Related to this concept is the writ of audita querela:
The name of a common law writ constituting the initial process in an action brought by a judgment defendant to obtain relief against the consequences of the judgment on account of some matter of defense or discharge arising since its rendition and which could not be taken advantage of otherwise.Id. at 131 (citations omitted); see also Fed.R.Civ.P. 60(b).
Coram nobis is thus used to attack a judgment that is infirm at the time it was rendered for reasons which later are discovered, as compared with audita querela, which is used to attack a judgment that was correct at the time it was rendered but is rendered infirm by matters that arise after its rendition. See United States v. Reyes, 945 F.2d 862 (5th Cir. 1991).
Writs of coram nobis and audita querela have been formally abolished. See Fed.R.Civ.P. Rule 60(b). Despite their abolition in the civil context, however, courts have held that the All Writs Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1651, appears to have preserved the use of these writs "in very limited circumstances with respect to criminal convictions." Tran v. United States, 45 F. Supp.2d 157, 159-60 (D.P.R. 1999) (Gierbolini, J.) (emphasis added); see also United States v. Morgan, 346 U.S. 502, 506 n. 4, 74 S.Ct. 247, 98 L.Ed. 248 (1954); United States v. Holder, 936 F.2d 1, 5 (1st Cir. 1991).
This avenue is used "to cure the freakish case rather than [as] a readily available remedy to cure the mundane because vacation of a longstanding judgment [should] be a jealously guarded exception rather than the general rule." Tran, 45 F. Supp.2d at 160-61 (internal citations omitted). The writ is not available in federal courts for errors of law, but for errors of fact which "are of such fundamental character as to render the proceeding itself irregular and invalid." Spaulding, 155 F.2d at 921; see also Lowery v. United States, 956 F.2d 227, 228-29 (11th Cir. 1992). Requests for a writ of coram nobis have been sought in cases where the sentence has expired and the petitioner is no longer in custody. See Tran, 45 F. Supp.2d at 159-60; see also United States ex rel Gee v. Helman, No. 97C5815, 1998 WL 177952, at *2 (N.D.Ill., April 10, 1998); Woodson v. Attorney Gen. of the State, No. C 97-353 EFL, 1997 WL 68516, at *2 (N.D.Cal. Feb.6, 1997); Telink, Inc. v. United States, 24 F.3d 42, 45 (9th Cir. 1994).
The All Writs Act provides: "The Supreme Court and all courts established by Act of Congress may issue all writs necessary or appropriate in aid of their respective jurisdictions and agreeable to the usages and principles of law." 28 U.S.C. § 1651(a) (emphasis added). This has been paraphrased to indicate that the district courts are empowered to issue writs "in aid of their jurisdiction. . . ." Tran, 45 F. Supp.2d at 159-60. Thus, the All Writs Act does not confer jurisdiction. It can only be invoked in aid of jurisdiction the court already has. See Benson v. State Bd. of Parole Probation, 384 F.2d 238, 239 (9th Cir. 1967).
In the present case, unlike other federal cases dealing with writs of coram nobis, Tavares is seeking to challenge state court convictions rather than his federal conviction. Thus, he must make his challenge directly to the court which originally handled the criminal case. See United States ex rel Gee, 1998 WL 177952, at *3 (federal court has power to vacate one of its judgments of conviction but cannot be used to set aside judgment rendered by another court).
Tavares has mistaken his remedy. There is no jurisdiction in a federal district court to entertain a petition for writ of coram nobis with respect to challenged state convictions. See Dillard v. Chandler, 142 F.3d 433 (6th Cir. 1998) (federal courts may only intervene with state judicial proceedings to correct injuries of constitutional dimensions; writ of coram nobis must be brought to court pronouncing judgment); Woodson, 1997 WL 68516, at *2 ("As petitioner is attempting to challenge the validity of a state conviction, the writ of error coram nobis is not an available remedy for relief."); Lowery, 954 F.2d 422, 422-23; Madigan v. Wells, 224 F.2d 577, 578 n. 2 (9th Cir. 1955) (writ of error can only issue to aid jurisdiction of court in which conviction was had) (subsequent history omitted); Spaulding, 155 F.2d at 920-21.
Moreover, writs of coram nobis and audita querela are not available to a petitioner when other remedies exist, such as a motion to vacate sentence under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 or, by analogy, a petition for habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2241 or 2254. See, e.g. Tran, 45 F. Supp.2d at 160-61. Here, Tavares has already filed an application under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 and it has been denied, see Tavares v. Commonwealth of Massachusetts, No. 99-10016 (D.Mass. Jan. 4, 1999), as has his earlier petition to vacate his sentence filed under 28 U.S.C. § 2255, see Tavares v. Rardin, No. 97-12760 (D.Mass. Jan. 6, 1998).
The [Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, Pub.L. No. 104-132, 110 Stat. 1214 (Apr. 24, 1996) (codified in scattered sections of 28 U.S.C.),] provides that "[b]efore a second or successive application permitted by this section is filed in the district court, the applicant shall move in the appropriate court of appeals for an order authorizing the district court to consider the application." 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(3)(A). Under this paradigm, a second or successive habeas petition is not a matter of right — and the gatekeeping function belongs to the court of appeals, not to the district court. See Felker v. Turpin, 518 U.S. 651, 661, 116 S.Ct. 2333, 135 L.Ed.2d 827 (1996); Pratt v. United States, 129 F.3d 54, 57 (1st Cir. 1997), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 118 S.Ct. 1807, 140 L.Ed.2d 945 (1998).Libby v. Magnusson, 177 F.3d 43, 45-46 (1st Cir. 1999). Accordingly, this Court is without subject matter jurisdiction to entertain this case, no matter the arcana with which Tavares cloaks it.
Indeed, since his incarceration, Tavares has become an active litigant in this district. See Tavares v. Maloney, No. 99-10693 (D. Mass. filed March 31, 1999) (Saris, J.) (section 1983 claim pending); Tavares v. Rardin, No. 97-12760 (D.Mass. Jan. 6, 1998) (Young, J.) (section 2255 petition dismissed as an abuse of the writ); Tavares v. Rardin, No. 97-11086 (D.Mass. May 21, 1997) (Young, J.) (section 2241 petition summarily dismissed as an abuse of the writ in view of prior proceedings); Tavares v. Readon, No. 96-12644 (D.Mass. Jan. 24, 1997) (Young, J.) (section 2241 petition denied as moot); Tavares v. Foreman, No. 96-10146 (D.Mass. Aug. 6, 1996) (O'Toole, J.) (case closed because Plaintiff lost contact with court); Tavares v. Foreman, No. 96-10144 (D.Mass. Aug. 6, 1996) (O'Toole, J.) (section 1983 claim dismissed for failure to prosecute); Tavares v. Foreman, No. 96-10143 (D.Mass. Aug. 6, 1996) (O'Toole, J.) (section 1983 claim closed because Plaintiff's whereabouts unknown); Tavares v. United States, 914 F. Supp. 732 (D.Mass. 1996) (Young, J.) (section 2255 petition dismissed as premature); Tavares v. Foreman, No. 96-10147 (D.Mass. Jan. 26, 1996) (O'Toole, J.) (section 1983 claim dismissed because no arguable legal basis for claim); Tavares v. Foreman, No. 96-10145 (D.Mass. Jan. 26, 1996) (O'Toole, J.) (section 1983 claim dismissed because no arguable legal basis for claim); Tavares v. Flynn, No. 94-11518 (D.Mass. Oct. 17, 1995) (O'Toole, J.) (section 1983 claim dismissed for failure to make service).
Tavares' petition is, therefore, dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.