Summary
setting aside a judgment entered after the key witness at trial offered perjured testimony
Summary of this case from Timber Point Props. III, LLC v. Bank of Am., N.A.Opinion
No. 39477.
September 4, 1945.
1. JUDGMENTS: Fraud: Extrinsic Fraud Required to Set Aside Judgment. A court of equity will not interfere with a judgment at law unless there was fraud in the procurement of the judgment extrinsic or collateral to the matters tried upon which the judgment was rendered. And the giving of false evidence is held not to be such fraud as will authorize equity to vacate a judgment.
2. JUDGMENTS: Fraud: Conspiracy by Attorney to Produce False Witness: Sufficient Basis to Set Aside Judgment. Where a lawyer engages in a conspiracy to commit a fraud upon the court by the production of a witness to give fabricated evidence and by such means obtains a judgment, then the enforcement of the judgment becomes manifestly unconscionable and a court of equity may set it aside.
3. EVIDENCE: Declaration Against Interest by Third Party Not Available as a Witness: Exception to Hearsay Rule. There is a general exception to the hearsay rule that a declaration against interest by a third party not available as a witness is admissible.
4. EVIDENCE: Declaration Against Interest: Refusal of Witness to Testify: Witness Not Available. Where a third party was produced as a witness but refused to testify on the ground it would tend to incriminate him, the witness should be treated as unavailable to the same extent as though he were dead, and his statement should be admitted if otherwise admissible.
5. EVIDENCE: Declaration Against Interest: Admission of Criminal Conspiracy Against Interest: Affidavit Admissible. Although the affidavit of the unavailable witness may not have been against his propriety or pecuniary interest, it consisted of an admission of a fraudulent, shameful and criminal conspiracy which might subject him to the possibility of indictment and imprisonment. The English rule adopted in many American states is repudiated and the affidavit is held admissible as a declaration against interest.
6. EVIDENCE: Declaration Against Interest: Civil Liability: Question Not Ruled. The court does not rule whether the affidavit should be treated as a declaration against interest because it might render the affiant liable in a civil suit for damages.
7. EVIDENCE: Declaration Against Interest: Affidavit as Substantive Evidence. The affidavit was not offered for the limited purpose of showing diligence and will be treated by the Supreme Court as substantive evidence on the issues of fraud and conspiracy.
8. JUDGMENTS: Fraud: Judgment Properly Set Aside. There was sufficient evidence to support the action of the Chancellor in setting aside the judgment on the ground of fraud.
9. JUDGMENTS: Fraud: Client Not a Party to Fraud of Attorney: New Trial Ordered. Since the plaintiff in the prior action was not a party to her attorney's fraud, she should be permitted a new trial when her judgment is set aside on the ground of fraud.
Appeal from Circuit Court of City of St. Louis. — Hon. C.B. Williams, Judge.
AFFIRMED.
Harvey B. Cox, W. Scott Peters and Roberts P. Elam for appellants.
(1) There was no fraud in the very procurement of the judgment — extrinsic fraud — in Mrs. Easterly's action. The question of the truth of Schilling's testimony at the trial of Mrs. Easterly's action, was tried out and determined in that action. Even if such testimony were false, that would not be sufficient to warrant a setting aside of the judgment in that action. United States v. Throckmorton, 98 U.S. 161, 25 L.Ed. 93; Lieber v. Lieber, 239 Mo. 1, 143 S.W. 458; Wabash R. Co. v. Mirrielecs, 182 Mo. 126, 81 S.W. 437. (2) The burden was upon the plaintiffs to establish the fraud charged to have been practiced upon Dodd and the American Institute and the court, in the procurement of Mrs. Easterly's judgment, by evidence so strong, cogent and convincing as to leave no room for reasonable doubt of its existence in the minds of the chancellor. Merely substantial evidence is insufficient. Terminal Railroad Assn. of St. Louis v. Schmidt, 349 Mo. 890, 163 S.W.2d 772; Lieber v. Lieber, 239 Mo. 1, 143 S.W. 458; Elliott v. McCormick, 323 Mo. 263, 19 S.W.2d 654; State ex rel. v. Shain, 344 Mo. 891, 129 S.W.2d 1048. (3) Absent the alleged affidavit of Schilling, there is no proof whatsoever that Schilling committed perjury in his testimony in Mrs. Easterly's action. (4) Absent the alleged affidavit of Schilling, there is no proof whatsoever of any fraud or concealment on the part of attorney David W. Peters. (5) The alleged affidavit of William C. Schilling was pure hearsay evidence, was not within any exception to the hearsay rule, was erroneously admitted in evidence by the trial court, and must be wholly disregarded in considering whether plaintiffs established the fraud charged by them in connection with Mrs. Easterly's judgment. (6) The fact that Schilling's alleged statements were included in an ex parte affidavit, rather than being mere unsworn oral or written statements, does not affect their character as hearsay. Patterson v. Fagan, 38 Mo. 70; Bank of Odessa v. Jennings, 18 Mo. App. 651; 22 C.J., p. 207, sec. 168. (7) The alleged affidavit of Schilling, in several respects, does not meet the requirements of a declaration of facts against interest, so as to be admissible under the exception to the hearsay rule relating to such declarations. 31 C.J.S., p. 959, sec. 217. (8) The statements made in Schilling's alleged affidavit did not relate to facts against any pecuniary or proprietary interests of his existing at the time such statements were made. 22 C.J., p. 235, sec. 215; Penner v. Cooper, 4 Munf. 458; Smith v. Blakey, LR 2 QB. 326. (9) The circumstances under which the alleged affidavit was given by Schilling do not render it improbable that no motive to falsify existed. The facts, that the alleged affidavit was maneuvered by an insurance company adjuster, after the deaths of those who might controvert the statements made therein, to be used as the basis for the present suit in equity, and under a misrepresentation that such adjuster had documentary evidence from other witnesses to the effect that Schilling could not have been present at the collision between the Dodd and Easterly automobiles, seriously impugns the motives in making the statements contained in the alleged affidavit, and precludes its admission in evidence. Declarations against interest must be spontaneous, and made prior to the time when their use as evidence may have been in contemplation. 3 Jones' Commentaries on Evidence (2d Ed.), pp. 2075-2076, sec. 1128; Jelser v. White, 183 N.C. 126, 110 S.W. 849. (10) The alleged affidavit of Schilling was not competent as an independently relative statement in connection with showing diligence on the part of Dodd and the American Institute. In any event, if it were admitted for that limited purpose, the statements in the alleged affidavit could not be considered as evidence of the facts recited therein. (11) Even if the alleged affidavit of Schilling were admissible on the ground that it contained declarations of fact against interest, it was not such proof of the facts recited therein as would meet the degree of proof required to set aside the judgment in Mrs. Easterly's case. Such form of proof is a very inferior grade of evidence, not favorably regarded, and insufficient to meet the requirements of proof so clear, cogent and convincing as to leave no reasonable doubt about the facts. Collins v. Harrell, 219 Mo. 279, 118 S.W. 432; Phillips Petroleum Co. v. First Natl. Bank of Pampa, 64 S.W.2d 1057; 22 C.J., pp. 231-232, sec. 209; 31 C.J.S., p. 959, sec. 217. (12) The trial court erred in finding, adjudging and decreeing that the judgment in Mrs. Easterly's action be set aside and vacated upon the grounds that plaintiffs had been deprived of their legal rights by "an accidental combination of circumstances" beyond their control, and without any negligence on their part, because the evidence does not meet the required degree of proof of the facts essential to such a finding. Authorities cited under points (2)-(11), supra. (13) Such a theory is inconsistent with the principal theory of plaintiffs' petition. (14) There is no showing that plaintiffs were deprived of any legal rights in the trial of Mrs. Easterly's action. (15) The evidence is conclusive that, if in fact they did not do so, Dodd and the American Institute could have tried out completely the issue of Schilling's alleged perjury in the trial of Mrs. Easterly's action.
Moser, Marsalek Dearing for respondents.
(1) In equity suits to set aside judgments obtained at law, on the ground of fraud in the procurement, a clear distinction has always been observed between cases involving mere perjury of a witness committed at the trial at law, and cases in which the successful party in the lawsuit was guilty of fraudulent acts or concealment which prevented the opposing party from discovering and proving in the trial all the facts which should have been shown in his behalf. Cases falling within the first category are not cognizable in equity, as they involve only fraud inherent in the cause of action or defense. Cases falling within the second category involve fraud extrinsic and collateral to the issues in the original suit, and present a proper basis for equitable intervention. Dunn v. Miller, 96 Mo. 324, 9 S.W. 640; Wonderly v. Lafayette County, 150 Mo. 635, 51 S.W. 745; Chicago. R.I. P.R. Co. v. Callicotte, 267 F. 799, certiorari denied, 255 U.S. 570, 65 L.Ed. 791; Fadler v. Gabbert, 333 Mo. 851, 63 S.W.2d 121; Link v. Link, 48 Mo. App. 345; Tapana v. Shaffray, 97 Mo. App. 337, 71 S.W. 119; Marshall v. Holmes, 141 U.S. 589, 35 L.Ed. 870; Hazel-Atlas Glass Co. v. Hartford-Empire Co., 322 U.S. 238, 88 L.Ed. 1250; Marine Ins. Co. v. Hodgson, 7 Cranch; 333, 3 L.Ed. 362; United States v. Beebe, 180 U.S. 343, 45 L.Ed. 563. (2) The foregoing rule has been applied frequently where the prevailing party, by false answers to interregatories or similar fraud or concealment, succeeds in misleading the adverse party and thus preventing him from fully developing his case at the trial. Such conduct constitutes fraud in the procurement of the judgment, extrinsic or collateral to the issues tried in the original case. The conduct of Mrs. Easterly's attorney, in fraudulently conspiring with Schilling to give false testimony, in schooling him as a witness, in concealing all knowledge of the false witness from his clients, in standing silently by when his clients, in their depositions, denied knowledge of any witnesses other than the principals, and then springing Schilling as a surprise witness at the trial, constitutes extrinsic fraud in the procurement of the judgment, and fully supports the decree rendered below. Caldwell v. Taylor, 218 Cal. 471, 23 P.2d 758, 88 A.L.R. 1194; Graver v. Faurot, 76 F. 257; Publicker v. Shallcross, 106 F.2d 949; Stenderup v. Broadway State Bank, 219 Cal. 593, 28 P.2d 14; Moffatt v. United States, 112 U.S. 24, 28 L.Ed. 623; Oregon-Washington Nav. Co. v. Reid, 65 P.2d 664; Chicago, R.I. P.R. Co. v. Callicotte, supra. (3) Dodd and the American Institute, through their counsel, had the right, conferred by law, to take the depositions of the Easterlys under the rules relating to cross-examination, for the purpose of discovering who were or who claimed to be the witnesses to the accident. Such depositions are in the nature of chancery practice relating to a bill of discovery, and entitle a litigant to sift the conscience of his adversary. Mrs. Easterly's attorney had no right to prevent the accomplishment of this purpose by fraud and concealment designed to cover up the false witness. Secs. 1889, 1894, R.S. 1939; Eck v. Hatcher, 58 Mo. 235; Ex Parte Brockman, 233 Mo. 135, 134 S.W. 977; Devoy v. St. Louis Transit Co., 192 Mo. 197, 91 S.W. 140; State ex rel. Bressman v. Theisen, 142 S.W. 1088; Security State Bank v. Peck, 159 Mo. App. 171, 140 S.W. 762; Aaron v. Met. Street Ry. Co., 159 Mo. App. 307, 144 S.W. 145. (4) The rule that equity will not grant relief from a judgment on grounds which were tried and determined in the law action assumes that there has been a trial in which the respective parties have had an opportunity fully to present their evidence. Wonderly v. Lafayette County, supra; Oregon-Washington R. Nav. Co. v. Reid, supra; Hudson v. Layton, 12 Del. Ch. 106, 107 A. 785; Ocean Ins. Co. v. Fields, 2 Story, 59, 18 Fed. Cas. No. 10406, p. 532, 538-9. (5) The proof offered by respondents, in nature and weight, meets the requirements of the rule applying in cases of this character, without regard to Schilling's affidavit. Fraud of the character here involved is rarely ever susceptible of the positive proof, for the reason that knowledge of the facts is in the posession of the wrongdoers and is by them conceded. It is legitimate to infer its existence from surrounding circumstances. Massey v. Young, 73 Mo. 260; Howard v. Zweigart, 197 S.W. 46; Bowman v. Rahmoeller, 331 Mo. 868, 55 S.W.2d 453; Parish v. Casner, 282 S.W. 392. (6) The appellants (except the Exchange National Bank, which disclaimed any interest in the judgment), by their answers, merely denied that there was any fraud in the procurement of the judgment, and asserted that the issues had been determined in the trial which resulted in the judgment. These answers did not directly deny any of the facts pleaded. James v. Kansas City Gas Co., 325 Mo. 1054, 30 S.W.2d 118; Koewing v. Greene County B. L. Assn., 327 Mo. 680, 38 287 S.W.2d 40; Lappin v. Nichols, 263 Mo. 285, 172 S.W. 596. (7) This suit was filed on August 12, 1942, and tried on June 7 and 8, 1943. Appellants had ample time and opportunity to procure and present evidence to contradict the facts shown by respondents' evidence, if any contradictory evidence existed, but failed to do so. Such failure creates an unfavorable presumption against them. Mabry v. McClurg, 74 Mo. 575; Leeper v. Bates, 85 Mo. 224; Stephenson v. Kilpatrick, 166 Mo. 262, 65 S.W. 773; Marcus v. Hudgins, 168 Md. 79, 176 A. 271; Detroit Trust Co. v. Hockett, 278 Mich. 124, 270 N.W. 243. (8) Schilling's affidavit is admissible in evidence as evidence of the facts stated therein. The declarations of one since deceased, or otherwise unavailable as a witness, are admissible in evidence, if the declaration is against the pecuniary interest of the declarant. Graham v. Stroh, 342 Mo. 686, 117 S.W.2d 258; Cape County Savs. Bank v. Wilson, 225 Mo. App. 14, 34 S.W.2d 981; Brown v. Holman, 292 Mo. 641, 238 S.W. 1065; Weller v. Weaver, 231 Mo. App. 400, 100 S.W.2d 594; Wynn v. Cory, 48 Mo. 346; Obuchon v. Boyd, 92 Mo. App. 412. (9) Where the facts stated by declarant would adversely affect his interests with respect to a claim, or subject him to a liability for damages, the statement is admissible. Weber v. C., R.I. P.R. Co., 175 Iowa 358, 151 N.W. 852; Halvorsen v. Moone Kerr Lbr. Co., 87 Minn. 18, 91 N.W. 28; Aetna Life Ins. Co. v. Strauch, 179 Okla. 617, 67 P.2d 452; Walker v. Brantner, 59 Kan. 117, 52 P. 80; Mohaska v. Ingalls, 16 Iowa 81, 86; Smith v. International G.N.R. Co., 34 Tex. Civ. App. 209, 78 S.W. 556; Reed v. Philpot's Admr., 235 Ky. 429, 31 S.W.2d 709; Wills v. Berberich Delivery Co., 339 Mo. 856, 98 S.W.2d 569; Murdock v. Adamson, 12 Ga. App. 275, 77 S.E. 181; Georgia R. B. Co. v. Fitzgerald, 108 Ga. 507, 34 S.E. 316. (10) One who enters into a conspiracy with a litigant to give perjured testimony, and thereby procures or aids in procuring a fraudulent judgment against another, is liable in damages to the person injured by such conduct. Dixon v. Bowen, 85 Colo. 194, 274 P. 824; Verplanck v. Van Buren, 76 N.Y. 247; Clark v. Sloan, 37 P.2d 263, 169 Okla. 347; Smith v. Nippert, 76 Wis. 86, 44 N.W. 846; 15 C.J.S., p. 1027, sec. 16. (11) Schilling, by reason of his refusal to testify on the ground that he might thereby incriminate himself, was unavailable as a witness. Application of the rule is not limited to cases in which the witness is dead. 5 Wigmore, Evidence (3 Ed.), sec. 1456, p. 260; Hines v. Commonwealth, 136 Va. 728, 117 S.E. 843; Harriman v. Brown, 8 Leigh, 697; Griffiths v. Sauls, 77 Tex. 630, 14 S.W. 230; Walnut Ridge Merc. Co. v. Cohn, 79 Ark. 338, 96 S.W. 413; Alter v. Berghans, 8 Watts, 77; Union Bank v. Knapp, 3 Pick. 96. (12) The affidavit was further admissible on the issue of the diligence exercised by respondents in investigating and discovering the fraudulent conduct by which the judgment was procured. Dahlert R.E. Agency v. Lemaster, 62 Tex. Civ. App. 519, 132 S.W. 860. (13) Entirely aside from the issue of fraud, the judgment rendered in Mrs. Easterly's favor was properly set aside because the defendants in her suit (respondents herein) were prevented from presenting fully the evidence in their behalf at the trial, through an accidental combination of circumstances, and wholly without fault or negligence on their part. Smoot v. Judd, 161 Mo. 673, 61 S.W. 854; Chouteau v. St. Louis, 131 S.W.2d 902; 30 C.J.S., sec. 46, pp. 373-4.
This is a suit in equity to set aside a judgment at law on the ground it was obtained through fraud.
Gertrude Easterly and her husband were driving east on Highway 50 between Jefferson City and St. Louis when they had a head-on collision with the automobile driven by L.H. Dodd, an employee of the American Institute of Steel Construction, who was driving in the opposite direction. She brought suit for damages for personal injuries, her chief counsel being David W. Peters of Jefferson City, now deceased. The sole and decisive question in the case was which party was driving on the wrong side of the road thereby causing the collision. The only witness who testified besides Mrs Easterly, her husband and Dodd was one William C. Schilling. He stated that Dodd cut a curve and drove on the wrong side of the road and the collision resulted. The jury returned a verdict for Mrs. Easterly for $35,000, later reduced by remittitur to $25,000. The reduced judgment was affirmed by this court. Easterly v. American Institute of Steel Construction et al., 349 Mo. 604, 162 S.W.2d 825. Shortly thereafter the present equity suit was filed. Dodd died and the public administrator was substituted for him as plaintiff.
The petition charges the judgment was obtained by fraud on the court. After setting out the substance of Schilling's testimony the petition alleges that it was perjured; that Schilling did not see the accident; that when the accident occurred Schilling was at Stoutland, Mo., many miles away tending cattle; and that Schilling's testimony was a complete fabrication; "that Schilling informed said David W. Peters that he, the said Schilling, did not witness the accident; that said David W. Peters then related to said William C. Schilling the manner in which said Easterlys alleged the accident had occurred and exhibited to him some photographs of the scene, and later drove said Schilling to the scene of the accident and further explained the Easterlys' version of the occurrence, all for the purpose of schooling and instructing said Schilling so as to enable him to give the aforesaid false testimony."
"That said David W. Peters, in his capacity as agent and attorney for Gertrude Easterly and while acting in her behalf, was informed and knew said William C. Schilling had not witnessed said accident, and knew nothing of his own knowledge with respect to the cause of said collision; that notwithstanding said fact, the said attorney schooled and instructed said Schilling as aforesaid, and conspired and confederated with said Schilling to have said Schilling appear at the trial of said case as a witness, for the purpose of giving the false testimony above set forth;"
At the trial of this case Schilling was called as a witness. After answering the usual formal questions he refused to answer further questions on the ground he might incriminate himself. An affidavit made by Schilling was introduced. It is as follows:
"Jefferson City, Mo. "July 6, 1942.
"My name is William C. Schilling and reside at Greenberry Road, Route 4, Jefferson City, Missouri. I am known among many of my associates and friends as Fred Schilling. I am sixty years of age and reside with my wife, Mildred W. Schilling. I am at present employed by the Unemployment Compensation Commission at Jefferson City, Missouri.
"On July 1st, 1942, in Room 423 of the Missouri Hotel, Jefferson City, Missouri, I admitted to Albert Thomas Sauer, an attorney, that I was not present at the time of an automobile accident which occurred west of Drake, Missouri, on Highway 50, on November 18, 1937, in which a Mr. and Mrs. Easterly of Alva, Oklahoma, were injured. As a matter of fact on the above date, I was in Stoutland, Missouri, tending cattle which had been owned by Mr. Emmett Kinsella who died on November 13, 1937. At the time of my conversation with Mr. Sauer on July 1st, 1942, I informed him of the fact that Mabel Hornbuckle had prevailed upon me to testify on behalf of Mr. and Mrs. Easterly as having witnessed the accident referred to above.
"The true facts as to my connection with this accident and suit which later followed are as follows: Shortly after the accident of November 18, 1937, I met Miss Mabel Hornbuckle in Jefferson City. I had known her for some twenty-three years, due to her friendship with my former employer, Mr. Emmett Kinsella. She informed me that an accident had occurred [286] on Highway 50 near Drake, Missouri, and that Attorney David W. Peters and Scott Peters of Jefferson City, Missouri, represented the plaintiffs. She informed me that this was an opportunity for both she and I to make some money out of the case in testifying to the fact that we had witnessed the accident. She then gave me a brief resume of the facts, and I told her that I would go in on the matter with her. A day or two later I met Attorney Scott Peters in Tolson's Drug Store. He asked me if I had been with Mabel Hornbuckle when she was in that accident near Drake, Missouri. I informed him that I was and he suggested that I see his father, David W. Peters. I called at Mr. David W. Peters' office several days later and talked to him about the accident. During our conversation I informed him of the fact that I did not witness the accident, but had been solicited by Mabel Hornbuckle to testify that I had witnessed the same. Mr. David W. Peters then related to me the facts of the accident and showed some photographs of the scene of the accident and later drove me to the scene of the accident which occurred a few miles west of Hopkins' Resort on Highway 50 near Second Creek which is about ten miles west of Drake, Missouri. When he drove me to the scene of the accident and explained how the same occurred, he then drove up to the Hopkins Lodge and went inside, while I waited in the car. I do not know who he talked to in the lodge, as I stayed in the car. He later told me that he was talking to the manager. However, I did not see him talk to him.
"When this suit of Mrs. Easterly's against the driver of the other car was tried in the Circuit Court of St. Louis, Missouri, in March, 1939, I attended the trial and testified to the fact that I witnessed the accident, and in response to an inquiry, stated that I did not stop because of the fact that Miss Mabel Hornbuckle, who was with me, had an appendicitis attack. This was not a true fact, as I did not witness the accident, nor was I near the scene of the accident on November 18, 1937. During the time that the case was tried, I made about four trips to St. Louis by train. While there I stayed at the American Hotel, and my hotel bill was paid by Mr. Scott Peters and the railroad fare was paid to me by the circuit clerk as witness fees and attendance of trial.
"During the course of this litigation. I talked over same with Mr. David W. Peters and Scott Peters on numerous occasions. On one occasion, I talked about the accident to Attorney Harvey Cox of St. Louis, who was associated with Mr. David W. and Scott Peters in the trial of this suit on behalf of the Easterlys. Whether or not Attorney Harvey Cox knew that I did not witness the accident is unknown to me. Our conversation was very limited, as he went over the facts of the accident very briefly with me. I have no definite information that Scott Peters knew that I did not witness the accident, as my conversation in regard to my not seeing the accident was with David W. Peters. However, Scott Peters was closely associated with his father in the practice of law, and particularly in this suit. Attorneys Cox, David W. and Scott Peters all attended the trial of this suit in the Circuit Court of St. Louis in 1939. All of them partook in some part of the trial of the case.
"I realize the fact that my testifying in the trial of this suit in the Circuit Court in St. Louis was not true. However, it is my desire at this time to tell the truth about my entire connection with this case, and for this reason I related the above facts. I am doing so without any coercion or duress on the part of Mr. Sauer. However, after having viewed considerable documentary evidence which he had had from disinterested individuals to the effect that it would have been impossible for me to have been at the scene of the accident on November 18, 1937, I realize that the best course was to follow the advice of my friends and make a clean breast of the entire situation.
"I have read the above two pages statements and it is true.
"William C. Schilling.
"Subscribed and sworn to before me this 6th day of July, 1942. My commission expires March 6, 1942.[3]
"Guy N. Sone, "(Seal) "Notary Public."
Several witnesses testified as to Schilling's presence in Stoutland about the time of the collision.
The Chancellor in his decree found:
"The Court is of the opinion that the verdict and judgment in said case of Gertrude Easterly against L.H. Dodd and American Institute of Steel Construction was procured by extrinsic fraud.
"The evidence is clear that Mrs. Easterly's chief counsel, the Jefferson City attorney, [287] entered into a scheme and conspiracy with one William C. Schilling to have Schilling appear at the Easterly trial as a pretended witness to the accident, and to give false testimony favorable to the plaintiff.
"In pursuance of that plan, Schilling did appear at the trial and testified for the plaintiff that while he, Schilling, was driving his automobile from St. Louis to Jefferson City, in company with one Hornbuckle, immediately behind the Dodd car, he saw Dodd drive his car on the wrong side of the highway, in front of the Easterly car, causing the collision and injury.
"The evidence is clear and convincing that Schilling's testimony was a deliberate and planned perjury; that he did not witness the accident, and at the time of the occurrence he, Schilling, was fifty miles away, tending cattle for one Kinsella, on the latter's farm near Stoutland, Missouri.
"It appears from the evidence that Schilling, for a number of years, had been a client of the Jefferson City attorneys; that they had represented him in a criminal matters, principally violations of the liquor laws, and that Schilling in one instance had been convicted.
"Before the trial the chief counsel took Schilling to the scene of the accident in his automobile, to familiarize him with the details of the situation. The rare schooling of Schilling is shown in the pretended testimony of Schilling at the trial, presenting a skillfully finished story, plausible, believable, and apparently real and disinterested, and the story undoubtedly carried influence and weight with the jury in the making up of their verdict.
"It appears from the evidence there was no genuine witnesses to the accident except the principals, Mr. and Mrs. Easterly on the plaintiffs' side, and Mr. Dodd on the defendants'.
"The circumstances relating to the location of the automobiles after the accident tended to corroborate Dodd's theory of the accident. The burden of proof was on the plaintiff, and it thus appeared that the balance of probability favored the defendants; and without the Schilling testimony the verdict would probably have been for Dodd and the American Institute. The disinterested `witness' Schilling, therefore, became the controlling factor in turning the scales to the Easterly side.
"Not only was there fraud and perjury in the Easterly trial, but the evidence shows there was a concocted plan on the outside of court to prevent the defendants in that case from investigating and discovering the false witness. That the chief counsel for the plaintiff fraudulently concealed all information with respect to the false witness, and that was apparently a part of the scheme to prevent investigation and exposure of the fraudulent plan."
The Chancellor further found that plaintiffs had exercised due diligence and were not negligent in their efforts to learn the true facts and in investigating whether Schilling witnessed the collision.
The Chancellor ordered the judgment set aside and enjoined defendants from attempting to enforce it. Defendants appealed.
The rule is well settled that a court of equity will not interfere with a judgment at law unless there was fraud in the procurement of the judgment extrinsic or collateral to the matters tried upon which the judgment was rendered. Hockenberry v. Cooper County State Bank, 338 Mo. 31, 88 S.W.2d 1031 and cases cited therein. It is also well settled that giving false evidence is held not to be such fraud as will authorize equity to vacate a judgment. Although we believe the application of the latter rule has been extended beyond the bounds of reason and justice it is not necessary for the purpose of this case to discuss the point. See the protest of Lamm, P.J., in Howard v. Scott, 225 Mo. 685, 125 S.W. 1158 to the broad application of the rule.
In this case we have more than the perjured testimony of witness Schilling. We find the party's chief attorney engaged in a plot to furnish a false witness to "make the case" with perjured testimony and a conspiracy with such false witness to carry out the plot. There are cases which announce the rule that subornation of perjury by a party to a case is not such fraud as authorizes relief in equity but we have not found a case where that rule has been applied under facts as we have here.
Peters' scheme and conspiracy were such a violation of a lawyer's duty to the court. — a duty imposed not alone by principles of honesty and good morals but also by a code of ethics adopted as rules of court, as to amount to a fraud on the court for which equity will grant relief.
In this conclusion we are supported by Hazel-Atlas Glass Co. v. Hartford-Empire [288] Co., 322 U.S. 238, 88 L.Ed. 1250, 64 S.Ct. 997. That was an action to set aside for fraud a judgment obtained for a patent infringement. An attorney for Hartford prepared a spurious article and had it published in a trade journal over the name of the president of a glassworkers' union as the pretended author for the purpose of aiding an application for a patent on a glasspouring machine. The official was well paid for the use of his name. The patent was issued. The article was thereafter used in a case for infringement on appeal before the United States Circuit Court of Appeals and was relied on and quoted by the court in its opinion sustaining the patent. On the strength of the judgment $1,000,000 was paid and licensing agreements entered into. When it was later learned the article and its authorship were false, suit was brought to set aside the judgment for infringement. The Supreme Court of the United States ordering this done stated:
"Out of deference to the deep rooted policy in favor of the repose of judgments entered during past terms, courts of equity have been cautious in exercising their power over such judgments. United States v. Throckmorton, 98 U.S. 61, 25 L.Ed. 93. But where the occasion has demanded, where enforcement of the judgment is `manifestly unconscionable,' Pickford v. Talbott, 225 U.S. 651, 657, 56 L.Ed. 1240. 1246, 34 S.Ct. 687, they have wielded the power without hesitation. Litigants who have sought to invoke this equity power customarily have done so by bills of review or bills in the nature of bills of review, or by original proceedings to enjoin enforcement of a judgment. And in cases where courts have exercised the power the relief granted has taken several forms: setting aside the judgment to permit a new trial, altering the terms of the judgment, or restraining the beneficiaries of the judgment from taking any benefit whatever from it. But whatever form the relief has taken in particular cases, the net result in every case has been the same: where the situation has required the court has, in some manner, devitalized the judgment even though the term at which it was entered had long since passed away.
"Every element of the fraud here disclosed demands the exercise of the historic power of equity to set aside fraudulently begotten judgments. This is not simply a case of a judgment obtained with the aid of a witness who, on the basis of after-discovered evidence, is believed possibly to have been guilty of perjury. Here, even if we consider nothing but Hartford's sworn admissions, we find a deliberately planned and carefully executed scheme to defraud not only the Patent Office but the Circuit Court of Appeals. Cf. Marshall v. Holmes, 141 U.S. 589, 35 L.Ed. 870, 12 S.Ct. 62, supra. Proof of the scheme, and of its complete success up to date, is conclusive. Cf. United States v. Throckmorton, 98 U.S. 61, 25 L.Ed. 93, supra. And no equities have intervened through transfer of the fraudulently procured patent or judgment to an innocent purchaser. Cf. Ibid.; Hopkins v. Hebard, 235 U.S. 287, 59 L.Ed. 232, 35 S.Ct. 26. . . .
"Furthermore, tampering with the administration of justice in the manner indisputably shown here involves far more than an injury to a single litigant. It is a wrong against the institutions set up to protect and safeguard the public, institutions in which fraud cannot complacently be tolerated consistently with the good order of society. Surely it cannot be that preservation of the integrity of the judicial process must always wait upon the diligence of litigants. The public welfare demands that the agencies of public justice be not so impotent that they must always be mute and helpless victims of deception and fraud. . . .
"We have, then, a case in which undisputed evidence filed with the Circuit Court of Appeals in a bill of review proceeding reveals such fraud on that Court as demands, under settled equitable principles, the interposition of equity to devitalize the 1932 judgment despite the expiration of the term at which that judgment was finally entered."
While the facts in the Hazel-Atlas case show more extensive fraud and one in which the client participated, the decision is authority for the principle that where a lawyer engages in a conspiracy to commit a fraud upon the court by the production of fabricated evidence and by such means obtains a judgment then the enforcement of the judgment becomes "manifestly unconscionable" and a court of equity may devitalize the judgment. Accordingly the action of the Chancellor in setting aside Gertrude Easterly's judgment was authorized upon proof of the fraud.
Proof of the fraud turns on the admissibility of Schilling's affidavit. We hold the affidavit is admissible as a declaration [289] against interest by a third person not available as a witness. This is a well recognized exception to the hearsay rule but there is considerable difference of opinion as to the scope of the exception. The general exception is well recognized in Missouri. In Graham v. Stroh, 342 Mo. 686, 117 S.W.2d 258, a declaration against interest of a deceased person was held admissible. The Court adopted the statement from 22 C.J., Section 209: "Where a person makes a statement which is opposed to his own interest, an inference arises that such statement would not have been made unless it had been true, and evidence of such statement is for that reason received."
The appellants contend that this exception to the hearsay rule does not apply because Schilling was not deceased, but his testimony was not available because he refused to testify on the grounds that it would tend to incriminate him, and for the further reason that the exception is limited to statements where the adverse interest is of a pecuniary or proprietary nature.
We have not been able to find any Missouri authorities on either of these propositions, which will be taken up in order. The rule was originally limited to declarations of deceased persons and it is still so limited in some jurisdictions. But we believe sound reasoning supports the doctrine of those decisions holding that whenever the testimony of the witness is unavailable as a practical proposition, his declaration should be received. This is what Wigmore on Evidence defines as the "Necessity Principle." We approve the reasoning set forth in Section 1456 of the Third Edition: "The Necessity Principle, as here applied, signifies the impossibility of obtaining other evidence from the same source, the declarant being unavailable in person on the stand. Whenever the witness is practically unavailable his statements should be received. Death is universally conceded to be sufficient. The principle of Necessity is broad enough to assimilate other causes; but the rulings upon causes other than death are few. They are ill-judged, so far as they do not recognize the general principle of unavailability. Illness and insanity should be equally sufficient to admit the statements; as well as absence from the jurisdiction. Supervening incompetency through interest stands on the same ground."
In Weber v. C., R.I. P.R. Co., 175 Iowa 358, 151 N.W. 852 a declarant who had since become insane was held to be unavailable as a witness so as to render competent his declaration against interest.
In Harriman v. Brown, 8 Leigh (Va.) 697, a person who had made a declaration against interest was physically available as a witness but under the Virginia law was incompetent as a witness because he was the husband of a person who had a possible interest in the litigation. The court held that his declaration against interest should be admitted, stating: ". . . as he could not be compelled to testify, his admissions ought to be received as if he were dead."
In our opinion Schilling was just as unavailable as a witness as though he were dead and there is no reason why the rule of necessity should not be extended to this situation. In fact, the circumstances present a clearer safeguard than if Schilling were dead. The very fact that he was produced as a witness, but refused to testify on the grounds that it would tend to incriminate him, is an additional assurance that the affidavit was not a forgery or obtained by fraud or coercion. Presumably had such been the fact he would have taken the stand and repudiated the affidavit.
The next question is whether the affidavit can be regarded as a declaration against interest because it is not contrary to a proprietary or pecuniary interest. Again we have been unable to find any Missouri cases in point. But sound reasoning requires that the exception to the rule against hearsay be extended to this character of declaration. In every realistic sense it is a statement against interest.
In Wigmore on Evidence, 3d Edition, Section 1457, the reason for the exception is stated as follows: "The basis of the Exception is the principle of experience that a statement asserting a fact distinctly against one's interest is unlikely to be deliberately false or heedlessly incorrect, and is thus sufficiently sanctioned, though oath and cross-examination are wanting."
Schilling's affidavit consisted of an admission that he had engaged in a fraudulent, shameful and criminal conspiracy culminating in perjury consisting of wholly fabricated testimony against a party to whom he was a stranger. This statement subjected him not only to the possibility of indictment and imprisonment, but to the prospect of being held up to public shame [290] in his community. It is completely unrealistic to say that a statement of such character is not "against one's interest" and "unlikely to be either deliberately false or heedlessly incorrect." Furthermore, while the sanctity of the oath may have meant very little to Schilling, he must have known that he was substantially adding to the apparent authenticity and veracity of the statement when he appeared before Guy N. Sone, a notary public and also the Circuit Clerk of the county in which he resided, and swore to the statement.
According to a historical review contained in Wigmore on Evidence, 3d Edition, Sections 1476, 1477, for nearly 200 years the English Courts had treated as admissible declarations which constituted an admission that the declarant had committed a crime. But in 1844, in the Sussex Peerage Case, 11 Cl. F. 109, the House of Lords, without considering prior precedents, announced the rule that such a declaration could not be received as a declaration against interest. This was followed by subsequent English cases and this English rule was adopted in quite a few American states, but apparently the question has never been presented to this Court.
Wigmore points out the arbitrary nature of the distinction thus made in a lengthy discussion which appears to be unanswerable except on the basis of blindly adhering to the illogical English rule which has been followed by many American states. There have, however, been dissents against following this rule, the most famous of which is the dissenting opinion of Mr. Justice Holmes, with whom concur Mr. Justice Lurton and Mr. Justice Hughes, in Donnelly v. United States, 228 U.S. 243, 57 L.Ed. 820, 33 Sup. Ct. 449. This dissenting opinion is so short and so well reasoned that we set it out in full. "The confession of Joe Dick, since deceased, that he committed the murder for which the plaintiff in error was tried, coupled with circumstances pointing to its truth, would have a very strong tendency to make any one outside of a court of justice believe that Donnelly did not commit the crime. I say this, of course, on the supposition that it should be proved that the confession really was made, and that there was no ground for connecting Donnelly with Dick. — The rules of evidence in the main are based on experience, logic and common sense, less hampered by history than some parts of the substantive law. There is no decision by this court against the admissibility of such a confession; the English cases since the separation of the two countries do not bind us; the exception to the hearsay rule in the case of declarations against interest is well known; no other statement is so much against interest as a confession of murder, it is far more calculated to convince than dying declarations, which would be let in to hang a man, Mattox v. United States, 146 U.S. 140; and when we surround the accused with so many safeguards, some of which seem to me excessive, I think we ought to give him the benefit of a fact that, if proved, commonly would have such weight. The history of the law and the arguments against the English doctrine are so well and fully stated by Mr. Wigmore that there is no need to set them forth at greater length. 2 Wigmore, Evidence, Sections 1476, 1477." Compare Rule 509 (1) American Law Institute Model Code of Evidence.
For the above reasons we hold the Schilling affidavit properly admisible as a declaration against interest.
It is urged that Schilling's affidavit stated facts which would render him liable in a civil suit for damages and that, if so, the risk of such a suit would render the affidavit a declaration against interest. There have been diverse views expressed on this point. See Weber v. C.R.I. P.R. Co., 175 Iowa 358, 151 N.W. 852 and Halvorsen v. Moon Kerr Lumber Co., 87 Minn. 18, 91 N.W. 28, and also the contrary views expressed in 22 C.J. Sec. 215. We consider it unnecessary to rule this point.
Appellants contend that the affidavit was admitted only for the limited purpose of showing diligence on the part of the respondents. We do not so construe the discussion between counsel and the Court shown in the abstract. It appears to us that the Court was of the opinion that he could consider the affidavit only for the limited purpose of showing diligence by the plaintiffs but counsel for the plaintiffs also took the position that the Court had the right to consider the affidavit for additional purposes. In reviewing the evidence we treat the affidavit as substantive evidence on the issues of fraud and conspiracy.
[291] We find the evidence of sufficient strength to meet the test announced in Terminal R.R. Assn. of St. Louis v. Schmidt, 349 Mo. 890, 163 S.W.2d 772. Under the evidence the action of the Chancellor in setting aside the judgment was proper and should be affirmed.
The record shows that Gertrude Easterly was innocent of the fraud perpetrated by her attorney and knew nothing of it. Accordingly it would not be equitable to deny her a fair trial of her action for damages.
The judgment in the lawsuit and the judgment in the equity case setting aside the first judgment were obtained in the same court. Therefore in addition to affirming the equity judgment we order Gertrude Easterly's lawsuit reinstated on the docket of the trial court and set down for trial.
Judgment affirmed. All concur.