Summary
holding that statements presented in a written pleading in a judicial proceeding are absolutely privileged
Summary of this case from Black v. Hamilton Cnty. Pub.Opinion
No. 85-1339
Decided August 6, 1986.
Torts — Defamation — Attorneys at law — Absolute privilege in judicial proceeding — No cause of action stated for alleged defamatory statement made in written pleading, when.
O.Jur 3d Defamation §§ 73, 75.
As a matter of public policy, under the doctrine of absolute privilege in a judicial proceeding, a claim alleging that a defamatory statement was made in a written pleading does not state a cause of action where the allegedly defamatory statement bears some reasonable relation to the judicial proceeding in which it appears.
APPEAL from the Court of Appeals for Cuyahoga County.
The genesis of the cause sub judice arises out of an action filed in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio, Regional Refuse Systems, Inc. v. Inland Reclamation Co. (case No. C83-1820). Daniel Dzina was a plaintiff in that federal action, and William T. Wuliger was his attorney. That action was predicated on, inter alia, the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act ("RICO"), and alleged that several of the named defendants had attempted to reduce competition in the refuse disposal business by operating their companies through a pattern of racketeering activity. With respect to the RICO part of the action, one of the pleadings in the complaint alleged:
"34. In 1975 or 1976, defendant James Palladino, who was already operating defendant Ohio Bulk, gathered together certain investors to form defendant Inland and purchase and operate a sanitary landfill located at 6705 Richmond Road, Glenwillow, Ohio. Said investors included defendant James Palladino himself, defendants Harry Fedele, and Albert Seymour. Also, said investors included such known underworld figures as Danny Greene, Joseph Surace, John Nardi, Harvey Reiger and Frank Embrecia."
On August 12, 1983, appellee, Joseph F. Surace, instituted the instant action in the Court of Common Pleas of Cuyahoga County against Dzina and Wuliger, appellant herein, alleging that the foregoing pleading in the RICO action was libelous, false and malicious, and that its import was neither relevant nor pertinent to said RICO action. Appellee alleged damages as a result of the defamatory pleading in the form of mental anguish, humiliation and harm to his reputation.
On October 26 and 27, 1983, Dzina and appellant filed Civ. R. 12(B)(6) motions to dismiss the complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief could be granted, on the basis that the alleged defamatory pleading was absolutely privileged. The trial court agreed and, on August 16, 1984, granted the motions to dismiss.
Upon appeal, the court of appeals reversed and remanded for further proceedings. The appellate court held that the complaint stated a cause of action because Surace was not a party to the RICO suit. The court applied an "alternative remedies" theory, reasoning that appellee had no alternative remedy to clear his name in the RICO proceeding since he was not a party to that action. The court opined that appellee's action is maintainable, especially in light of Section 16, Article I of the Ohio Constitution which provides that "every person, for an injury done him in his * * * reputation, shall have remedy by due course of law * * *." In reviewing the various tests formulated by Ohio courts in similar cases, the appellate court stated that it was not prepared to hold that any defamatory attack is excused simply because it is inserted in a pleading. The court further opined that Dzina and appellant should have filed motions for summary judgment, rather than motions to dismiss pursuant to Civ. R. 12(B)(6).
The cause is now before this court pursuant to the allowance of a motion to certify the record.
McCarthy, Lebit, Crystal Haiman Co., L.P.A., Irwin S. Haiman and William A. Barnett, for appellee.
William D. Beyer and Roger L. Kleinman, for appellant.
Appellee argues that the due process provision of the Ohio Constitution permits redress of his cause of action because he has no alternative remedy to pursue, inasmuch as he was not named as a party in the RICO action. Appellee maintains that the alleged defamatory pleading is neither relevant nor pertinent to the RICO action, pursuant to this court's prior decisions in Mauk v. Brundage (1903), 68 Ohio St. 89, and Bigelow v. Brumley (1941), 138 Ohio St. 574 [21 O.O. 471]. Appellee further contends that such a pertinence standard must necessarily be strict in light of due process considerations and that, therefore, this court should affirm the court of appeals' reversal of this cause.
Appellant argues that statements made in judicial proceedings and pleadings are absolutely privileged, and that the pleading in issue does meet the standards established in Mauk, supra, and Bigelow, supra, because the pleading was relevant and pertinent to the RICO action. Appellant submits that our decision in Erie County Farmers' Ins. Co. v. Crecelius (1930), 122 Ohio St. 210, sets forth the public policy rationale underlying the absolute privilege doctrine, which is that the absence of such a privilege would thwart the truth-seeking process if parties to a lawsuit were faced with the possibility of a defamation action for any statements made concerning any particular individuals. Appellant contends that the fact that appellee was not a party to the RICO action is irrelevant, and that appellee does perhaps have an alternative remedy to redress his claimed injury by filing a motion to intervene in the RICO case, and then proffering a motion to strike the alleged defamatory statement pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(f). Appellant submits that any doubts concerning relevance or pertinence must be resolved in favor of the pleader, based on public policy grounds, and that other jurisdictions have held that absolute privilege applies even though the libelous statement refers to a person who is not a party to the suit in which the defamatory statement appears. Lastly, appellant contends that affirmance here could subject judges to potential liability for harsh statements made to an attorney or a party in a case, and could force attorneys to violate the Code of Professional Responsibility by not zealously representing clients out of fear of a possible defamation action.
In order to properly resolve the instant controversy, a short review of the policy underlying and precedent supporting the doctrine of absolute privilege is necessary.
The late Dean Prosser once noted that "[t]he defense of privilege, or immunity, in cases of defamation does not differ essentially from the privileges, such as those of self-defense, protection of property, or legal authority, available as to assault and battery. It rests upon the same idea, that conduct which otherwise would be actionable is to escape liability because the defendant is acting in furtherance of some interest of social importance, which is entitled to protection even at the expense of uncompensated harm to the plaintiff's reputation." Prosser, Law of Torts (4 Ed. 1971) 776, Section 114.
In Mauk, supra, this court stated at 97-98:
"* * * [I]n order to be privileged, the [defamatory] statement must be pertinent and material to the matter in hand. To be pertinent and material it must tend to prove or disprove the point to be established, and have substantial importance or influence in producing the proper result. * * * Whether or not the occasion gives the privilege is a question of law for the court * * *."
Mauk set forth a relatively strict standard which has been variously termed as the "legally relevant" or "pertinence to the occasion" test. A defamatory statement under this guideline was said to be absolutely privileged only when the statement was material and pertinent to the subject matter in which it appeared. In addition, the Mauk court made it clear that it is a question of law for the court to determine whether a statement, alleged to be defamatory, should be accorded absolute privilege.
Then, in Erie County, supra, this court held in the syllabus:
"No action will lie for any defamatory statement made by a party to a court proceeding, in a pleading filed in such proceeding, where the defamatory statement is material and relevant to the issue."
This court noted in Erie County at 212-213 that the "English rule" allows no action for any defamatory statement made in a pleading, even where the statement is false, malicious or irrelevant to the matter in which it appears. The "American rule," on the other hand, differs only in the respect that the alleged defamatory statement "must be relevant and material to the issue in order to be privileged." Id. at 213.
With regard to the public policy considerations inherent in the doctrine of absolute privilege, the Erie County opinion observed at 215 that "* * * as an incidental result it [absolute privilege] may in some instances afford immunity to the evil disposed and the malignant slanderer. * * * A contrary rule would manifestly result in a multitude of slander and libel suits, which would not only bring the administration of justice into disrepute, but would, in many instances, deter an honest suitor from pursuing his legal remedy in a court of justice."
Thus, in Erie County, this court enunciated the public policy underlying the absolute privilege doctrine alluded to in Mauk, supra, where it was noted at 97 that due process applies generally, unless some other rule of law or public policy considerations demand a contrary application.
In Bigelow v. Brumley, supra, at 586-588, this court refined and slightly modified the tests set forth in Mauk and Erie County, by stating that questions concerning the applicability of absolute privilege depend on whether the alleged defamatory statement has reference and relation to the subject matter of the action in which it is found. The Bigelow court stopped short of rejecting the Mauk test in toto, because it found the statement made in Bigelow was not defamatory per se, and that the statement would be privileged under the Mauk standard in any event. The Bigelow court noted at 586 that the great majority of American decisions at that time rejected a "relevance" standard because it gave the mistaken impression that the absolute privilege in court proceedings extended only to matters which were "legally" relevant. The court further noted that the majority rule concerning absolute privilege of defamatory statements made in a court proceeding asks the central question of whether the statement made has reference and relation to the subject matter of the action in which it appears. Id.
While we are of the opinion that these precedents provide a sound framework for determining the application of absolute privilege, our review of the prior decisions rendered by this court leads us to conclude that the better rule to be applied, in cases such as the instant cause, is that which is referred to in Bigelow as the "majority rule." We believe that the standards developed in Mauk are not as comprehensive as the majority rule in insuring that any and all matters germane to a particular lawsuit will be expressed to aid courts in their quest to seek the truth. While we find Erie County and Bigelow to be relatively correct enunciations of the proper standard to be applied in causes asserting absolute privilege in a judicial proceeding, we believe that the majority rule articulates a more workable standard for deciding when the doctrine of absolute privilege should apply, while recognizing the public policy considerations referred to in Erie County, supra, at 214-215.
For an excellent compilation of cases espousing the majority viewpoint adopted herein, see Annotation (1971), 38 A.L.R. 3d 272.
thus, we hold that as a matter of public policy, under the doctrine of absolute privilege in a judicial proceeding, a claim alleging that a defamatory statement was made in a written pleading does not state a cause of action where the allegedly defamatory statement bears some reasonable relation to the judicial proceeding in which it appears.
We believe that the foregoing standard lends a more precise definition of what the law should be with respect to the doctrine of absolute privilege in judicial proceedings. Our holding herein is not intended as a break with precedent but, rather, it is a logical and natural progression of the law which strikes the proper balance between considerations of constitutional due process and the public policy underlying the necessity of an absolute privilege in judicial proceedings. Although our prior holdings did not clearly embrace the majority rule adopted today, other courts interpreting Ohio law foresaw the appropriateness and inevitability of such a standard. See Justice v. Mowery (1980), 69 Ohio App.2d 75 [23 O.O.3d 100]; and Theiss v. Scherer (C.A. 6, 1968), 396 F.2d 646.
With regard to the judgment rendered below, we find that the court of appeals was particularly disturbed by the fact that a dismissal of appellee's action herein would leave him with no alternative remedy to combat the perceived harm done to his reputation. The appellate court also opined that absolute privilege is inapplicable here because appellee was not a party to the RICO action in which the alleged defamatory statement was made. The final rationale supplied by the court of appeals in reversing the dismissal of appellee's action was that summary judgment motions would have been more proper in disposing of this case, rather than Civ. R. 12(B)(6) motions to dismiss. We shall address each of these concerns separately.
Appellant contends that appellee does have an alternative remedy to correct the perceived injustice by filing a motion to intervene in the RICO action, and then proceed with a motion to strike the alleged defamatory pleading. While we appreciate the inventiveness of appellant's proposed alternative remedy, we doubt seriously whether appellee would be permitted to intervene in the RICO action, because he had no real interest at stake in that proceeding. The unpleasant reality of the doctrine of absolute privilege is that, at times, the party alleged to have been defamed is left with no alternative remedy to pursue. The rationale, of course, is that public policy necessitates free and unencumbered exchange of statements in judicial proceedings in order to assist courts in the truth-seeking process. As cogently stated by the court in Justice, supra, at 77:
"Although the result may be harsh in some instances and a party to a lawsuit may possibly be harmed without legal recourse, on balance, a liberal rule of absolute immunity is the better policy, as it prevents endless lawsuits because of alleged defamatory statements in prior proceedings. Sufficient protection from gross abuse of the privilege is provided by the fact that an objective judge conducts the judicial proceedings and that the judge may hold an attorney in contempt if his conduct exceeds the bound of legal propriety or may strike irrelevant, slanderous or libelous matter."
With respect to the fact that the appellee was not a party to the RICO action, we are unpersuaded that this fact should militate against the application of an absolute privilege herein. Courts in other jurisdictions have found that absolute privilege applies to allegations referring to parties and non-parties alike. See Soter v. Christoforacos (1964), 53 Ill. App.2d 133, 141-142, 202 N.E.2d 846, 851; Spieler v. Gottesman (1961), 12 App. Div. 2d 894, 210 N.Y. Supp. 2d 102, affirmed (1962), 11 N.Y.2d 815, 227 N.Y. Supp. 2d 437; Viera v. Meredith (1956), 84 R.I. 299, 301, 123 A.2d 743, 744. Similarly, we see no compelling reason why the doctrine of absolute privilege should not apply to a non-party under the standards we have set forth today.
Turning our attention to the propriety of a summary judgment motion for the disposition of the instant cause, we disagree with the appellate court that the dismissals rendered by the trial court upon a Civ. R. 12(B)(6) motion were erroneous. As mentioned before, the question of whether absolute privilege applies in a given case is necessarily one of law for the trial court to determine. Mauk, supra, at 97-98. In addition, we agree with appellant's assertion that the appellate court's holding in this vein would require him to prove the truth of the allegation contained in the subject pleading before he could assert the privilege. Such has never been the law in this state, as evidenced by our prior holding in Erie County, supra, at 213-214, where we found that the privilege may attach regardless of whether the alleged defamatory statement is true.
Having established the standard applicable in the cause sub judice, the crucial inquiry left to be determined is whether the alleged defamatory pleading in issue bears some reasonable relation to the RICO action.
In reviewing the substance of the pleading in issue, we find that the RICO complaint alleged that defendants therein, Inland and Palladino, intentionally accepted money from certain individuals whom they believed earned that money by engaging in a pattern of racketeering activity. As appellant submits, the RICO statutes are violated not only by the named RICO defendants alleged to have engaged in a pattern of racketeering activities, but also by the acceptance of investment money from others alleged to have engaged in a pattern of racketeering activities. See Section 1962(a), Title 18, U.S. Code.
In our view, irrespective of whether appellee can be correctly characterized as a "known underworld figure," we believe that the allegation stating that appellee invested in an enterprise alleged to be in violation of the RICO statutes does bear a reasonable relation to the RICO action, and could very well aid the court in determining the legal validity of the RICO complaint. In any event, regardless of whether the allegation that appellee was a known underworld figure who invested in a racketeering enterprise is true, we believe that such allegation does bear a reasonable relation to the RICO action because it alleges that appellee invested in an enterprise in a manner proscribed by the RICO statutes.
As mentioned before, the truth of an alleged defamatory pleading is not relevant in the determination of whether the doctrine of absolute privilege should apply in a given case. Erie County, supra, at 213-214.
In conclusion, we wish to re-emphasize the public policy considerations underlying the doctrine of absolute privilege in judicial proceedings in the test we have formulated today. The most basic goal of our judicial system is to afford litigants the opportunity to freely and fully discuss all the various aspects of a case in order to assist the court in determining the truth, so that the decision it renders is both fair and just. While the imposition of an absolute privilege in judicial proceedings may prevent redress of particular scurrilous and defamatory allegations that tend to harm the reputation of the person defamed, a contrary rule, in our view, would unduly stifle attorneys from zealously advancing the interests of their clients in possible violation of the Code of Professional Responsibility, and would clog court dockets with a multitude of lawsuits based upon alleged defamatory statements made in other judicial proceedings. The proper balance that must be made is that which we have set forth today. We believe that the standard requiring that the alleged defamatory statement bear some reasonable relation to the judicial proceeding in which it appears is the proper restraint which should be made in order to insure the free and open discussion of competing interests that is a necessary part of our adversarial system of justice.
Based upon all of the foregoing, we reverse the decision of the court of appeals and reinstate the judgment of the trial court dismissing appellee's complaint.
Judgment reversed.
CELEBREZZE, C.J., C. BROWN, DOUGLAS and WRIGHT, JJ., concur.
LOCHER, J., concurs in judgment only.
HOLMES, J., concurs in judgment, with opinion.
I agree that the statements in the RICO pleading are privileged as a matter of law and that complaints predicated thereon are insufficient as a matter of law. Accordingly, the trial court below properly dismissed the within action under Civ. R. 12(B)(6) for "failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted." However, I do not believe it appropriate to adopt a standard for such privilege which is absolute. I, therefore, concur separately in judgment only.
The majority assumes the most difficult possible case of "the evil disposed and the malignant slanderer," Erie County Farmers' Ins. Co.v. Crecelius (1930), 122 Ohio St. 210, 215, so as to justify the imposition of absolute privilege on all such legal writings. I am unwilling to go so far for several reasons, the most immediately recognizable being that we apparently do not have before us the case of one who intentionally and/or with actual malice uttered such statements. If the court were confronted with such a case, involving "the evil disposed and the malignant slanderer," not one merely reckless or negligent, then it would seem to run counter to the best interests of the legal profession to shield such utterance in the name of privilege.
Furthermore, such a narrow exception would not create "a multitude of slander and libel suits" nor "deter an honest suitor from pursuing his legal remedy in a court of justice." Id. Instead, the orderly administration of justice would be protected, while one who purposely and in bad faith takes advantage of his privilege could be brought to answer for such professional malfunction. Also, Ohio's Code of Professional Responsibility seems to uphold this view. DR 7-102(A)(5) states: "In his representation of a client, a lawyer shall not: * * * Knowingly make a false statement of law or fact."
Accordingly, I concur in judgment only.