Indira Talwani United States District Judge

MEMORANDUM & ORDER

I. Introduction

Plaintiff Vincent Stuart, a former Lieutenant with the Framingham Police Department, filed this suit against Defendants Town of Framingham and Brian Simoneau, Assistant to the Chief of Police, in his individual capacity. Stuart alleges that he was terminated from his position at the Framingham Police Department in retaliation for reporting misconduct, in violation of federal civil rights laws and the Massachusetts Public Employee Whistleblowing Statute, M.G.L. c. 149, § 185. Stuart also alleges several contract claims against Defendants.

The facts presented in the opposition to the pending motions for summary judgment reflect troubling interactions between members of the Framingham Police Department. Nonetheless, a reasonable jury could not find that any protected speech was a substantial and motivating factor for the adverse employment actions. Accordingly, for reasons discussed below, the court GRANTS Framingham's Motion for Summary Judgment [#175] and Simoneau's Motion for Summary Judgment [#177].

II. Facts & Procedural Background

Unless stated otherwise, the following facts are undisputed for purposes of these motions.

A. Background

Stuart joined the Framingham Police Department ("FPD") in July 2000 and was appointed to Lieutenant in 2014. Plaintiff's Revised Response to Defendants' Revised Statement of Material Facts ¶ 1 ("Pl.'s Revised Resp. to Defs.' SOF") [#205]; Defs.' Ex. A 52:17-22 ("Defs.' Ex., Stuart Dep.") [#179-1]. As Lieutenant, Stuart served as a Shift Commander for the evening shift and was responsible for managing the shift, including supervising the booking process. Pl.'s Revised Resp. to Defs.' SOF ¶¶ 2, 168 [#205]; Defs.' Ex. I ¶ 40 ("Job Description, Commanding Officer Patrol Division") [#179-9]. Stuart also served as the Commanding Officer of the FPD's Weapons Training Unit. Pl.'s Ex. 1 ¶ 5 ("Stuart Aff.") [#207-1].

Stuart was a member of the Framingham Police Superior Officers Association ("Union") and was a member of its Executive Board. Pl.'s Revised Resp. to Defs.' SOF ¶ 3 [#205].

In 2001, then-Chief Steven Carl appointed Simoneau as Assistant to the Chief. Pl.'s Revised Resp. to Defs.' SOF ¶ 4 [#205]. Simoneau, who is also an attorney, provides advice to the Chief on civil service law and personnel issues, and is in charge of the time and attendance for the department. Pl.'s Revised Resp. to Defs.' SOF ¶¶ 4-6 [#205]; Defs.' Ex. C 72:21-24 ("Trask Dep.") [#179-3]. Simoneau holds no rank as a civilian employee and does not supervise other employees. Pl.'s Revised Resp. to Defs.' SOF ¶¶ 6, 41 [#205]; Trask Dep. 73:1-7 [#179-3].

B. Stuart's Complaints

In or around April and May of 2015, Stuart verbally complained to Chief Kenneth Ferguson about Simoneau and his role in the FPD. Stuart Aff. ¶¶ 21-26 [#207-1]. Stuart expressed concerns that Simoneau had been conducting motor vehicle stops, responding to police calls, and appearing at active crime scenes without the necessary screening, training and experience, including firearms training. Id.

Stuart also brought his concerns about Simoneau to the Union, and on June 5, 2015, the Union's Executive Board addressed a letter ("Union Letter") to Chief Ferguson regarding Simoneau. Pl.'s Revised Resp. to Defs.' SOF ¶ 18 [#205]; Stuart Aff. ¶ 30 [#207-1]; Defs.' Ex. L 3 ("Union Letter") [#179-12]. The letter listed incidents where the Union alleged Simoneau had behaved improperly and expressed the concern that "[a]llowing [Simoneau] to operate in this similar capacity . . . opens members of the Superior Officers Union to tremendous liability issues." Pl.'s Revised Resp. to Defs.' SOF ¶ 23 [#205]. The letter also noted that "it was agreed that . . . Simoneau would no longer be acting in any Special Officer capacity," and asked Chief Ferguson to "confirm this resolution, in written format, with a letter from your office affirming the same." Union Letter 3 [#179-12]. Within two days of the letter's delivery, Simoneau knew about the letter, and of Stuart's involvement in drafting the letter. Pl.'s Revised Resp. to Defs.' SOF ¶ 46 [#205]; Pl.'s Ex. 20 ¶¶ 6-7 ("Brown Aff.") [#207-20].

After Stuart complained to Chief Ferguson, Simoneau participated in a firearms certification training class, which Stuart assisted him in finding. Pl.'s Revised Resp. to Defs.' SOF ¶ 25 [#205]; Stuart Aff. ¶ 29 [#207-1]; Defs.' Ex. B ("Simoneau Dep.") 414:3-15 [#179-2].

C. Subsequent Changes to the Rifle Team and Booking Policy

Stuart was involved in the FPD's Active Shooter/Patrol Rifle monthly training team, which offered supplemental firearms training to officers. Pl.'s Revised Resp. to Defs.' SOF ¶ 161 [#205]. The FPD gave members of the rifle team time owed every time they went to a training. Id. ¶ 162. Around mid-June 2015, Chief Ferguson shut down this team. Id. ¶ 165. Prior to Ferguson shutting down the rifle team, other supervisors had complained to Ferguson about the resources used in the rifle team. Id. ¶ 162. Chief Ferguson stated that Ferguson shut down the rifle team due to a lack of resources to continue the program. Id. ¶ 165 [#205]; Defs.' Ex., Stuart Dep. 358:5-18 [#179-1].

By an email dated July 28, 2015, Ferguson announced an update to the FPD Policy on Booking. Pl.'s Revised Resp. to Defs.' SOF ¶ 169 [#205]; Defs.' Ex. XX ("Ferguson Email") [#179-50]. The email said that "the Shift Commander shall personally book and process all prisoners, unless the performance of some supervisory function prevents him or her from doing so. In such cases, the Shift Commander shall personally review the booking and notify the Deputy Chief of Operations via e-mail as to why he or she was unable to personally perform the booking." Ferguson Email [#179-50]. The change in policy came after Simoneau reviewed data relating to Stuart's booking of prisoners and found that Stuart had personally booked less than 7% of the bookings that occurred during his shift. Pl.'s Revised Resp. to Defs.' SOF ¶ 171 [#205]; Defs.' Resp. to Pl.'s SAMF ¶ 46 [#210]; Defs.' Ex. YY ("Spreadsheet of Bookings") [#179-51]. Simoneau subsequently drafted the new policy and initiated the policy change, although Ferguson was the one to institute the new booking policy. Kenneth Ferguson Deposition ("Ferguson Dep.") 518:3-20 [#179-4]. Stuart reports that the policy was unpopular among other Shift Commanders, who nicknamed it "the Stuart Policy." Defs.' Resp. to Pl.'s SAMF ¶ 47 [#210]; Pl.'s Ex. 31 376:4-377:16 ("Pl.'s Ex., Stuart Dep.") [#207-31].

In December 9, 2015, Stuart entered into a settlement agreement with Framingham and the Union to resolve an investigation relating to Stuart's use of flexible work time, and Simoneau's involvement in that investigation. Defs.' Ex. WW ("Settlement Agreement") [#179-49]. Stuart affirmed that as of that date, he had not been retaliated against for reporting or cooperating in any investigations of any allegations of wrongdoing or inappropriate conduct by Framingham. Id. 4.

D. Stuart's Complaint Against Lt. Downing

Several years prior to the events at issue, another Lieutenant, Robert Downing, excluded Stuart's daughter from a softball league that Downing managed. Pl.'s Revised Resp. to Defs.' SOF ¶ 72 [#205]; Defs.' Ex., Stuart Dep. 179:1-24; 191:2-192:24 [#179-1]. In late April 2016, Downing spoke with FPD Detectives about an investigation of Stuart's daughter after she was involved in an altercation with a school classmate. Pl.'s Revised Resp. to Defs.' SOF ¶ 73 [#205]. Stuart emailed himself the investigative report concerning this altercation. Id. ¶ 74.

Three weeks after sending these emails, on May 26, 2016, Stuart delivered a complaint about Downing to Dolores Hamilton ("Hamilton"), Framingham's Human Resources Director. Stuart Aff. ¶¶ 102 [#207-1]; Pl.'s Revised Resp. to Defs.' SOF ¶ 80 [#205]; Defs. Ex. FF 6 ("Downing Complaint")) [#179-32]. Stuart delivered the complaint to Hamilton rather than to someone at the FPD because Stuart did not trust that "an investigation of [his] . . . complaint as to Downing would be treated fairly . . . ." Stuart Aff. ¶¶ 99-102 [#207-1]. In this complaint, Stuart accused Downing of multiple counts of larceny over $250, and reports of forgery or uttering false overtime reports, fraud, untruthfulness, and conduct unbecoming to a police lieutenant. Downing Complaint [#179-32]. Stuart also asserted that Downing's CTS-Less Lethal Impact Munitions Instructor status had expired in April 2006. Id.

In his Affidavit, Stuart stated that he had been looking into Downing intermittently since at least October 2014. Stuart Aff. ¶¶ 53-59 [#207-1]. Ten days after submitting the Downing Complaint, Stuart contacted Chief Ferguson to ensure that Simoneau would not be involved in any investigation into the claims Stuart had raised about Downing. Defs.' Resp. to Pl.'s SAMF ¶ 95 [#210]; Stuart Aff. ¶¶ 98, 103 [#207-1]. Ferguson assured Stuart that Simoneau would not "be involved in anything involving [Stuart] anymore." Stuart Aff. ¶¶ 98-100, 103, 116 [#207-1].

E. Stuart's Suspension and Termination

Two months later, on August 8, 2016, Deputy Chief Ronald Brandolini ("Brandolini") handed Stuart a Notice of Investigation and a Notice of Suspension of Police Powers/Placement on Paid Administrative Leave. Defs.' Revised Resp. to Pl.'s SAMF ¶ 122 [#210]; Pl.'s Ex. 80 ("Notice of Placement on Paid Administrative Leave") [#207-80]; Pl.'s Ex. 79 ("Notice of Investigation") [#207-79]. Pursuant to the Notice of Investigation, Brandolini "was conducting an investigation" regarding Stuart's recently submitted Downing Complaint, which alleged that Downing committed "various felonies and misdemeanors." Notice of Investigation 1 [#207-79]. Under the terms of the Notice of Placement on Paid Administrative Leave, Stuart was suspended with pay and administratively relieved from his duties at the FPD, and ordered to turn in his weapons, and "any other Police Department records and/or property in [his] possession." Id. The Notice of Placement on Paid Administrative Leave also ordered Stuart not to enter the non-public areas, and stated that Stuart was being placed on leave pending an investigation. Id.

The FPD has a Policy on Professional Standards and Internal Affairs 10-1 ("IA Policy"), adopted and implemented in 2003, which expresses the principles governing a Professional Standards/Internal Affairs investigation—to ensure that investigations and fair and impartial—as well as the roles and responsibilities of the investigative officer. Pl.'s Ex. 21 ("IA Policy 10-1") [#207-21]; Defs.' Resp. to Pl.'s SAMF ¶ 12 [#210].

Brandolini completed an investigative report on September 30, 2016. Pl.'s Revised Resp. to Defs.' SOF ¶ 101 [#205]; Defs.' Ex. JJ ("Internal Investigative Report") [#179-36]. This Internal Investigative Report concluded that Stuart had been untruthful in the Downing Complaint, but did not recommend any specific disciplinary action against Stuart. Pl.'s Revised Resp. to Defs.' SOF ¶ 103 [#205]; Internal Investigative Report 25 [#179-36].

On January 31, 2017, Framingham Hearing Officer John Collins held a disciplinary hearing on the issues expressed in the Internal Investigative Report. Pl.'s Revised Resp. to Defs.' SOF ¶ 116 [#205]. At the hearing, Framingham and Stuart were represented by legal counsel. Id. Stuart did not testify at the hearing. Id. ¶ 115. The Hearing Officer subsequently prepared a report outlining his findings. Id. ¶ 117; Defs.' Ex. KK ("Report of Hearing Officer") [#179-37]. According to the Hearing Officer, his "assignment was limited to determining whether there was just cause to discipline Lt. Stuart based on charges that resulted from the Deputy [Chief]'s investigation." Report of Hearing Officer 5 [#179-37]. The Hearing Officer found that Stuart filed a false report and made untruthful statements when he submitted the Downing Complaint. Id. 7-8. Specifically, the Hearing Officer found that Stuart (1) violated FPD Rule 4.3 by "incompetently claiming" that Downing's actions contained the required elements of the crimes of which Stuart accused Downing; (2) violated FPD Rule 10.1 and 10.2 by filing false reports; (3) violated FPD Rule 4.7 by lying during the Internal Affairs Investigation; (4) and exhibited "Conduct Unbecoming a Police Officer" by bringing the department into disrepute when he distributed copies of the Downing Complaint. Id. 8 [#179-37]. With respect to discipline, the Hearing Officer noted that the specific violation of Rule 4.7 (Truthfulness) "implicate[] the Brady/Giglio standards making the Lieutenant 'damaged goods,' unable to perform essential job duties including testifying credibly in court or other forums, and requiring termination." Id. 27.

Acting Chief Trask adopted the Hearing Officer's recommendation and terminated Stuart's employment on February 22, 2017. Pl.'s Revised Resp. to Defs.' SOF ¶ 121 [#205]; Defs.' Ex. LL (Discharge Notice) [#179-38].

F. The Collective Bargaining Agreement

During the relevant period of 2013 through Stuart's termination in 2017, the terms and conditions of Stuart's employment were governed by a Collective Bargaining Agreement ("CBA") between Framingham and the Union. Pl.'s Revised Resp. to Defs.' SOF ¶ 129 [#205]; Defs.' Ex. O ¶¶ 18-19 ("Simoneau Aff.") [#179-15]; Ex. A to Simoneau Aff. ("CBA") [#179-15]. Under the CBA, "[n]o employee shall be reprimanded, suspended, discharged or otherwise disciplined except for just cause," which shall be "interpreted consistent with G.L. c. 31." CBA 2 [#179-15].

Article V of the CBA describes the Grievance Procedure for resolving disputes arising out of alleged violations of the CBA. Id. 2-3. The step-based procedure, if initiated, allows for grievances to be submitted orally, followed by a submission in writing, and then through a submission to the Town Manager. Id. If the grievance is not resolved at any of these steps, Framingham or the Union may submit the grievance to arbitration. Id. 3.

Neither Stuart nor the Union filed a grievance concerning his termination. Pl.'s Revised Resp. to Defs.' SOF ¶ 114 [#205]. Stuart also did not appeal his termination from FPD to the Civil Service Commission. Id. ¶ 126.

G. The Claims in this Case

The First Amended Complaint [#20] alleges four counts against Framingham and three counts against Simoneau, in his individual capacity. Count I and II assert retaliation under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against Simoneau and Framingham, respectively. Stuart also alleges that Framingham violated M.G.L. c. 149, § 185(b)(1) (Count III), that the IA Policy is a contract that Framingham breached by failing to conduct a fair or impartial investigation (Count IV), and that Framingham breached the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing in its handling of Stuart's termination (Count V). Stuart further asserts that Simoneau intentionally interfered with Stuart's contractual relationship with Framingham (Count VI) and that Simoneau unlawfully interfered with Stuart's advantageous business with relationship with Framingham (Count VII).

III. Legal Standard

Summary judgment is appropriate when "the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). "A dispute is 'genuine' if the evidence about the fact is such that a reasonable jury could resolve the point in favor of the non-moving party." Baker v. St. Paul Travelers, Inc., 670 F.3d 119, 125 (1st Cir. 2012) (quoting Scottsdale Ins. Co. v. Torres, 561 F.3d 74, 77 (1st Cir. 2009)). "A fact is 'material' if it has the potential of determining the outcome of the litigation." Id.

When reviewing a motion for summary judgment, the court must take all properly supported evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmovant and draw all reasonable inferences in the nonmovant's favor. Griggs-Ryan v. Smith, 904 F.2d 112, 115 (1st Cir. 1990). In so doing, the court properly "give[s] no heed to speculative, unsupported, or unreasonable conclusions." Showtime Entm't, LLC v. Town of Mendon, 769 F.3d 61, 69 (1st Cir. 2014).

IV. Defendants' Motions for Summary Judgment

A. Claims Brought Under 42 U .S.C. § 1983

To assert a claim for retaliation under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, a public-sector employee must show that he was speaking as a citizen and that his "speech was on a matter of public concern." Delaney v. Town of Abington, 890 F.3d 1, 5 (1st Cir. 2018) (quoting Curran v. Cousins, 509 F.3d 36, 45 (1st Cir. 2007)). The employee must also demonstrate that the "protected expression was a substantial or motivating factor in the adverse employment decision." Delaney, 890 F.3d at 5 (quoting Curran, 509 F.3d at 45). However, even if the plaintiff succeeds on those three factors, the defendant may prevail by showing "that [the employer] would have reached the same decision even absent the protected conduct." Decotiis v. Whittemore, 635 F.3d 22, 30 (citing Mt. Healthy City Sch. Dist. Bd. of Educ. v. Doyle, 429 U.S. 274, 287 (1977)); see also Rodriguez-Garcia v. Miranda-Marin, 610 F.3d 756, 765-66 (1st Cir. 2010) ("[T]he employer may avoid liability by showing that it would have reached the same decision even absent the protected conduct. This is the so-called Mt. Healthy defense.").

1. Did Stuart Engage in Protected Speech?

Stuart asserts that he engaged in protected speech by making verbal complaints to Ferguson regarding Simoneau in or around April 2015, and in drafting the Union Letter regarding Simoneau's role in the Department. Pl.'s Resp. to Defs.' SOF ¶¶ 22-24 [#205].

To assert that speech is protected, as a threshold matter, a plaintiff must first show that he "spoke as a citizen" and that his "speech was on a matter of public concern." Delaney, 890 F.3d at 5 (quoting Curran, 509 F.3d at 45 (1st Cir. 2007)); see Garcetti v. Ceballos, 547 U.S. 410, 418 (2006) ("[T]he possibility of a First Amendment claim arises" when "the employee spoke as a citizen on a matter of public concern"). "Where speech relates to a matter of inherent public concern, such as official malfeasance or the neglect of duties, this inquiry is confined to the subject matter of the speech." Decotiis, 635 F.3d at 30. In determining whether speech was made pursuant to official duties, courts consider non-exclusive and context-specific factors including whether the employee was commissioned or paid to make the speech, the subject matter of the speech, whether the speech was made up the chain of command, and whether there is a citizen analogue to the speech. Id. at 32.

Here, a reasonable jury could find that Stuart's complaints, made both verbally and through the Union letter, related to matters of public concern, because they raised issues such as "official malfeasance, abuse of office, and neglect of duties." Curran, 509 F.3d at 46.

The court next considers whether, under Garcetti, Stuart's speech was made in his capacity as a private citizen. 547 U.S. at 421-22. "[T]he proper inquiry is 'practical' rather than formal, focusing on the 'duties an employee actually is expected to perform,' and not merely those formally listed in the employee's job description," and considers the context of the speech as well as the function of the plaintiff. Decotiis, 635 F.3d at 31 (quoting Garcetti, 547 U.S. at 424-25). Although Defendants assert that Stuart's complaints were made in the scope of his employment, a jury could find that Stuart was not acting in the scope of his official duties when he raised his concerns about Simoneau. See id. at 33 ("Nothing in Garcetti or the decisions interpreting it can fairly be read to suggest that all speech tangentially or broadly relating to the work of a public employee is per se unprotected."). Although there is evidence in the record that Stuart had some supervisory responsibilities, Defendants have not proffered evidence from which a jury could conclude that Stuart's duties included oversight over the role of the assistant to the Chief, or that his responsibilities involved reviewing for misconduct outside of officers in his command. Stuart Aff. ¶¶ 9-12 [#207-1]; cf. Garcetti, 547 U.S. at 421 (holding that the "controlling factor in Ceballos' case is that his expressions were made pursuant to his duties as a calendar deputy.").

Defendants also assert that the Union Letter cannot qualify as protected speech under a First Amendment retaliation claim, because the Letter came from the Union rather than Stuart personally. On summary judgment, the court rejects this argument as the record includes evidence that Defendants had knowledge of Stuart's role in drafting the Union letter.

2. Was Stuart Subject to an Adverse Employment Action?

An action constitutes an adverse employment action for the purpose of a First Amendment retaliation claim when "an employer's acts, viewed objectively, . . . would have a chilling effect on the employee's exercise of First Amendment rights." Barton v. Clancy, 632 F.3d 9, 29 (1st Cir. 2011); see also Coszalter v. City of Salem, 320 F.3d 968, 975 (9th Cir. 2003) (internal citation omitted) ("Various kinds of employment actions may have an impermissible chilling effect. Depending on the circumstances, even minor acts of retaliation can infringe on an employee's First Amendment rights."). Although "relatively minor events can give rise to § 1983 liability," the harassment must not be so "trivial that it would not deter an ordinary employee in the exercise of his or her First Amendment rights." Barton, 632 F.3d at 29 (internal citations omitted).

Defendants do not dispute that Stuart's termination constitutes an adverse action. Stuart has also presented facts from which a jury could find that his placement on paid administrative leave is an adverse action because it "would have a chilling effect on [his] exercise of First Amendment rights." Id. As part of his placement on paid administrative leave, Stuart's badge and department-issued weapons were removed, and his access to non-public areas of the FPD was revoked. Notice of Placement on Paid Administrative Leave [#207-80]. A jury could find that the social impact of and restrictions imposed by his placement on leave could deter a reasonable person from exercising First Amendment rights. See Barton, 632 F.3d at 29 ("[R]etaliatory harassment . . . including denial of special benefits and assignments, was sufficiently adverse to form basis for First Amendment claim).

3. Was Stuart's Protected Speech a Substantial and Motivating Factor in Defendants' Imposition of an Adverse Action?

In the First Amendment retaliation context, the causation element may be established through direct or circumstantial evidence, and the plaintiff must provide facts "linking his employer's adverse employment actions to his protected conduct." McGunigle v. City of Quincy, 835 F.3d 192, 203 (1st Cir. 2016). Evidence that the alleged retaliator had knowledge of the protected speech prior to the adverse action can be probative of causality, Delaney, 890 F.3d at 7, while a gap of time can undermine the link between the protected conduct and the retaliatory act. McGunigle, 835 F.3d at 204; see also Gonzalez-Droz v. Gonzalez-Colon, 660 F.3d 1, 17 (1st Cir. 2011) ("In order to raise an inference of causation, temporal proximity must be close.") (internal citations omitted). Evidence that the plaintiff violated regulations or policies that would normally merit sanctions can show that the alleged retaliator would have imposed the same adverse consequence even absent the protected speech. Sanchez-Lopez v. Fuentes-Pujols, 375 F.3d 121, 131 (1st Cir. 2004). Here, Stuart has failed to show the causation element because he has not raised facts that would allow a jury to find that Stuart's "protected expression was a substantial or motivating factor in the adverse employment decision" with respect to claims against Framingham or Simoneau. Delaney, 890 F.3d at 5 (quoting Curran, 509 F.3d at 45).

i. Claims Against Framingham

Stuart asserts that animus or pretext may be shown by Framingham's departure from its normal practices by involving Simoneau in the investigation into Stuart and imposing a harsher punishment than other officers who were disciplined for untruthfulness. See, e.g., Pl.'s SAMF ¶¶ 24-26, 101 [#206] (identifying other individuals who were investigated for untruthfulness; stating that Simoneau was involved in investigating Stuart). Framingham denies having a retaliatory animus, and instead identifies Stuart's conduct as the sole impetus for termination. Framingham also asserts that because the termination occurred over a year after the protected speech, there is insufficient temporal proximity between the protected speech and the termination such that Stuart's speech could be considered a substantial and motivating factor in his termination. Framingham Mem. 5-6 [#203].

Although Stuart identifies several individuals as possible comparators, Stuart has failed to proffer information from which a jury could infer the individuals were similarly situated to Stuart. Stuart identifies Detective Matthew Gutwill as a comparator, but the underlying facts of Gutwill's case are distinct; while Detective Gutwill was disciplined for denying during an investigation statements he allegedly made during an emotionally-charged private phone call with the Chief, Stuart was disciplined for making a false formal complaint about another officer. Considering the lack of temporal proximity, or other evidence that would indicate a likelihood of pretext on Framingham's part, the court agrees there are insufficient facts from which a jury could link Framingham's adverse employment actions to Stuart's protected conduct. See McGunigle, 835 F.3d at 203.

Even if Stuart could show causality between his protected speech and his adverse employment action, Stuart's assertions do not "directly undermine the credibility of the proffered nondiscriminatory reasons" for any adverse actions taken against Stuart. Cepero-Rivera, 414 F.3d at 133. By proffering evidence of Stuart's violation of policy as their cause for placing Stuart on leave, and ultimately terminating him, Defendants have "met their burden to show that they would have taken the same adverse employment actions regardless of [Stuart's] . . . speech" about Simoneau. McGunigle, 835 F.3d at 205; Gonzalez-Droz, 660 F.3d at 17 (stating that evidence that a plaintiff's violation of regulations could provide the basis for a showing that "it would have reached the same decision absent the protected speech."). Thus, assuming arguendo that retaliatory animus influenced the process of the investigation into Stuart at some stage, Framingham has shown an independent and legitimate reason for termination in identifying Stuart's violations of police department policy, and the penalty for those violations. Report of Hearing Officer [#179-37].

Nor could a jury find that Simoneau so influenced the investigation into Stuart that absent Simoneau's alleged animus, Framingham would not have disciplined Stuart. Even if Simoneau had some involvement in the initial investigation, the ultimate decision to terminate Stuart followed a hearing process and a finding by the Hearing Officer that Stuart had violated department rules such that he was unable to perform essential job duties. Pl.'s Revised Resp. to Defs.' SOF ¶ 120-21 [#205]; Defs.' Ex. LL ("Discharge Notice") [#179-38]; Report of Hearing Officer 27 [#179-37]. Although the Hearing Officer was employed by Framingham, Plaintiff has failed to show evidence from which a jury could find the Hearing Officer was influenced by Simoneau.

ii. Claims Against Simoneau

With respect to Stuart's § 1983 claims against Simoneau, Stuart has not put forth evidence that Simoneau caused the adverse actions, or had sufficient influence over the ultimate decision maker such that Simoneau effectively caused the adverse actions. Rather, the record reflects that the investigation and ultimate termination of Stuart did not flow from Simoneau's animus, but rather that Stuart's submission of the Downing Complaint prompted an investigation into Stuart's truthfulness; that pending this investigation Stuart was placed on administrative leave; that Stuart was ultimately terminated after two decision-makers determined that Stuart had made false statements in the Downing Complaint; and that the false statements warranted a penalty of termination under Framingham's zero-tolerance policy.

B. State Law Claims

1. Massachusetts Whistleblower Act (M.G.L. c. 149, § 185(b)(1))

The Massachusetts Whistleblower Act ("MWA") establishes an employee's private right of action against a public employer if the employer takes retaliatory action against the employee for engaging in protected activities. "In order to prevail on a claim under the whistleblower statute, a plaintiff must show that he engaged in protected activity and that his participation in that activity played a substantial or motivating part in the retaliatory action." Welch v. Ciampa, 542 F.3d 927, 943 (1st Cir. 2008) (citing Larch v. Mansfield Mun. Elec. Dep't, 272 F.3d 63, 67 (1st Cir. 2001)). Retaliatory action "include[s] discharge, suspension, demotion, or any other action that adversely affects the terms and conditions of the employment." Bennett v. City of Holyoke, 362 F.3d 1, 5 (1st Cir. 2004) (citing M.G.L. c. 149, § 185(a)(5)).

Stuart's claims under the MWA fail. As discussed above, a reasonable jury could not find that Stuart's protected speech played a substantial or motivating part in the retaliatory action. In addition, "a plaintiff's burden of proof under the MWA closely parallels his burden for First Amendment discrimination under Mt. Healthy," so an employer may not be liable if it can offer "a legitimate, nonretaliatory reason" for the retaliatory action. Pierce v. Cotuit Fire Dist., 741 F.3d 295, 303 (1st Cir. 2014). Here, Framingham has shown an independent and legitimate reason for its actions against Stuart, namely, the results of the investigation conducted by the independent Hearing Officer. Defs.' Resp. to Pl.'s SAMF ¶¶ 118, 174 [#210]. The findings of this investigation—that Stuart made false statements when he submitted the Downing Complaint—would justify termination under Framingham's zero-tolerance policy, notwithstanding any prior protected speech. Id. ¶ 23. Accordingly, Stuart has failed to meet his burden of proof under the MWA, and his claim fails.

2. Breach of Contract

Counts IV and V of Stuart's Amended Complaint [#20] allege two contract claims against Framingham: (1) breach of contract and (2) breach of implied covenant of good faith. To assert a claim for breach of contract or breach of implied covenant of good faith under Massachusetts law, Stuart must establish the existence of a contract, breach of that contract, and damages. See Bose Corp. v. Ejaz, 732 F.3d 17, 21 (1st Cir. 2013) (citing Singarella v. City of Boston, 342 Mass. 385, 386 (1961)); see also Nickerson, Inc. v. Fleet Nat'l Bank, 456 Mass. 562, 570 (2010) ("The covenant of good faith and fair dealing requires that neither party shall do anything that will have the effect of destroying or injuring the right of the other party to the fruits of the contract.") (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). Here, Stuart's contract claims are predicated on his assertion that the IA Policy is a contract between himself and Framingham, and that Framingham breached the IA Policy by allowing Simoneau to participate in the FPD's investigation of Stuart and the Downing Complaint. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 122; 127; 131-139; 141-145 [#20].

Stuart's contract claims against Framingham fail for two reasons. First, the terms of Stuart's employment are governed by a CBA between Framingham and the Union. There is neither evidence from which a reasonable jury could infer, nor legal authority to permit, an independent contract between Stuart and Framingham. Horner v. Boston Edison Co., 45 Mass. App. Ct. 139, 144 (1998) (employees represented by a union "surrender the ability to bargain directly with their employer on those matters governed by a collective bargaining agreement"). At most, the IA Policy may be incorporated into the CBA, which governs termination and discipline under its Article III ("Management Rights") and grants Framingham rights to "hire, promote, transfer, suspend, demote, discharge and to relieve employees from duty," CBA 8 [#179-15], limited only in that "[n]o employee shall be reprimanded, suspended, discharged or otherwise disciplined except for just cause." Id. at 9. That the CBA incorporates the IA Policy is buttressed by the caveat that the Chief's authority to discipline subordinates can only be carried out "in accordance with all . . . collective bargaining agreements." IA Policy 3-4 [#207-21]. Thus, Stuart cannot assert a claim for breach of contract or breach of implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing with respect to the IA Policy without bringing such claim under the CBA.

Second, to the extent that Stuart's claims arise out of an alleged breach of the CBA, his claims fail because Stuart has not exhausted his remedies under the CBA. The CBA sets forth the exclusive grievance procedures for violations of the CBA. CBA 9 [#179-15]. "Employees may not simply disregard the grievance procedures set out in a collective labor contract and go direct[ly] to court for redress against the employer." Malden Police Patrolman's Ass'n v. Malden, 92 Mass. App. Ct. 53, 57 (2017); see also Azzi v. Western Elec. Co., 19 Mass. App. Ct. 406, 408-09 (1985) ("Before bringing an action against his employer for a violation of a collective bargaining agreement, the employee is required to exhaust the grievance procedures") (citing Vaca v. Sipes, 386 U.S. 171, 184 (1967)). Stuart's failure to exhaust his remedies under the CBA precludes his contract claims relating to Framingham's alleged violation of the IA Policy.

3. Contract Interference Claims

Stuart alleges two contract claims against Simoneau: intentional interference with contractual relationship (Count VI), and unlawful interference with contractual relationship (Count VII).

i. Intentional Interference with Contractual Relationship

Stuart contends that Simoneau intentionally interfered with Stuart's contract with Framingham, which he asserts to have been the IA Policy. Because the IA Policy is not a contract, as previously discussed, and because the CBA was a contract between Stuart's Union and Framingham, as opposed to an individual contract between Stuart and the city, the claim of intentional interference must fail. See Draghetti v. Chmielewski, 416 Mass. 808, 816 (1994) (citing G.S. Enters., Inc. v. Falmouth Marine, Inc., 410 Mass. 262, 272 (1991)) (requiring that a party show he in fact had a contract in place to maintain an intentional interference claim).

ii. Unlawful Interference with Advantageous Business Relationship

Stuart also asserts that he had "an advantageous business relationship" with Framingham by virtue of his employment, and that Simoneau "knowingly induced [Framingham] to break [that] relationship." Am. Compl. ¶¶ 152-157 [#20]. A claim of interference with an advantageous business relationship outside of a contractual relationship requires a showing that 1) the plaintiff had an advantageous relationship with a third party; 2) the defendant knowingly induced a breaking of the relationship; 3) the defendant's interference with the relationship, in addition to being intentional, was improper in motive or means; and 4) the plaintiff was harmed by the defendant's actions. Hamann v. Carpenter, 937 F.3d 86, 93 (1st Cir. 2019) (quoting Blackstone v. Cashman, 448 Mass. 255, 260 (2007)). As the court determined above, the city had an independent and adequate reason to terminate Stuart. Therefore, Stuart cannot show that Simoneau induced Framingham to break its employment relationship, as required to satisfy the second element of the tort. Accordingly, the claim fails as a matter of law as well.

V. Conclusion

For the above reasons, the court GRANTS Defendant Framingham's Motion for Summary Judgment [#175] and GRANTS Defendant Simoneau's Motion for Summary Judgment [#177].

IT IS SO ORDERED. Date: January 22, 2020

/s/ Indira Talwani

United States District Judge