Opinion
Argued May 23d 1947.
Decided September 12th, 1947.
1. A gift of a bank deposit in terms either of common ownership or of joint tenancy is but prima facie evidence of an intention to make a gift in praesenti. The writing succumbs to proof in quality sufficient to overcome that presumption.
2. Such interest, if any, as the survivor has in a deposit such as the one here under consideration, payable to either the transferor or her brother, or to the survivor, derives from a gift inter vivos and not from a contract between the co-depositors inter se. A gift, in turn, derives its legal efficacy solely from the intention of the donor; a donative purpose is an indispensable requisite.
3. A valid gift inter vivos goes into immediate and absolute effect. If the design of the deceased transferor was not an immediately effective gift, but a transfer merely for the convenience of withdrawal, with retention in herself of full ownership and absolute dominion over the deposit until her death, the defendant brother to take the balance of the fund in the event of his survival, without any present interest in the deposit, there was no gift in praesenti, and the gift in case of survival would be testamentary in character and void for non-conformance with the statute of wills.
4. Although the Vice-Chancellor found that in all likelihood the decedent transferor did not consider the subject of whether to vest in her brother, the defendant, a beneficial interest in the deposit in praesenti or in futuro merely, he nevertheless held that the shape of the account betokened an intention to make a gift in praesenti, and that the intention must therefore be effectuated. Held, error, since the form of the deposit was made a substitute for an intention that did not exist in fact.
5. Intention is a matter of fact, not of formula.
6. If, in the absence of evidence contra, the presumptive inference of an intention to make a presently effective gift is drawn from the frame of the deposit, it is one thing; but where the evidence affirmatively shows a contrary intention or no intention at all, one of the essential requisites of a gift inter vivos is wanting.
7. Neither R.S. 17:9-5 nor 17:9-5.1 gives rise to a conclusive presumption of a gift of a present beneficial interest in the deposit, with the right of survivorship that is an incident of joint tenancy, where words of joint tenancy or joint ownership are used in the creation of the account. The first-cited section lays down a rule of evidence rather than of substantive law. Words of joint tenancy or of common ownership merely constitute presumptive evidence of an interest by survivorship which stands until overthrown by proof contra. And the second section, applying to savings banks, has reference only to the protection of the bank in the payment of the fund to either of the co-depositors, even though the other be dead. Rush v. Rush, 138 N.J. Eq. 611.
8. The presumption of a gift in praesenti of the deposit here in question is rebutted by the proofs. There was no donative intent. The deceased transferor added her brother's name to the account merely for the convenience of withdrawal, and not to vest in him a beneficial interest in the fund.
9. The conduct of the defendant survivor was, under the facts, entirely inconsistent with his present claim of ownership of the deposit and betrays an awareness that there was no intention on the part of the deceased sister, the transferor, to make a gift to him in praesenti.
On appeal from a final decree advised by Vice-Chancellor Bigelow, whose opinion is reported in 139 N.J. Eq. 1.
Messrs. Stickel Stickel ( Mr. Fred G. Stickel, Jr., and Mr. Harold M. Kain, of counsel), for the appellant.
Mr. Louis H. Hollander and Mr. Harold N. Gast, for the respondents.
The matter here in controversy is the title to a fund on deposit in a savings bank of Newark. The account was originally in the name of appellant's decedent, Emma L. Newschwander; and all the moneys deposited therein were her property. On December 1st, 1941, she made application to the bank to "add the name" of her brother Albert, with whom she had her abode, "to my account * * *, making same payable to either or survivor;" and the request was granted. On September 26th, 1944, she suffered a cerebral hemorrhage; and she died on the ensuing February 5th. On the day of the cerebral stroke, Albert had the entire deposit, then in excess of $3,500, transferred to his name alone; and five weeks later he had his wife's name added to the account.
The critical inquiry is whether the decedent, by the addition of her brother's name to the account, intended a gift to him in praesenti of an interest in the fund. The learned Vice-Chancellor found such an intent, and therefore a valid gift inter vivos. We take a different view.
Neither the form nor the content of the account is, in itself, conclusive of the issue of title and ownership. Such interest (if any) as the survivor has in the deposit derives from a gift inter vivos and not from a contract between the co-depositors inter se; and a gift, in turn, derives its legal efficacy solely from the intention of the donor. A donative purpose is an indispensable requisite. And a valid gift inter vivos goes into immediate and absolute effect. If the design of the deceased transferor was not an immediately effective gift, but a transfer merely for convenience of withdrawal, with retention in herself of full ownership and absolute dominion over the deposit until her death, Albert to take the balance of the fund in the event of his survival, without any present interest in the deposit, there was not a gift in praesenti; and the gift in case of survival, i.e., to take effect upon the death of the transferor, would be testamentary in character and void for non-conformance with the statute of wills. A gift of a bank deposit in terms either of common ownership or of joint tenancy is but prima facie evidence of an intention to make a gift in praesenti; and the writing succumbs to proof in quality sufficient to overcome that presumption. These are the principles pertinent here. Rush v. Rush, 138 N.J. Eq. 611.
The learned Vice-Chancellor deduced that the deceased transferor and her brother Albert "both intended that during her lifetime he should draw upon the fund only for her convenience and benefit, and that he should have for his own use whatever might remain in the account at her death;" but he also concluded that the decedent designed a gift in praesenti, with "Albert's title * * * burdened with a trust in favor of his sister so long as they both lived." He perceived no evidence of this intent except in the frame of the account. He reasoned thus: "In the instant case, there is no satisfactory evidence except the form of the account itself by which to determine whether" the decedent "had the one intention or the other. Likely, she did not consider the subject. In the absence of proof to the contrary, the form of the account governs, for it shows not only what was done, but presumably what was intended. An account in two names, payable to either one or to the survivor, evidences a gift to take effect in praesenti." And therein he fell into error. Although finding that in all likelihood the decedent "did not consider the subject" of whether to vest in Albert a beneficial interest in the deposit in praesenti or in futuro merely, i.e., upon her death, the Vice-Chancellor nevertheless held that the shape of the account betokened an intention to make a gift in praesenti, and that intention must therefore be effectuated. Thus, the form of the deposit was made a substitute for an intention that did not exist in fact. If the decedent "did not consider the subject" of a gift in praesenti, it goes without saying that she could not have had an intention to make such a gift. Intention is a matter of fact, not of formula. The form of the account may raise a rebuttable presumption either of a joint tenancy or of common ownership, indicating an intention to transfer a present beneficial interest to the donee, but it is not a substitute for the intention itself. If there was in fact no intention to transfer an interest in praesenti, there was not a gift inter vivos. If, in the absence of evidence contra, the presumptive inference of an intention to make a gift presently effective is drawn from the frame of the deposit, it is one thing; but where the evidence affirmatively shows a contrary intention or no intention at all, one of the essential requisites of a gift inter vivos is wanting.
Neither R.S. 17:9-5 nor 17:9-5.1 gives rise to a conclusive presumption of a gift of a present beneficial interest in the deposit, with the right of survivorship that is an incident of a joint tenancy, where words of joint tenancy or joint ownership are used in the creation of the account. The section first cited lays down a rule of evidence rather than of substantive law. Words of joint tenancy or of common ownership merely constitute presumptive evidence of an interest by survivorship which stands until overthrown by proof contra. And the second section, applying to savings banks, has reference only to the protection of the bank in the payment of the fund to either of the co-depositors, even though the other be dead. Rush v. Rush, supra.
Thus, the form of the account here is but prima facie evidence of an intention to make a gift in praesenti; and we find that the presumption has been rebutted by the proofs. There was no donative intent. There is no basis whatever for the Vice-Chancellor's finding that the decedent designed to transfer to Albert a present joint title to the account, "burdened with a trust in favor of his sister so long as they both lived." Albert's name was added to the account for convenience of withdrawal merely, and not to vest in him a beneficial interest in the fund. The decedent was then 68 years of age, and in ill health. She was afflicted with myocarditis and arteriosclerosis, and she had just had a thrombosis. Her physical condition was such that she could not "safely" journey to the bank; and, besides, walking caused "much pain" and aggravated her ailments. She was "worried" and "nervous" and "terribly upset;" and her physician (whose credibility is not impeached) advised her to designate one of her brothers as her "agent" to "take care of her [bank] account" and "look after her financial affairs." The physician was quite insistent on this course as a necessary health measure. The decedent first asked her brother Charles to act in this capacity, but he declined for fear of "criticism." He suggested that Albert be asked to serve, but she demurred. She then requested her sister Kittie to undertake the task, but Kittie proposed Albert as a more convenient representative because decedent lived with him. The physician's advice was given on October 25th, 1941; and the name of Albert was added to the account on the ensuing December 1st. Thereafter, both the decedent and Albert treated the deposit as her exclusive property. All the withdrawals were made by her or on her behalf until Albert caused the account to be transferred to his name alone, immediately after she suffered the cerebral stroke; and Albert made no deposits of his own money therein. The fund constituted almost the whole of decedent's estate. Her remaining property consisted of life insurance amounting to a little in excess of $600, which was used to defray, in part, the cost of hospitalization during her last illness and funeral expenses.
This testimony of the attending physician and Charles and Kittie is consistent and entirely reasonable and credible; and thus the self-interest of the kinsmen does not reasonably afford the basis for a discrediting inference. It illustrates and gives character to the decedent's subsequent act giving rise to the joint account; it is revelatory of the motive and intent. The declarations after the event are of questionable competency. Perhaps, because of the peculiar nature of joint bank deposits, their admission into evidence is sustainable on principle. Unlike other transactions taking the form of a gift, the act of placing the name of another on one's bank account is not unequivocal as respects the intention. But we have no occasion to consider the question. These declarations tended to show only a gift in futuro testamentary in character, and therefore unenforceable.
And, as was the case in Rush v. Rush, supra, Albert's conduct is altogether inconsistent with his present claim of ownership of the deposit. It betrays an awareness that there was no intention to make a gift in praesenti. As we have seen, he caused the fund to be transferred to himself alone immediately after his sister had the cerebral seizure; and five weeks thereafter, while his sister yet lived, he caused his wife's name to be added to the account. He said this was done to avoid inheritance taxes. Even so, the act does not serve to inspire confidence in his testimonial integrity. But is not avarice a much more likely hypothesis? Two weeks after his sister's death, Albert wrote to Charles promising an "accounting" in two months, and the promise was reiterated in subsequent letters; but he finally informed Charles that "Grace [Albert's wife] has decided to keep that money and I am going to stand by Grace," and that he (Albert) "was entitled to the money for what" he "had done for" his "sister for 31 long years."
The Vice-Chancellor palliates Albert's transfer of the fund to his name alone, and thereafter to himself and his wife jointly, while his sister still lived, as in no sense a breach of duty, but a transfer in trust for his stricken sister during her lifetime, which trust he had not violated, and so he did not lose the right of survivorship on the theory of a transformation of the account into an estate in common. But it was plainly an appropriation of the exclusive title to the deposit during his sister's lifetime, and thus a deprivation of her title and the use of the moneys before her death; and its significance lies in what would seem to be the implicit recognition thereby of a want of title and a determination to acquire the fund irrespective of title. The transfer of the deposit was a radical measure that would not have been invoked, we are quite convinced, if Albert had a sense of security grounded in the knowledge of an intention on the part of his sister to vest in him a beneficial interest in the fund; certainly, he cannot complain if his conduct in this regard, indefensible on his own version of the transaction, be so interpreted. One's behavior is ordinarily more revealing as to state of mind than one's words. After the issue is made comes the rationalization.
In the circumstances, a holding that, by the addition of her brother's name to the account, the decedent intended to transfer to him a present beneficial interest in the fund would be utterly opposed to reason and logic. The form of the deposit loses meaning in this regard in the light of all the facts and circumstances.
The decree is accordingly reversed, with costs; and the cause is remanded for further proceedings in conformity with this opinion.
For affirmance — None.
For reversal — THE CHIEF-JUSTICE, BODINE, DONGES, HEHER, COLIE, WACHENFELD, EASTWOOD, BURLING, WELLS, DILL, FREUND, McGEEHAN, McLEAN, JJ. 13.