Summary
holding that a federal prisoner's Bivens action is subject to the rule enunciated in Heck
Summary of this case from Cheek v. United StatesOpinion
No. 94-30080. Conference Calendar.
August 8, 1994.
Obadiah Stephenson, Sr., pro se.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana.
Before POLITZ, Chief Judge, and JOLLY and DAVIS, Circuit Judges.
Obadiah Stephenson, Sr., a federal prisoner at the Federal Correctional Institution at Texarkana, Texas, filed the instant civil rights action under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331, 1343(3), and 42 U.S.C. § 1985. The complaint named seventeen federal defendants, ranging from Attorney General Janet Reno to the assistant federal public defender who represented Stephenson in the criminal proceeding which forms the basis for this lawsuit. His complaint asserts a myriad of alleged violations of his civil rights and requests over $100 million in damages, all resulting from the investigation, conviction, and sentencing of Stephenson in federal court for conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 846.
Because it alleges civil rights violations by federal defendants, however, the action is construed as one brought pursuant to Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents, 403 U.S. 388, 91 S.Ct. 1999, 29 L.Ed.2d 619 (1971).
The district court noted that Stephenson's complaint constituted an attack on the fact or length of his confinement and, as such, concluded that Stephenson's exclusive initial remedy for such a challenge was a collateral attack on his conviction under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. The court held that, to the extent that Stephenson's complaint raised any civil rights claims, it would be held in abeyance, reserving to Stephenson the right to move to reopen the case within the six months following the exhaustion of his postconviction remedies. Stephenson now appeals from that order.
An order holding a plaintiff's civil rights complaint in abeyance pending the exhaustion of state remedies is appealable under the collateral order doctrine. See Johnson v. State of Texas, 878 F.2d 904, 905-06 (5th Cir. 1989).
The law on exhaustion of habeas corpus remedies has changed since the district court ruled. In Heck v. Humphrey, ___ U.S. ___, 114 S.Ct. 2364, 129 L.Ed.2d 383 (1994), the Supreme Court held that, in order to recover damages for an allegedly unconstitutional conviction, or for "harm caused by actions whose unlawfulness would render a conviction or sentence invalid," a prisoner must show that the conviction or sentence has been "reversed on direct appeal, expunged by executive order, declared invalid by a state tribunal authorized to make such determination, or called into question by a federal court's issuance of a writ of habeas corpus." ___ U.S. at ___, 114 S.Ct. at 2372. The Court analogized such a claim to the tort of malicious prosecution, one element of which is "the termination of the prior criminal proceeding in favor of the accused." Id. at ___, 114 S.Ct. at 2371.
Heck was a civil rights suit brought by a state prisoner, whereas Stephenson is a federal prisoner whose habeas remedies lie, not under 28 U.S.C. § 2254, but 28 U.S.C. § 2255. In Spina v. Aaron, 821 F.2d 1126, 1127-29 (5th Cir. 1987), however, we held that, for purposes of a civil rights action implicating the validity of a conviction, there should be no distinction between state and federal prisoners and that the analysis of a federal prisoner's Bivens-type action which implicated his conviction "should parallel the analysis used to evaluate state prisoners' § 1983 claims." Therefore, if the district court was correct in determining that Stephenson's claims implicated his conviction, Heck applies.
Stephenson's civil rights action does constitute a challenge to the fact or length of his confinement. In particular, his action alleges that: law enforcement officials violated his constitutional rights when they were investigating him; he was held without an indictment; his court-appointed counsel rendered ineffective assistance; the district court illegally indicted and sentenced him; and all of the named defendants conspired to violate his constitutional rights, obstruct justice, commit mail fraud, common-law fraud, violate RICO, and engage in "out law [sic] conduct."
In fact, Stephenson concedes that the basis of his action is a challenge to the "constitutional validity of his Federal Court conviction and confinement." The plain language of Stephenson's brief and complaint establishes that his action falls directly within the strictures we enunciated in Spina.
The law of this Circuit that such civil rights actions be dismissed without prejudice and the running of the applicable statute of limitations tolled while the plaintiff was exhausting state remedies, see Rodriguez v. Holmes, 963 F.2d 799, 804-05 (5th Cir. 1992), is no longer applicable. Under Heck, "the statute of limitations poses no difficulty while the state challenges are being pursued, since the § 1983 claim has not yet arisen." Heck, ___ U.S. at ___, 114 S.Ct. at 2374. Therefore, because Heck dictates that a cause of action seeking damages under § 1983 for an unconstitutional conviction or sentence does not accrue until the conviction or sentence has been invalidated, see id., there is no longer a need to dismiss such actions without prejudice and to toll the statute of limitations.
Because Stephenson cannot establish the elements of a Bivens action until his conviction has been declared invalid or otherwise impugned as set out in Heck, the district court's order holding the case in abeyance is VACATED and the case is REMANDED to the district court for dismissal with prejudice. See Heck, ___ U.S. at ___-___, 114 S.Ct. at 2372-74.
Stephenson's additional motions — seeking leave to withdraw a petition for a writ of mandamus, and seeking to compel the appellees to respond to his brief in the instant case — are also DENIED.
VACATED AND REMANDED.