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referring to the insurer's assertion of a policy exclusion as an affirmative defense
Summary of this case from Fezzani v. VillagomezOpinion
Docket No. 310257.
2013-12-10
STEIN v. HOME–OWNERS INSURANCE COMPANY.
Bonita S. Hoffman, Monroe, for plaintiff. Gregory and Meyer, PC, Troy (by Glen Howard Pickover), and James G. Gross, PLC (by James G. Gross, Detroit), for defendant.
Bonita S. Hoffman, Monroe, for plaintiff. Gregory and Meyer, PC, Troy (by Glen Howard Pickover), and James G. Gross, PLC (by James G. Gross, Detroit), for defendant.
Before: STEPHENS, P.J., and WILDER and OWENS, JJ.
WILDER, J.
Defendant appeals as of right a judgment awarding plaintiff $199,399.79 for her claim for insurance proceeds related to the loss of her home because of a fire. We reverse and remand for a new trial.
I. BASIC FACTS
Plaintiff owned a modular home located in Sumpter Township, Michigan. Plaintiff's property was covered for fire loss under an insurance policy issued by defendant. The policy, however, contained a provision that excluded any losses that were caused by “[a]n action by or at the direction of any insured committed with the intent to cause a loss.” The policy further provided:
This entire policy is void if, whether before, during or after a loss, any insured has:
a. intentionally concealed or misrepresented any material fact or circumstance;
b. engaged in fraudulent conduct; or
c. made false statements;
relating to this insurance.
On December 23, 2007, while plaintiff was not home, a neighbor saw a car pull into plaintiff's driveway and leave after approximately 10 minutes. Shortly thereafter, the neighbor saw that the home was on fire and called the fire department. A fire investigator testified that it was his opinion that the fire was intentionally set by an amateur. Defendant formally denied the claim in a letter on August 26, 2008. Defendant explained in the letter that it had determined that the fire occurred as a result of arson with plaintiff's knowledge or consent and that plaintiff made material misrepresentations during defendant's investigation of her claim.
Plaintiff thereafter filed a complaint against defendant, alleging breach of contract. Defendant filed affirmative defenses, which included the following: plaintiff had committed acts of fraud and material misrepresentation, the loss was the result of arson committed by or at the direction of plaintiff, and plaintiff misrepresented material facts and concealed information.
In October 2009, defendant filed a motion for summary disposition, which was granted. However, this Court reversed the trial court's order and remanded the matter to the trial court for further proceedings, concluding that whether plaintiff had made any misrepresentations was a question of fact for the trier of fact. Stein v. Home–Owners Ins. Co., unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued April 12, 2011 (Docket No. 295876), 2011 WL 1377090 p. 2.
Defendant argued that plaintiff had made material misrepresentations in the course of her claim and that she was judicially estopped from claiming more than $1,800 in personal property loss because that is the amount she claimed in her bankruptcy filing. The trial court granted the motion on the ground that plaintiff had made false statements related to the loss.
At trial, the trial court, despite defendant's objections, repeatedly instructed the jury that defendant had the burden of proving its affirmative defenses by clear and convincing evidence. During the preliminary instructions, the trial court stated:
On the following propositions defendant has the burden of proof:
One, that the fire was intentionally set.
Two, that the plaintiff made misrepresentations with the intent to defraud.
And [three], that plaintiff failed to mitigate her damages.
On these listed propositions, the defendant must prove them by clear and convincing evidence.
This means that the defendant must do more than merely persuade you that the proposition is properly [sic] true. To be clear and convincing[,] the evidence must be strong enough to cause you to have a clear and firm belief that the proposition is true.
This instruction was also repeated to the jury after the proofs were concluded and before the jury began its deliberations. Additionally, the trial court stated the following:
The defendant Home–Owners claims that the plaintiff attempted to defraud it. To establish fraud the defendant has the burden of proving each of the following elements by clear and convincing evidence.
A, plaintiff made a representation of material facts.
B, the representation of material facts that plaintiff made was false when made.
C, plaintiff knew that the representations were false when she made them.
D, plaintiff made the representations with the intent that the defendant rely upon the representations.
Your verdict will be for the defendant on the defense of fraud if you decide that defendant has proved each of these elements by clear and convincing evidence.
The trial court provided a similar instruction for the intentional-act exclusion: “Defendant Home–Owners has the burden of proving the application of [the intentional-act] exclusion by clear and convincing evidence.”
After deliberating, the jury returned a verdict in favor of plaintiff, and defendant's appeal followed.
II. ANALYSIS
Defendant argues that the trial court instructed the jury on an incorrect burden of proof with regard to defendant's position that the contract precluded plaintiff from recovering any benefits. We agree.
Defendant preserved this issue by objecting to the jury instruction in the trial court. Jimkoski v. Shupe, 282 Mich.App. 1, 9, 763 N.W.2d 1 (2008). Whether the trial court's instruction on the applicable burden of proof was proper is a question law that this Court reviews de novo. Hilgendorf v. St. John Hosp. & Med. Ctr. Corp., 245 Mich.App. 670, 694–695, 630 N.W.2d 356 (2001).
At issue is the provision in the insurance contract that would exempt plaintiff's loss from coverage and the provision that would void the contract in its entirety. The provisions are as follows:
We do not cover loss to covered property caused directly or indirectly by any of the following, whether or not any other cause or event contributes concurrently or in any sequence to the loss:
* * *
(9) An action by or at the direction of any insured committed with the intent to cause a loss.
* * *
This entire policy is void if, whether before, during or after a loss, any insured has:
a. intentionally concealed or misrepresented any material fact or circumstance;
b. engaged in fraudulent conduct; or
c. made false statements;
relating to this insurance.
When it instructed the jury, the trial court required that, in order for defendant to prevail on the basis of any of these contractual provisions, defendant had to establish the presence of such a defense through clear and convincing evidence. This was erroneous.
This case involves the application of express provisions of a contract. The fact that one of the contract's provisions contains aspects of fraud is no reason, in and of itself, to place a higher burden of proof on the defense than on any other affirmative defense. While “fraud” is one of the traditional defenses to a contract, Majestic Golf, LLC v. Lake Walden Country Club, Inc., 297 Mich.App. 305, 326, 823 N.W.2d 610 (2012), this avoidance defense is typically used when “a contract is obtained as a result of fraud or misrepresentation,” Titan Ins. Co. v. Hyten, 491 Mich. 547, 555, 817 N.W.2d 562 (2012) (emphasis added). The fraud at issue in this case does not implicate whether the contract was obtained under fraudulent circumstances; as such, the traditional defense of fraud simply is not applicable. To be clear, fraud is only relevant in this case because the contract itself contains an exclusion related to fraud.
This Court in Mina v. Gen. Star Indemnity Co., 218 Mich.App. 678, 555 N.W.2d 1 (1996), rev'd in part on other grounds 455 Mich. 866, 568 N.W.2d 80 (1997), was confronted with this same issue. In Mina, the plaintiff's business, which was covered under an insurance policy issued by the defendant, was destroyed by fire. Mina, 218 Mich.App. at 680, 555 N.W.2d 1. But, while relying on the fact that the resulting investigation concluded that the fire was intentionally set, the defendant denied the claim for benefits on the bases of fraud, false swearing, and arson. Id. The plaintiff filed suit against the defendant, and the defendant raised the affirmative defenses of arson, fraud, and false swearing. Id. At trial, the court instructed the jury that the defendant had the burden of proving its affirmative defenses by a preponderance of the evidence. Id. at 681, 555 N.W.2d 1. After discussing the history surrounding the somewhat confusing caselaw, the Mina Court concluded that the trial court correctly instructed the jury. Id. at 681–685, 555 N.W.2d 1. The Mina Court, id. at 685, 555 N.W.2d 1, noted that the trial court properly relied on Campbell v. Great Lakes Ins. Co., 228 Mich. 636, 640–641, 200 N.W. 457 (1924), which “addressed th[is] identical issue” and held that a preponderance of the evidence standard was appropriate.
Plaintiff claims that Mina has no precedential value and, thus, should not be followed. However, this is incorrect. The Court of Appeals' judgment in Mina was reversed in part on other grounds by our Supreme Court, Mina, 455 Mich. 866, 568 N.W.2d 80, leaving this Court's discussion related to the present issue intact. See People v. Carson, 220 Mich.App. 662, 672, 560 N.W.2d 657 (1996) (“[A]n overruled proposition in a case is no reason to ignore all other holdings in the case.”). Therefore, Mina is binding precedent on this issue. Plaintiff relies on Horace v. City of Pontiac, 456 Mich. 744, 754–755, 575 N.W.2d 762 (1998), and Dunn v. DAIIE, 254 Mich.App. 256, 657 N.W.2d 153 (2002), for the proposition that Mina has no precedential value. However, both Horace and Dunn involved the citation of Court of Appeals cases that were reversed in their entirety—not partially reversed. Horace, 456 Mich. at 747 n. 2, 575 N.W.2d 762;Dunn, 254 Mich.App. at 259, 657 N.W.2d 153. Thus, Horace and Dunn are not pertinent.
Plaintiff also claims that our Supreme Court's decision in Campbell is not binding because more recent Supreme Court opinions have stated conflicting views. Specifically, plaintiff relies on Grimshaw v. Aske, 332 Mich. 146, 50 N.W.2d 866 (1952), Modern Displays, Inc. v. Hennecke, 350 Mich. 67, 85 N.W.2d 80 (1957), and Hi–Way Motor Co. v. Int'l Harvester Co., 398 Mich. 330, 247 N.W.2d 813 (1976). However, no case has ever overruled Campbell. Plus, these relied-on cases involved actions for fraud—not the application of a forfeiture or exclusion clause contained in a contract that the parties assented to. See Hi–Way Motor, 398 Mich. at 335, 247 N.W.2d 813 (the plaintiffs instituted the action for “fraud and misrepresentation”); Modern Displays, 350 Mich. at 69, 85 N.W.2d 80 (the plaintiff alleged in its bill of complaint that the defendants “had been guilty of fraud”); Grimshaw, 332 Mich. at 148, 50 N.W.2d 866 (the plaintiff sought “damages for fraud”).
Moreover, our review of the caselaw demonstrates that the only contract cases involving the burden of proving some element by clear and convincing evidence have dealt with oral contracts, avoiding contracts, modifying existing contracts, waiving an existing contractual term, and reforming contracts. See, e.g., Quality Prod. & Concepts Co. v. Nagel Precision, Inc., 469 Mich. 362, 364–365, 666 N.W.2d 251 (2003) (clear and convincing evidence of a waiver or modification of an existing contract is needed); Barclae v. Zarb, 300 Mich.App. 455, 475, 834 N.W.2d 100 (2013) (oral contract must be established by clear and convincing evidence when one party has, in reliance on the contract, acted on the contract and the statute of frauds would normally act to bar the contract); Casey v. Auto–Owners Ins. Co., 273 Mich.App. 388, 398, 729 N.W.2d 277 (2006) (clear and convincing evidence needed to establish a basis for reforming the contract); Zander v. Ogihara Corp., 213 Mich.App. 438, 444, 540 N.W.2d 702 (1995) (clear and convincing evidence needed to establish proof of lost contract's contents). None of the circumstances considered in these cases applies to a circumstance such as the one involved in this case, where a party endeavors to prove only that some express condition contained in a written contract actually occurred.
In addition, while the trial court articulated reasons, albeit erroneous ones, for requiring defendant to prove fraud by clear and convincing evidence, the trial court provided no rationale for requiring this elevated evidentiary burden on all of defendant's affirmative defenses. As discussed already, the insurance policy also precluded coverage for any loss if the arson was at the direction of plaintiff. In this case, defendant asserted that plaintiff was responsible for the intentional fire. Our Supreme Court has held that, even though an assertion relates to the alleged commission of a criminal act by a plaintiff, an insurer defendant is only required to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the plaintiff committed the act. Sacred Heart Aid Society v. Aetna Cas. & Surety Co., 355 Mich. 480, 485–486, 94 N.W.2d 850 (1959); Monaghan v. Agricultural Fire Ins. Co., 53 Mich. 238, 254–255, 18 N.W. 797 (1884).
For all of the foregoing reasons, we hold that the trial court erred by requiring defendant to prove its affirmative defenses by clear and convincing evidence.
We further note that plaintiff and the trial court placed too much reliance on SJI2d 128.01, which states, in part, “To establish fraud, plaintiff has the burden of proving each of the following elements by clear and convincing evidence[.]” As noted already, this evidentiary requirement is for actions for fraud. The usage note for this instruction reinforces this premise by stating: “This instruction is intended to be used in a tort action for damages for fraud. It is not designed for use in other types of cases.” (Emphasis added.)
Reversed and remanded for a new trial. We do not retain jurisdiction. Defendant, as the prevailing party, may tax costs pursuant to MCR 7.219.