Opinion
23-cv-00321-DMR
11-15-2023
DAVID A. STEBBINS, Plaintiff, v. JOHN DOE, Defendant.
ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFF'S MOTION FOR EARLY DISCOVERY WITHOUT PREJUDICE RE: DKT. NO. 19
Donna M. Ryu Chief Magistrate Judge
Plaintiff David A. Stebbins filed a complaint and an application for leave to proceed in forma pauperis (“IFP”) on January 20, 2023, along with a motion for issuance of a subpoena duces tecum on February 7, 2023. [Docket Nos. 1 (“Compl.”), 2, 6.] On May 22, 2023, the court granted Plaintiff's IFP application and explained that it would review Plaintiff's motion prior to screening the complaint under 28 U.S.C. § 1915. The court denied the motion without prejudice to Plaintiff's ability to file a new motion with briefing and evidence addressing the factors enumerated in Columbia Ins. Co. v. seescandy.com, 185 F.R.D. 573 (N.D. Cal. 1999). [Docket No. 10.]
Plaintiff subsequently filed this second motion on September 27, 2023, seeking leave to serve a subpoena on third-party YouTube LLC to determine the identity and address of Defendant John Doe. [Docket No. 19 (“Mot. for Subpoena”) ¶ 4.] This matter is suitable for determination without oral argument. Civil L.R. 7-1(b). For the following reasons, the motion for leave to issue a subpoena is denied without prejudice.
Plaintiff's motion asks the court to issue a subpoena addressed to YouTube LLC, but Plaintiff's proposed subpoena is addressed to Google LLC. Compare Mot. for Subpoena ¶ 4, with Docket No. 19-2. To the extent Plaintiff intends to address the subpoena to YouTube LLC's owner, he must explain this in any future motion for early discovery.
I. DISCUSSION
Plaintiff is an active user of streaming services YouTube and Twitch. Compl. ¶1. He alleges ten counts of defamation against John Doe, an anonymous YouTube user known as “SidAlpha.” Id. ¶ 2. Plaintiff contends that John Doe is a member of the YouTube Partner Program. He asserts that John Doe's legal name and current address are on file with YouTube and Google, so that the companies can send him monthly payments earned through channel memberships, ad revenue, and other sources. Mot. for Subpoena ¶¶ 1-3.
A court may authorize discovery before the Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(f) conference “for the parties' and witnesses' convenience and in the interests of justice.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 26(d)(3). Courts have permitted “limited discovery . . . after [the] filing of the complaint to permit the plaintiff to learn the identifying facts necessary to permit service on the defendant.” Columbia Ins. Co. v. seescandy.com, 185 F.R.D. 573, 577 (N.D. Cal. 1999); see also Gillespie v. Civiletti, 629 F.2d 637, 642 (9th Cir. 1980) (“[W]here the true identity of the defendants will not be known prior to the filing of a complaint . . . the plaintiff should be given an opportunity through discovery to identify the unknown defendants, unless it is clear that discovery would not uncover the identities, or that the complaint would be dismissed on other grounds”).
The plaintiff must show good cause for early discovery. Semitool, Inc. v. Tokyo Electron Am., Inc., 208 F.R.D. 273, 276 (N.D. Cal. 2002). “Good cause may be found where the need for expedited discovery, in consideration of the administration of justice, outweighs the prejudice to the responding party.” Id.; see also Am. LegalNet, Inc. v. Davis, 673 F.Supp.2d 1063, 1066 (C.D. Cal. 2009) (“The party seeking expedited discovery . . . has the burden of showing good cause for the requested departure from usual discovery procedures” (quoting Qwest Commc'ns Int'l, Inc. v. WorldQuest Networks, Inc., 213 F.R.D. 418, 419 (D. Colo. 2003)). Courts examine whether the plaintiff (1) has “identif[ied] the missing party with sufficient specificity such that the Court can determine that the defendant is a real person or entity who can be sued in federal court,” (2) recounted “all previous steps taken to locate the elusive defendant,” (3) established that the action can withstand a motion to dismiss, and (4) demonstrated a “reasonable likelihood that the discovery process will lead to identifying information about [the] defendant that would make service of process possible.” Columbia, 185 F.R.D. at 578-80.
As an initial matter, Plaintiff's motion does not comply with Local Rule 7-5(a), which provides that “[f]actual contentions made in support of . . . any motion must be supported by an affidavit or declaration and by appropriate references to the record,” and that “evidentiary matters must be appropriately authenticated by an affidavit or declaration.” For example, Plaintiff contends that he has “made reasonable efforts to locate SidAlpha's address using Spokeo and BeenVerified. However, I cannot say with 100% certainty that the search results are accurate.” Mot. for Subpoena ¶ 9. Without the benefit of admissible evidence to support these factual contentions, the court cannot evaluate whether Plaintiff satisfies the second and fourth Columbia requirements. See Bellwether Coffee Co. v. Does 1-5, No. 21-03612-JSC, 2021 WL 2333848, at *1 (N.D. Cal. June 8, 2021) (“Generally, ex parte applications for early discovery are accompanied by declarations [sworn under penalty of perjury] which explain the party's efforts to determine the individual's identity and why the plaintiff believes that subpoenas to particular service providers would yield information regarding a defendant's identity.”).
Having evaluated Plaintiff's motion for early discovery “in light of all the surrounding circumstances,” Semitool, 208 F.R.D. at 275 (cleaned up), the court finds that Plaintiff has failed to satisfy his burden to show good cause to take early discovery. Specifically, Plaintiff has not demonstrated under the first and third Columbia requirements that the court likely has personal jurisdiction over the Doe Defendant. See Columbia Ins. Co., 185 F.R.D. at 578 (explaining that the first factor “is necessary to ensure that federal requirements of jurisdiction and justiciability can be satisfied”).
Plaintiff has adequately identified Defendant's online alias to establish that he is a real person who may be sued. Comp. ¶ 2; Mot. for Subpoena ¶ 1, 8. However, Plaintiff has not sufficiently shown that Defendant may be sued in this court. The complaint summarily alleges that “[t]his Court has both venue and personal jurisdiction because the Northern District of California is where the defamation primarily occurred. It happened on YouTube, which is a Californian website. Therefore, the defendant has established minimum contacts in the State of California.” Compl. ¶ 4.
Personal jurisdiction is proper if it is “consistent with [California's] long-arm statute and if it comports with due process of law.” Boschetto v. Hansing, 539 F.3d 1011, 1020-21 (9th Cir. 2008). Under California's long-arm statute, a federal court may exercise personal jurisdiction over a defendant to the extent permitted by the Due Process Clause of the Constitution. Cal. Code Civ. Proc. § 410.10; Schwarzenegger v. Fred Martin Motor Co., 374 F.3d 797, 800-01 (9th Cir. 2004). “A district court's exercise of jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant comports with due process when the defendant has at least ‘minimum contacts' with the forum and subjecting the defendant to an action in that forum would ‘not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.'” Ayla, LLC v. Alya Skin Pty. Ltd., 11 F.4th 972, 979 (9th Cir. 2021) (quoting Int'l Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945)). Minimum contacts may be established through a showing of either general or specific jurisdiction. Schwarzenegger, 374 F.3d at 801. The court considers both bases for personal jurisdiction and finds that neither is satisfied.
A. General Jurisdiction
Plaintiff has not shown the existence of general jurisdiction. “For an individual, the paradigm forum for the exercise of general jurisdiction is the individual's domicile; for a corporation, it is an equivalent place, one in which the corporation is fairly regarded as at home.” Bristol-Myers, 137 S.Ct. at 1780. Plaintiff alleges that he is a resident of Arkansas and that “SidAlpha is almost certainly a resident of a different state.” Compl. ¶ 3. On June 28, 2023, in response to this court's order to show cause, Plaintiff asserts in passing that “there is still the possibility that [defendant] may reside in California[.]” [Docket No. 13 ¶ 3.] Plaintiff does not offer any facts in his complaint, his response to the court's order to show cause, or this motion from which the court may infer that Defendant is in fact domiciled in California.
Other courts in this district have allowed early discovery to go forward to identify online doe defendants after the plaintiffs demonstrated that they used geolocation technology to trace the defendants' IP addresses to physical locations within the Northern District of California. See, e.g., Strike 3 Holdings, LLC v. Doe, No. 21-CV-00294-SI, 2021 WL 493395, at *1 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 10, 2021). There is no indication in Plaintiff's papers that he previously attempted to trace Defendant's IP address or other information to a California address. Accordingly, there is nothing from which the court can infer the existence of general jurisdiction.
B. Specific Jurisdiction
The Ninth Circuit applies a three-part test to determine whether specific jurisdiction may be exercised over a defendant consistent with due process principles: (1) the nonresident defendant purposefully directs his activities at the forum or performs some act by which he purposefully avails himself of the privilege of conducting activities in the forum, thereby invoking the benefits and protections of its laws; (2) the plaintiff's claim arises out of the forum-related activities of the nonresident defendant; and (3) the exercise of jurisdiction over the nonresident defendant is reasonable. Schwarzenegger, 374 F.3d at 802.
To satisfy the purposeful-direction element in cases in which tortious conduct- like defamation-is alleged by the plaintiff, the Ninth Circuit requires that the actions of the nonresident defendant be purposefully directed at the forum based on an “effects test that focuses on the forum in which the defendant's actions were felt, whether or not the actions occurred within the forum.” Mavrix Photo, Inc. v. Brand Technologies, Inc., 647 F.3d 1218, 1228 (9th Cir. 2011) (citations and quotation marks omitted); see also Xcentric Ventures, LLC v. Bird, 683 F.Supp.2d 1068, 1071 (D. Ariz. 2010) (applying Calder test where plaintiffs alleged that defendants published a defamatory article on the internet). This “effects test,” which is based on the Supreme Court's decision in Calder v. Jones, 465 U.S. 783 (1984), requires that the nonresident defendant (1) commit an intentional act, (2) that was expressly aimed at the forum state, and (3) that caused harm that the nonresident defendant knew would likely be suffered in the forum state. Mavrix Photo, 647 F.3d at 1228.
While the complaint alleges that Defendant published a video on YouTube-thus suggesting that Defendant committed an “intentional act” under the first prong of the Calder effects test-it does not allege any facts to support that the video was “expressly aimed” at California. At most, Plaintiff alleges that Defendant established minimum contacts with California because the alleged defamation occurred on YouTube, “which is a Californian website.” Compl. ¶ 4. Plaintiff explains that the facts in this case are analogous to a situation in which an individual created a documentary and “reached out to a Californian TV station and solicited them to broadcast the documentary on worldwide television[.]” Id. ¶ 5. In that situation, Plaintiff claims, the case “would be a slam dunk . . . for establishing minimum contacts in the state of California.” Id. Plaintiff concludes that the principle does not change “simply because the host in this case was a Californian website rather than a Californian TV station.” Id. Plaintiff's motion does not address the issue of personal jurisdiction.
The court raised the issue of personal jurisdiction for the first time in its order to show cause why the case should not be transferred because the case did not appear to be appropriately venued in the Northern District of California. [Docket No. 12.] The court issued its order after Plaintiff filed a notice updating the court with Doe Defendant's purported name and address, claiming that Doe Defendant's name was Sidney Redfield and his “most likely address” was located in Sandpoint, Idaho. [Docket No. 11.] In response to the order to show cause, Plaintiff changed course, asserting that “there is a slight possibility I might have identified the wrong person with Dkt. 11. The defendant has since posted a video hinting at the possibility that I got the wrong man with that identification.” [Docket No. 13 (“Resp. to OSC”) ¶ 1.] Accordingly, the court ordered Plaintiff to file a new motion to serve a third-party subpoena prior to a Rule 26(f) conference. [Docket No. 16.] While the instant motion does not make any argument in connection with personal jurisdiction, Plaintiff's earlier response to the order to show cause argues that Defendant “specifically targeted YouTube as the forum for his publication.” Resp. to OSC ¶¶ 8-10. In light of Plaintiff's selfrepresented status, the court liberally construes this portion of the response to the order to show cause as part of Plaintiff's current motion to issue a third-party subpoena. See United States v. Qazi, 975 F.3d 989, 993 (9th Cir. 2020). In response to the order to show cause, Plaintiff argued that Defendant “expressly aimed” his video at California because he posted the video at issue on YouTube, a California website. Resp. to OSC ¶¶ 8-10. In support, Plaintiff relied on Batzel v. Smith, 333 F.3d 1018 (9th Cir. 2003), insisting that “[t]here is no reason inherent in the technological features of cyberspace why . . . defamation law should apply differently in cyberspace than in the brick and mortar world.” See Id. ¶ 10. Batzel is inapposite because it analyzed “whether, and if so, under what circumstances a moderator of a listserv and operator of a website who posts an allegedly defamatory e-mail authored by a third party can be held liable for doing so.” 333 F.3d at 1020. While the Ninth Circuit also reviewed a novel procedural question - whether the denial of an anti-SLAPP motion filed pursuant to California law can be appealed prior to a final judgment in the underlying case -it expressly declined to review the denial of a website operator's motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction as an issue pendent to the appeal of the denial of his anti-SLAPP motion. In other words, Batzel does not shed light on the court's personal jurisdiction analysis.
Although courts have “struggled with the question whether tortious conduct on a nationally accessible website is expressly aimed at any, or all, of the forums in which the website can be viewed,” Mavrix Photo, Inc., 647 F.3d at 1229, most courts have concluded that a plaintiff cannot rely on a defendant's relationships with third parties headquartered in California to establish that the defendant directed its intentional acts towards the forum state. See Good Job Games Bilism Yazilim Ve Pazarlama A.S. v. SayGames LLC, 458 F.Supp.3d 1202, 1207 (N.D. Cal. 2020), rev'd and remanded on other grounds, No. 20-16123, 2021 WL 5861279 (9th Cir. Dec. 10, 2021) (collecting cases). In Good Job Games, the plaintiff argued that the defendant “expressly aimed its infringing act to California by: (1) contracting to distribute its game through Apple and Google, both of which have headquarters in California; (2) making its game available to users in California; (3) advertising the game with California-based companies like Facebook; and (4) offering the game in English.” Id. at 1207. The court was not persuaded, reasoning that:
The relationship between [defendant] and California is attenuated and merely coincidental . . . Instead, it is more accurate to say that [defendant] utilized Apple and Google because they arguably have a virtual monopoly on the channels in which developers can distribute application-based software-not because they have offices in California. [Plaintiff] has not identified anything unique about California that caused [defendant] to target this forum state. In other words, [defendant] did not target California; it targeted Apple and Google, which happened to be headquartered in California.Id. For similar reasons, this court concurs that the location of third-party YouTube's headquarters fails to establish that Defendant expressly aimed his activities at California. See also DFSB Kollective Co. v. Bourne, 897 F.Supp.2d 871, 883 (N.D. Cal. 2012) (“While the location of these companies is relevant for lawsuits directly involving the companies, the Court is unpersuaded that the headquarters of these Internet companies establishes that Defendant expressly aimed his infringing activities at the California market.”).
Because the court finds that Plaintiff has not satisfied the second prong of the Calder test by establishing that Defendant's acts were expressly aimed at the forum state, it does not reach the third prong of the Calder test, i.e., foreseeable harm. Schwarzenegger, 374 F.3d at 807.
In sum, Plaintiff has not established good cause to issue the subpoena to discover Doe Defendant's identity because he has not shown that the court has personal jurisdiction over the Doe Defendant such that Defendant may be sued in this court. For the same reason, Plaintiff has failed to satisfy the third factor of the Columbia test to the extent that he has not demonstrated that the action can withstand a motion to dismiss due to lack of personal jurisdiction over the Doe Defendant. Plaintiff's ex parte application for early discovery is therefore denied without prejudice. See JT Foxx Org. v. Palmer, No. 17-CV-02661-DMR, 2017 WL 3617111, at *6 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 23, 2017) (denying motion for early discovery without prejudice for failure to demonstrate personal jurisdiction over Doe defendant).
II. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the court denies Plaintiff's second motion for early discovery without prejudice. The case cannot go forward without identifying and serving the Doe Defendant. Therefore, if Plaintiff does not file a third motion for early discovery by December 15, 2023, the court will issue a report and recommendation that the case be dismissed without prejudice for failure to prosecute.
IT IS SO ORDERED.