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concluding that limitation on time within which subcommittee of Statewide Grievance Committee, which is public body, must conclude hearings and render proposed decision was mandatory, which ordinarily would mean that noncompliance would invalidate any further proceedings, but ultimately concluding that noncompliance did not deprive trial court of subject matter jurisdiction over presentment proceeding
Summary of this case from State v. BanksOpinion
(13557)
The plaintiff statewide grievance committee brought a presentment against the defendant attorney charging him with misconduct as an attorney outside the presence of the court. The trial court granted the defendant's motion to dismiss the presentment for lack of subject matter jurisdiction because the subcommittee appointed by the grievance committee to review the complaint had not rendered a proposed decision on the complaint within the time required by the applicable statute ( 51-90g [c] [Rev. to 1987]). On the plaintiff's appeal and the defendant's cross appeal, held that although the trial court did not err either in determining that the time limits specified in 51-90g (c) are mandatory or in determining that the subcommittee failed to render its proposed decision within those time limits, that court did err in concluding that that failure deprived it of subject matter jurisdiction; the provision of that same statute requiring the grievance committee to determine an appropriate course of action after a subcommittee delay would be rendered a nullity if, without a showing of prejudice, the case had to be dismissed. This court declined to review the defendant's claim that the trial court should have granted his motion to strike counts one and three of the presentment and his motion to dismiss count two; when the trial court concluded, even erroneously, that subject matter jurisdiction was lacking, the remainder of its rulings were merely advisory. Inherent authority of the judiciary to regulate attorney conduct, discussed.
Argued March 7, 1989
Decision released May 23, 1989
Presentment in three counts by the plaintiff for alleged professional misconduct by the defendant, brought to the Superior Court in the judicial district of Litchfield, where the court, Moraghan, J., denied the defendant's motions to dismiss count two and to strike counts one and three; thereafter, the court rendered judgment granting the defendant's motion to dismiss the entire presentment, from which the plaintiff appealed and the defendant cross appealed. Error on the appeal, further proceedings; cross appeal dismissed.
Seymour N. Weinstein, for the appellant-appellee (plaintiff).
Francis J. MacGregor, for the appellee-appellant (defendant).
This appeal concerns the relationship between the judicial department's supervisory responsibility for the conduct of attorneys and the provisions of General Statutes (Rev. to 1987) 51-90g (c), which imposed time constraints upon the adjudicatory processes of the Statewide Grievance Committee (grievance committee) with respect to complaints of attorney misconduct. The grievance committee brought a presentment against the defendant Zbigniew Rozbicki charging him with misconduct as an attorney outside the presence of the court. The trial court, Moraghan, J., granted the defendant's motion to dismiss the presentment for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. The grievance committee appealed to the Appellate Court and the defendant cross appealed. We transferred the appeal to ourselves pursuant to Practice Book 4023. We find error.
General Statutes (Rev. to 1987) 51-90g (c) provided: "The subcommittee shall conclude any hearing or hearings and shall render its proposed decision not later than ninety days from the date the panel's determination of probable cause or no probable cause was filed with the state-wide grievance committee. The subcommittee may file a motion for extension of time not to exceed thirty days with the state-wide grievance committee which shall grant the motion only for good cause shown. If the subcommittee does not complete its action on a complaint within the period of time provided in this section, the state-wide grievance committee shall, on motion of the complainant or the respondent or on its own motion, inquire into the delay and determine the appropriate course of action." The time frame for the subcommittee's action on the complaint is also governed by Practice Book 27J (e), which provides: "Within ninety days of the date the grievance panel filed its determination of probable cause or no probable cause with the statewide grievance committee, the reviewing committee shall render its proposed decision and file it with the statewide grievance committee. . . . The reviewing committee may file a motion for extension of time not to exceed thirty days with the statewide grievance committee which shall grant the motion only upon a showing of good cause. If the reviewing committee does not complete its action on a complaint within the time provided in this section, the statewide committee shall, on motion of the complainant or the respondent or on its own motion, inquire into the delay and determine the appropriate course of action." Because the language of 27J (e) is virtually identical to that of 51-90g (c), we undertake no separate analysis of 27J (e).
The grievance proceedings against the defendant began with a complaint filed on January 15, 1987, by the complainant, Helen Huybrechts. On February 10, 1987, the grievance committee filed its own complaint charging the defendant with misconduct as an attorney outside the presence of the court. The local grievance panel, the Litchfield Grievance Panel (panel), considered the complaints and determined that probable cause existed that the defendant had violated the Code of Professional Responsibility. The panel filed its determination of probable cause with the grievance committee on May 1, 1987. The grievance committee appointed a subcommittee to review the complaint, as permitted by General Statutes 51-90g (a). Although 51-90g (c) required the subcommittee to conclude any hearings and render its proposed decision on the complaint within ninety days of the date that the panel filed its determination of probable cause, no action was taken within ninety days. On August 5 and 6, 1987, the reviewing subcommittee held a hearing. The grievance committee, on August 20, 1987, granted the reviewing subcommittee a sixty day extension to render its proposed decision. The defendant requested an extension to file a post-hearing brief and filed the brief on August 27, 1987. On October 13, 1987, the reviewing subcommittee rendered its proposed decision, dated September 28, 1987. Then, on November 2, 1987, the grievance committee granted the reviewing subcommittee an additional ninety day extension.
General Statutes 51-90g (a) provides; "REVIEW OF PANEL'S DETERMINATION BY SUBCOMMITTEE OR STATE-WIDE GRIEVANCE COMMITTEE. (a) The state-wide grievance committee may designate at least three members of the committee, including at least one-third who are not attorneys, to serve as a reviewing subcommittee for each determination made by a panel on a complaint. The committee shall regularly rotate membership on reviewing subcommittees and assignments of complaints from the various judicial districts. The state-wide grievance committee or the subcommittee, if any, shall hold a hearing concerning the complaint if the panel determined that probable cause exists that the attorney is guilty of misconduct. If the grievance panel determined that probable cause does not exist that the attorney is guilty of misconduct, the committee or subcommittee shall review the determination of no probable cause, take evidence if it deems it appropriate and, if it determines that probable cause does exist that the attorney is guilty of misconduct, shall thereafter hold a hearing concerning the complaint. An attorney who maintains his office for the practice of law in the same judicial district as the respondent may not sit on the reviewing subcommittee for that case."
A witness on behalf of the defendant testified that the grievance committee granted this retroactive extension on its own motion because "the need for one was recognized by [the grievance committee.]" The record contains no further explanation of why an extension of time to render a proposed decision was granted after the proposed decision had already been rendered.
On November 19, 1987, the grievance committee determined that the defendant had violated the Code of Professional Responsibility and directed that a presentment be filed against him in the Superior Court. The grievance committee accordingly filed a presentment, dated April 28, 1988, in the Superior Court, alleging that the defendant was guilty of "misconduct not occurring in the actual presence of the court, involving his character, integrity and professional standing and conduct" in that he had violated sections DR 1-102 (A)(4), DR 1-102 (A)(5), DR 1-102 (A)(6), DR 5-104 and DR 7-101 (A)(3) of the Code of Professional Responsibility. The presentment charged him with "receiving real property in satisfaction of a legal fee from a client not represented by independent counsel . . . failing to expeditiously attempt to reinstate the Complainant's mortgage in order to negotiate a release of that portion of the property the Complainant had conveyed to [him] . . . [and] determining all of the details of his purchase of the Complainant's home and arranging for her to be represented by counsel to avoid the appearance of conflict of interest . . . ."
Code of Professional Responsibility DR 1-102 (A)(4) provides: "(A) A lawyer shall not . . . (4) Engage in conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit, or misrepresentation." Code of Professional Responsibility DR 1-102 (A) (5) provides: "(A) A lawyer shall not . . . (5) Engage in conduct that is prejudicial to the administration of justice." Code of Professional Responsibility DR 1-102 (A) (6) provides: "(A) A lawyer shall not . . . (6) Engage in any other conduct that adversely reflects on his fitness to practice law." Code of Professional Responsibility DR 5-104 provides: "Limiting Business Relations with a Client. (A) A lawyer shall not enter into a business transaction with a client if they have differing interests therein and if the client expects the lawyer to exercise his professional judgment therein for the protection of the client, unless the client has consented after full disclosure. (B) Prior to conclusion of all aspects of the matter giving rise to his employment, a lawyer shall not enter into any arrangement or understanding with a client or a prospective client by which he acquires an interest in publication rights with respect to the subject matter of his employment or proposed employment." Code of Professional Responsibility DR 7-101 (A)(3) provides: "(A) A lawyer shall not intentionally . . . (3) Prejudice or damage his client during the course of the professional relationship, except as required under DR 7-102 (B)."
The defendant filed motions to dismiss the presentment for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, to strike counts one and three of the presentment and to dismiss count two. The trial court granted the motion to dismiss the presentment and denied the other motions.
In this appeal, the grievance committee contends that the trial court erred in dismissing the presentment. The defendant, on cross appeal, claims error in the trial court's failure to grant his motions to dismiss and to strike portions of the presentment.
I
In its appeal, the grievance committee asserts that the trial court should not have dismissed the presentment. It contends that the trial court erred in concluding that the grievance committee had failed to comply with 51-90g (c) and that such a failure deprived the trial court of subject matter jurisdiction.
It is important, at the outset, to emphasize that the rules regulating attorney grievance procedures exist within the broader framework of the relationship between attorneys and the judiciary. "`The practice of law is . . . a profession the main purpose of which is to aid in the doing of justice . . . .'" In re Application of Griffiths, 162 Conn. 249, 254-55, 294 A.2d 281 (1972), rev'd and remanded, 413 U.S. 717, 93 S.Ct. 2851, 37 L.Ed.2d 910 (1973), quoting Rosenthal v. State Bar Examining Committee, 116 Conn. 409, 414, 165 A. 211 (1933). An attorney "as an officer of the court in the administration of justice, is continually accountable to it for the manner in which he exercises the privilege which has been accorded him." In re Peck, 88 Conn. 447, 450, 91 A. 274 (1914). This "unique position as officers and commissioners of the court . . . casts attorneys in a special relationship with the judiciary and subjects them to its discipline." (Citations omitted.) Heslin v. Connecticut Law Clinic of Trantolo Trantolo, 190 Conn. 510, 524, 461 A.2d 938 (1983). Because of this special relationship, "[w]e have a continuing duty `to make it entirely clear that the standards of conduct . . . of the members of the profession of the law in Connecticut have not changed, and that those standards will be applied under our rules of law, in the exercise of a reasonable discretion . . . .' Grievance Committee v. Broder, [ 112 Conn. 263, 278, 152 A. 292 (1930)]." In re Application of Pagano, 207 Conn. 336, 344-45, 541 A.2d 104 (1988). This court will neither neglect nor attempt to avoid that responsibility.
Our review of the language of 51-90g (c) is, therefore, informed by the judiciary's responsibility for governing attorney conduct. "Disciplinary proceedings are for the purpose of preserving the courts `from the official ministration of persons unfit to practise in them.' Ex Parte Wall, 107 U.S. 265, 288, 2 S.Ct. 569 27 L.Ed. 552 (1883); Heiberger v. Clark, [ 148 Conn. 177, 183, 169 A.2d 652 (1961)]; Grievance Committee v. Broder, [supra, 265]; In re Peck, [supra, 452]. . . ." Heslin v. Connecticut Law Clinic of Trantolo Trantolo, supra, 524." `"The proceeding to disbar [or suspend] an attorney is neither a civil action nor a criminal proceeding, but is a proceeding sui generis, the object of which is not the punishment of the offender, but the protection of the court." In re Bowman, 7 Mo. App. 569.'" In re Application of Pagano, supra, 339; In re Peck, supra. Once the complaint is made, "the court controls the situation and procedure, in its discretion, as the interests of justice may seem to it to require." In re Peck, supra. "[T]he power of the courts is left unfettered to act as situations, as they may arise, may seem to require, for efficient discipline of misconduct and the purging of the bar from the taint of unfit membership. Such statutes as ours are not restrictive of the inherent powers which reside in courts to inquire into the conduct of their own officers, and to discipline them for misconduct." In re Peck, supra, 457. In proceedings such as those at issue, therefore, the attorney's "relations to the tribunal and the character and purpose of the inquiry are such that unless it clearly appears that his rights have in some substantial way been denied him, the action of the court will not be set aside upon review." Grievance Committee v. Sinn, 128 Conn. 419, 422, 23 A.2d 516 (1941); see also In re Durant, 80 Conn. 140, 150, 67 A. 497 (1907). Consequently, ministerial delays do not ordinarily warrant judicial abstention from dealing with the important issues raised by allegations of attorney misconduct.
The regulation of attorney conduct is, therefore, within the court's inherent authority. Section 51-90g and the parallel Practice Book rules authorized the grievance committee to act as an arm of the court in fulfilling this responsibility. Requiring the grievance committee to dismiss a complaint whenever the review subcommittee has failed to act in a timely manner, with no discretion to pursue another course of action if appropriate, would frustrate the purposes of attorney grievance procedures and run counter to the special supervisory role of the courts in regulating attorney conduct. We will, therefore, require such action only if specifically so directed by 51-90g (c). In examining this statute, we note three questions. Are its time requirements mandatory? Were the statutory mandates violated in this case? What is the effect of such a violation on the jurisdiction of the Superior Court?
A
Our examination of General Statutes (Rev. to 1987) 51-90g (c) convinces us that its provisions are mandatory. Section 51-90g (c) plainly stated that "[t]he subcommittee shall . . . render its proposed decision not later than ninety days from the date the panel's determination of probable cause . . . was filed with the state-wide grievance committee," that the grievance committee may grant the subcommittee a thirty day extension, and that if the subcommittee does not complete its action within the time allowed, the grievance committee "shall . . . inquire into the delay and determine the appropriate course of action." (Emphasis added.)
Our interpretation of the language of 51-90g (c) is guided by our tenets of statutory construction, which provide that" `[w]here the meaning of a statute . . . is plain and unambiguous, the enactment speaks for itself and there is no occasion to construe it. Its unequivocal meaning is not subject to modification by way of construction.'" Grievance Committee v. Trantolo, 192 Conn. 15, 22, 470 A.2d 228 (1984); Connecticut State Board of Labor Relations v. Board of Education, 177 Conn. 68, 73, 411 A.2d 28 (1979); 2A J. Sutherland, Statutory Construction (4th Ed. Sands) 46.04. Where, as here, neither the context nor the legislative history indicates a contrary intent, "[t]he use of the word `shall' by the legislature connotes that the performance of the statutory requirements is mandatory rather than permissive." Caulkins v. Petrillo, 200 Conn. 713, 717, 513 A.2d 43 (1986); see Sullivan v. Liberty Mutual Fire Ins. Co., 174 Conn. 229, 233, 384 A.2d 384 (1978); 1A J. Sutherland, supra, 25.04.
B
The grievance committee contends that the trial court erred in concluding that the committee had failed to comply with the time constraints contained in 51-90g (c). It argues that, despite any delay, it did comply with the requirements of 51-90g (c) because it "determine[d] the appropriate course of action" and acted upon that determination by granting the subcommittee an extension of time in which to render its proposed decision. We are unpersuaded.
The mandatory requirements of 51-90g (c), although they permitted the subcommittee to file a motion for an extension of time, did not permit an extension "to exceed thirty days." When construing a statute, we do not interpret some clauses in a manner that nullifies others, but rather "`read the statute as a whole and so as to reconcile all parts as far as possible.'" Martone v. Lensink, 207 Conn. 296, 302, 541 A.2d 488 (1988); Grodis v. Burns, 190 Conn. 39, 44, 459 A.2d 994 (1983). Therefore, even when an extension has been granted, the subcommittee must render its proposed decision within one hundred and twenty days. In granting the grievance committee discretion to pursue the appropriate course of action when a delay occurs, the statute did not authorize nullification of its mandatory time constraints.
The grievance committee granted first a sixty day and then a ninety day extension. The only extension specifically authorized by General Statutes 51-90g (c), however, is one thirty day extension.
There is no dispute that the subcommittee failed to render its proposed decision within the mandatory time constraints. The grievance committee does not contest the trial court's finding that the subcommittee's proposed decision was rendered five months and thirteen days after the local grievance panel's determination of probable cause was filed. It is clear, therefore, that the subcommittee failed to render its proposed decision within ninety days, or even within one hundred and twenty days. Further, the grievance committee admitted at trial that the ninety day period provided by 51-90g (c) had expired before it granted any extensions. Accordingly, we agree with the trial court's finding that the "subcommittee failed to comply with this statutory mandate."
C
The grievance committee contends, nevertheless, that the trial court erred in concluding that the subcommittee's failure to comply with the mandates of 51-90g (c) deprived the trial court of subject matter jurisdiction. We agree with the grievance committee.
Both the broader context of the supervisory role of the judiciary in governing attorney conduct, as discussed above, and the language of 51-90g (c) support the conclusion that the trial court's jurisdiction was not affected by the delay. The operative language on which we focus is again the phrase of 51-90g (c) requiring the grievance committee after subcommittee delay to "determine the appropriate course of action." Our holding that this phrase does not authorize unlimited extensions of the statutory time limitations does not imply that, once these time limitations have expired, the grievance committee and the Superior Court are entirely powerless to act.
In interpreting 51-90g (c), we must give effect to each of its provisions because "`"statutes should be construed so that no part of a legislative enactment is to be treated as insignificant and unnecessary, and there is a presumption of purpose behind every sentence, clause or phrase in a legislative enactment."'" 84 Century Limited Partnership v. Board of Tax Review, 207 Conn. 250, 263, 541 A.2d 478 (1988); State ex rel. Kennedy v. Frauwirth, 167 Conn. 165, 168, 355 A.2d 39 (1974). "It must also be presumed that the General Assembly had a purpose for every sentence, clause or phrase in the statute." State v. Springer, 149 Conn. 244, 248, 178 A.2d 525 (1962). We will not, therefore, construe 51-90g (c) to require that if the subcommittee has failed to act within the prescribed time, and there is no showing of prejudice, the complaint must be dismissed. Such a construction would impermissibly render the final phrase in 51-90g (c) a nullity. In implementing 51-90g (c), the grievance committee has discretion to decide what remedy a particular delay warrants. Although the grievance committee may determine that the complaint should be dismissed or that a new subcommittee panel should adjudicate the grievance in a timely fashion, the grievance committee, absent prejudice, is free to act on the tardy subcommittee's recommendation. Accordingly, we conclude in this case that the subcommittee's failure to act within the prescribed time, although a violation of 51-90g (c), does not mandate dismissal of the complaint.
In related circumstances, constitutional and statutory rights to speedy trials have been vindicated by a consideration of a matrix of factors including, most importantly, prejudice rather than by invocation of a rule of automatic dismissal. See, e.g., Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 530, 92 S.Ct. 2182, 33 L.Ed.2d 101 (1972); State v. Herring, 210 Conn. 78, 89-90, 554 A.2d 686 (1959). The defendant does not allege that the delay has prejudiced him in any manner beyond delaying the final decision. We reserve for another day therefore the resolution of grievance procedure delays that are so prejudicial that they implicate the due process rights of an attorney charged with professional misconduct. In grievance proceedings, a defendant is entitled to due process including "notice of the charges against him, to a fair hearing, and a fair determination, in the exercise of a sound judicial discretion, of the questions at issue, and to an appeal to this court for the purpose of having it determined whether or not he has in some substantial manner been deprived of such rights." Grievance Committee v. Sinn, 125 Conn. 419, 422, 23 A.2d 516 (1941); see In re Application of Courtney, 162 Conn. 518, 523, 294 A.2d 569 (1972); In re Durant, 80 Conn. 140, 150, 67 A. 497 (1907).
Support for this interpretation is provided by the legislative history of Public Acts 1988, No. 88-152. This act, passed in 1988, without changing the statutory time constraints, amended 51-90g (c) to provide that the failure of the subcommittee to complete its action on a complaint within the time provided in the section "shall not be cause for dismissal of the complaint." (Emphasis added.) Its legislative history evidences no discussion of the added sentence. "[A] major change in legislative policy, we believe, would not have occurred without some sort of opposition or at least discussion in the legislature." George P. Gustin Associates, Inc. v. Dubno, 203 Conn. 198, 208, 524 A.2d 603 (1987). The legislature's silence, therefore, supports an inference that the legislators considered the additional sentence to be a clarification of 51-90g (c) rather than a departure from the original meaning of the section. See id. A clarifying act "`"in effect construes and clarifies a prior statute [and, therefore,] must be accepted as the legislative declaration of the meaning of the original act."'" State v. Magnano, 204 Conn. 259, 278, 528 A.2d 760 (1987); State v. Blasko, 202 Conn. 541, 556-57 522 A.2d 753 (1987); Tax Commissioner v. Estate of Bissell, 173 Conn. 232, 246, 377 A.2d 305 (1977).
General Statutes (Rev. to 1989) 51-90g (c) provides: "The subcommittee shall conclude any hearing or hearings and shall render its proposed decision not later than ninety days from the date the panel's determination of probable cause or no probable cause was filed with the state-wide grievance committee. The subcommittee may file a motion for extension of time not to exceed thirty days with the state-wide grievance committee which shall grant the motion only for good cause shown. If the subcommittee does not complete its action on a complaint within the period of time provided in this section, the state-wide grievance committee shall, on motion of the complainant or the respondent or on its own motion, inquire into the delay and determine the appropriate course of action. The failure of the subcommittee to complete its action on a complaint within the period of time provided in this section shall not be cause for dismissal of the complaint." (Emphasis added.)
Further, this amendment occurred after a prior complaint against the defendant had been dismissed for a similar committee failure to comply with the time constraints of 51-90g (c). We have stated that "`[if] the amendment was enacted soon after controversies arose as to the interpretation of the original act, it is logical to regard the amendment as a legislative interpretation of the original act . . . .'" State v. Blasko, supra, 558, quoting 1A J. Sutherland, supra, 22.31.
We therefore conclude that the delay by the subcommittee violated the provisions of 51-90g (c). We also conclude, however, that, despite the existence of such a violation, the statute does not require that the complaint be dismissed.
On cross appeal, the defendant contends that the trial court erred in failing to grant his motion to strike counts one and three of the presentment and his motion to dismiss count two. We decline to review those rulings, however, because we conclude that the trial court lacked jurisdiction to rule thereon.
At trial, as on appeal, the defendant contended that the court did not have jurisdiction to hear the case because of the grievance committee's alleged failure to comply with the time restraints of 51-90g (c). "`"Whenever the absence of jurisdiction is brought to the notice of the court or tribunal, cognizance of it must be taken and the matter passed upon before it `can move one further step in the cause; as any movement is necessarily the exercise of jurisdiction.' Rhode Island v. Massachusetts, 12 Pet. (37 U.S.) 657, 717 [1838]; Denton v. Danbury, 48 Conn. 368, 372."'" State v. Malkowski, 189 Conn. 101, 104, 454 A.2d 275 (1983); see Baldwin Piano Organ Co. v. Blake, 186 Conn. 295, 297-98, 441 A.2d 183 (1982); Kohn Display Woodworking Co. v. Paragon Paint Varnish Corporation, 166 Conn. 446, 448-49, 352 A.2d 301 (1974); Carten v. Carten, 153 Conn. 603, 610, 219 A.2d 711 (1966). Therefore, the trial court was required to address the defendant's jurisdictional challenge before ruling on his other motions. "Once it becomes clear that the trial court lacked subject matter jurisdiction to hear the plaintiffs' complaint, any further discussion of the merits is pure dicta. Lacking jurisdiction, neither the trial court nor this court should deliver an advisory opinion on matters entirely beyond our power to adjudicate." Doe v. Heintz, 204 Conn. 17, 38, 526 A.2d 1318 (1987) (Peters, C.J., concurring). When the trial court concluded, even erroneously, that subject matter jurisdiction was missing, the remainder of its rulings were merely advisory and we therefore decline to review them at this juncture.
The trial court granted the motion to dismiss without prejudice. The dismissal is, however, a final judgment on the issue of whether the court had subject matter jurisdiction to hear the complaint.