Summary
rejecting argument that inconsistency between State's formal charge and State's proof as to date of alleged act rendered conviction void, and noting that “time of commission is not an essential element calling for precise proof as pleaded”
Summary of this case from State v. FucciOpinion
Nos. 302-77 and 303-77
Opinion Filed June 20, 1979 Motion for Reargument Denied August 15, 1979
1. Constitutional Law — Double Jeopardy — Proof of Time of Offense
State did not have burden of proving that first count of lewd and lascivious conduct with minor child occurred on the 17th of October where three offenses, one on the 17th, one on the 18th, and one on the 19th, were alleged, on ground that proof of an offense charged on the 17th which may have in fact occurred past midnight raised the spectre of double jeopardy because of the offense on the 18th, for if two or more offenses were established, all on the 18th, there is no double jeopardy problem.
2. Constitutional Law — Speedy Trial — Measurement of Time
Measurement of time in cases raising issue of deprivation of a speedy trial begins with the arrest on the attacked charge, not the arrest on another charge, and reversal of convictions was not supported by fact the underlying offenses were charged some nine months after the charge supporting the original arrest and occurred at about the same time.
3. Indictment and Information — Presentment — Delay
Where trial judge directed that any additional counts involving the criminal incident with which defendant was charged be brought by July 15, defendant was arraigned on additional charges on August 19, they did not sufficiently establish probable cause in their affidavits and were rebrought on September 12, and defendant's motion to dismiss was denied, reversal was not required, for court provided that the new charges could not be used to enhance the sentence or otherwise cumulate the penalty for the original charge, and consideration of the new charges barred them from use as new complaints, by virtue of double jeopardy restrictions.
4. Criminal Law — Sentence — Evidence
Irrespective of diagnostic or therapeutic advantages, consistency with the basic concerns of criminal justice compels court to prohibit, even in sentencing proceedings, the use of mere assertions of criminal activities in any way in aid of determining disposition.
5. Criminal Law — Sentence — Evidence
In trial before judge without jury, on charges of lewd and lascivious conduct with a minor, hearsay information about criminal activities of a sexually deviant nature for which defendant was never charged, tried or convicted, objected to by defendant and considered by judge as having nothing to do with length of sentence but rather, as information relating to defendant's propensities and the type of sentence that would best address the defendant's problems, should not have been admitted and considered, and defendant was entitled to be resentenced; and to insure that there would be no inadvertent prejudice, the resentencing should be before a different judge.
Appeal from conviction of lewd and lascivious conduct with a minor. District Court, Unit No. 5, Washington Circuit, Bryan, J., presiding. Affirmed; sentence vacated; remanded for resentencing.
Gregory W. McNaughton, Washington County State's Attorney, and Philip H. White, Deputy State's Attorney, Montpelier, for Plaintiff.
James L. Morse, Defender General, William A. Nelson, Appellate Defender, David Curtis, Acting Appellate Defender, and Steve Dunham, Appellate Counsel, Montpelier, for Defendant.
Present: Barney, C.J., Daley, Larrow, Billings and Hill, JJ.
The defendant was charged by the state's attorney with lewd and lascivious conduct with a minor child in violation of 13 V.S.A. § 2602. Trial by jury was waived and the defendant found guilty of three offenses under this statute. The court found him not guilty of a kidnapping charge. Sentencing has been accomplished, and the defendant brings this appeal.
Three issues are raised. The first relates to the burden of the State to establish that the crime charged occurred on a particular day. This relates only to the first of the three charges making up the conviction. This portion of the information alleged that "on or about October 17, 1976" the defendant committed one of the acts with which he is charged. The argument of the defendant is that the particular act involved, under the evidence, probably was not committed until the early hours of October 18, a date on which the defendant was charged with a second offense.
With the law of this state expressly holding that, as to this crime, time of commission is not an essential element calling for precise proof as pleaded, State v. Daniels, 129 Vt. 143, 144, 274 A.2d 480 (1971), this claim of error looks elsewhere. The factual basis for the contention has a parallel in the facts of State v. Bleau, 132 Vt. 101, 103-04, 315 A.2d 448 (1974), which also dealt with the significance of time as part of certain criminal charges. In the Bleau case it is pointed out that not only was time not of the essence, but that the relationship of the criminal episode to midnight made the allegation of date necessarily uncertain, without amounting to a substantive shortcoming in the pleading.
The defendant argues that because the three counts of lewd and lascivious conduct upon which he was tried alleged offenses on or about October 17, 18 and 19 the State had a special burden to have its proof conform to the pleadings. The justification is said to be that with an offense already charged on the 18th, proof of an offense charged on the 17th that may have occurred past midnight somehow raises the spectre of double jeopardy on the 18th. The plain answer is that if two, or even three separate offenses were established, all on the 18th, there is no double jeopardy problem. Otherwise a criminal committing repeated offenses on the same date acquires a kind of immunity after the first one. This is, of course, not the law. So long as the proof sufficiently establishes the individual repeat offenses, the coincidence of date alone is no defect. In any event, the evidence is sufficient to support the findings of the trial court.
The defendant also raises an issue he identifies as a "speedy trial" issue. It relates to the action of the State in bringing two additional charges of lewd and lascivious behavior with the same minor. The offenses were alleged to have occurred at about the same time as the charge supporting the original arrest, but were not filed until some nine months later. For some reason the defendant ascribes the condemnation of Administrative Order 5, 12 V.S.A. App. VIII, and the constitutional claim to the charges brought nearest the time of trial. The measurement of time in cases raising the issue of deprivation of a speedy trial begins with the arrest, not on some other charge, but on the charge attacked. The measurement of delay applied to a criminal charge cannot commence until that charge is brought against the defendant. State v. Dragon, 130 Vt. 570, 298 A.2d 856 (1972). The defendant here did not ask for dismissal of the delayed charge, but rather of the two charges upon which trial was had within one week of service. This position will not support reversal.
The matter does merit further comment, however. The defendant had a real complaint when the State failed to comply with the trial judge's direction to bring any additional counts involving the criminal incident being prosecuted by July 15, 1977. In fact, the defendant was not arraigned on the new counts until August 19, 1977. These did not sufficiently establish probable cause in their affidavits to avoid dismissal. They were rebrought on September 12. The defendant objected, but his motion to dismiss was denied.
This motion was based on the same speedy trial contentions already noted, and also raised the issue of compliance with the trial court's instructions, to which the State agreed. It is the position of the defendant that for the trial court to do anything less than dismiss the additional charges was an abuse of discretion, and should be reversed here.
What the trial court did do was limit the consequences of the additional charges. This case was tried to the court, and the judge informed the State that, although the late filing would be permitted, the charges, if established, would not enhance the sentence or otherwise cumulate the penalty to be assessed if the original charge was proved. This ruling benefitted the defendant in the sense that the consideration of these charges would bar them from use as the basis of new and separate complaints, by virtue of double jeopardy restrictions. He also got the benefit of their disposition without sentencing penalty.
This was an appropriate exercise of discretion by the trial court. Nowhere is it established that the delayed filing of the amendments affected the trial date previously set. That trial date has never been a matter of complaint with respect to the initial lewd and lascivious conduct charge. As already noted, the previously set trial date required that the additional charges go to trial within a week, but this expedition is not complained of, nor will it support the speedy trial issue. The actions of the trial court were within the ambit of its discretion and represented no wrongful disregard of any rights of the defendant as presented to the court.
It is contended here that there was placed before the trial court hearsay information about criminal activities of a sexually deviant nature on the part of the defendant for which he had never been charged, tried or convicted. The defendant objected to such information, and the trial judge responded that he did not view it as having to do with the length of the sentence but rather as information relating to the defendant's propensities and the type of sentence that would best address the defendant's problems.
Irrespective of diagnostic or therapeutic advantages, consistency with the basic concerns of criminal justice compel us to prohibit, even in sentencing proceedings, the use of mere assertions of criminal activities in any way in aid of determining disposition. The ease with which such untried allegations could become the basis for sentencing sanctions is all too apparent. As Justice Marshall put it in Dunn v. United States, 442 U.S. 100, 107, 99 S. Ct. 2190, 2194 (1979), citing Cole v. Arkansas, 333 U.S. 196, 201 (1948):
[I]t is as much a violation of due process to send an accused to prison following conviction of a charge on which he was never tried as it would be to convict him upon a charge that was never made.
For an analogous holding on the civil side, see Bristol v. Schwolow, 122 Vt. 311, 313, 170 A.2d 639 (1961).
With the concern so clear, the result must follow: the defendant is entitled to be resentenced without the presentation of claim of criminal acts never validated by judgment of conviction. This is consistent with the appropriate content of presentence considerations as set out in ABA Standards, Probation § 2.3, Commentary at 37 (Approved Draft, 1970). To insure no inadvertent prejudice, the resentencing should be before a different judge.
The judgments of conviction are affirmed, the sentences vacated and the cause is remanded for resentencing in accordance with the views expressed in the opinion.