Summary
In State v. Tingle, 239 Neb. 558, 477 N.W.2d 544 (1991), the defendant challenged the authority of a city police officer to arrest the defendant outside of the territory of the city the officer served.
Summary of this case from State v. ConnickOpinion
No. 90-538.
Filed November 22, 1991.
1. Motions to Suppress: Appeal and Error. In determining the correctness of a trial court's ruling on a motion to suppress, the Supreme Court will uphold the trial court's findings of fact unless those findings of fact are clearly erroneous. 2. ___: ___. In determining whether a trial court's findings on a motion to suppress are clearly erroneous, the Supreme Court does not reweigh the evidence or resolve conflicts in the evidence, but, rather, recognizes the trial court as the finder of fact and takes into consideration that the trial court has observed witnesses testifying in regard to such motion. 3. Police Officers and Sheriffs: Arrests: Jurisdiction. The power of a police officer at common law to make an arrest without a warrant is limited to the boundaries of the governmental unit by which he was appointed, unless the police officer is acting in fresh and continued pursuit of a suspected felon who has committed an offense in the officer's presence and within his territorial jurisdiction. 4. Police Officers and Sheriffs: Arrests: Jurisdiction: Statutes. A local peace officer acting outside the territorial limits of the jurisdiction under which he holds office is without official power to apprehend an offender, unless he is authorized to do so by state statute. 5. Police Officers and Sheriffs: Arrests: Drunk Driving: Jurisdiction: Statutes. There is no Nebraska statute authorizing a police officer of a city of the second class to arrest a suspect for misdemeanor driving while under the influence of alcohol outside the officer's geographical jurisdiction. 6. Statutes. Interpreting a statute is a question of law. 7. Appeal and Error. On questions of law, the Supreme Court has an obligation to reach a conclusion independent of that reached by the trial court. 8. Statutes: Legislature: Intent. The obligations of the court in consideration and application of a statute is to determine and give effect to the purpose and intention of the Legislature as ascertained from the entire language thereof considered in its plain, ordinary, and popular sense. 9. Statutes. Statutes which effect a change in the common law or take away a common-law right should be strictly construed. 10. ___. In construing a statute, courts will try to avoid a construction which lends itself to an absurd, unjust, or unconscionable result. 11. Police Officers and Sheriffs: Misdemeanors: Jurisdiction: Case Overruled. To the extent that State v. Green, 236 Neb. 33, 458 N.W.2d 472 (1990), implies that fresh pursuit outside an officer's geographical jurisdiction is applicable to misdemeanor suspects, it is overruled. 12. Constitutional Law: Search and Seizure: Evidence: Trial. Evidence obtained as the fruit of an illegal search or seizure, in violation of the fourth amendment to the U.S. Constitution and Neb. Const. art I, 7, is inadmissible in a state prosecution and must be excluded. 13. Criminal Law: Arrests. Although the illegality of the arrest in question gives rise to collateral rights and remedies such as the exclusionary rule, it ordinarily is not a defense to the crime for which the arrest is made. 14. Motions to Dismiss. The act of a defendant in adducing evidence after the defendant's motion to dismiss is overruled at the close of the State's evidence operates as a waiver of any error in the trial court's overruling of the motion.
Appeal from the District Court for Antelope County, MERRITT C. WARREN, Judge, on appeal thereto from the County Court for Antelope County, STEPHEN P. FINN, Judge. Judgment of District Court reversed, and cause remanded with directions.
Mark A. Johnson for appellant.
Robert M. Spire, Attorney General, and Donald E. Hyde for appellee.
HASTINGS, C.J., BOSLAUGH, WHITE, CAPORALE, SHANAHAN, GRANT, and FAHRNBRUCH, JJ.
Claiming that evidence obtained after she was arrested should have been suppressed, Shirley L. Tingle appeals her conviction for second-offense driving while under the influence of alcohol (DWI). She originally was convicted in the Antelope County Court. Tingle appealed to the district court for Antelope County, which affirmed the defendant's conviction.
We agree with Tingle that in the absence of statutory authority it is not permissible for a police officer in a city of the second class to pursue and arrest a misdemeanant suspect beyond the limits of the officer's geographical jurisdiction.
Since Tingle was arrested outside the arresting officer's geographical jurisdiction, evidence obtained as a result of the defendant's arrest should have been suppressed. We therefore reverse the conviction and remand the cause to the district court, with instructions to remand it to the trial court for a new trial.
The record reflects that on August 31, 1989, at approximately 2 p.m., Officer Arvin Brandt of the Neligh Police Department received a radio dispatch requesting his presence at the Antelope County sheriff's office. Upon reaching that office, Brandt met Thomas Lanz, an insurance adjuster for Farm Bureau Insurance Company, who reported that Tingle had been in his place of business and appeared intoxicated. Lanz observed that Tingle did not park her car straight in front of his office, that she was unsure of her footing as she walked into his office, that she had trouble opening the door, and that once inside, Tingle's speech was slurred while she conversed with Lanz. Lanz described Tingle's automobile to Brandt, although the officer already knew the vehicle Tingle drove.
Brandt located the vehicle, parked in downtown Neligh, a city of the second class. The officer parked his cruiser and waited for Tingle to return to her vehicle. When Tingle returned to her vehicle, Brandt observed her as she drove first back to the insurance office momentarily and then west away from Neligh. Brandt followed immediately behind the defendant's vehicle. While within the city limits, Brandt observed Tingle's vehicle weave twice across the white line on the shoulder of the road about half the width of her vehicle and then twice across the centerline, once at least one-fourth the width of her vehicle. Brandt activated his overhead lights in an attempt to stop the defendant. Tingle passed another vehicle, at which Brandt turned on his siren. Tingle failed to stop until she was 3 miles outside the Neligh city limits. Her speed hit 72 m.p.h. in a 55-m.p.h. zone. It was approximately 2:30 p.m. when Tingle was stopped on the highway.
Upon approaching the defendant's vehicle, Brandt noticed a slight odor of alcohol about Tingle. When asked to produce her driver's license, Tingle fumbled through her billfold and produced a credit card. Then, in the presence of a sheriff's deputy and a matron who had arrived at the scene at Brandt's request, Brandt asked Tingle to step out of the car and perform two field sobriety tests. After she failed these tests, Brandt placed Tingle under arrest for DWI and transported her to the sheriff's office. After signing an implied consent form, Tingle was given a breath test at 3:06 p. m. That showed a result of .188 grams of alcohol per 210 liters of Tingle's breath. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 39-669.07(3) (Reissue 1988) provides in substance that it shall be unlawful for any person to operate or be in the actual physical control of any motor vehicle "[w]hen such person has a concentration of ten-hundredths of one gram or more by weight of alcohol per two hundred ten liters of his or her breath."
Tingle was charged with DWI, second offense, a Class W misdemeanor under 39-669.07. Her motion to suppress evidence obtained as a result of her arrest was overruled. Subsequently, a jury found Tingle guilty of driving while under the influence of alcohol, and thereafter, the court found the conviction to be Tingle's second offense. The defendant was sentenced to 30 days in jail and fined $500, and her driver's license was suspended for 1 year. The district court for Antelope County affirmed Tingle's conviction and sentence, and the defendant timely appealed to this court.
In her first assignment of error, Tingle claims that
the lower court erred by failing to suppress any and all evidence obtained from the defendant, including statements by defendant, breath test results and officers' observations after defendant's arrest, as such arrest was made by an officer of the city of Neligh, Nebraska, outside the officer's jurisdiction to arrest, and as such such evidence was seized as the result of an exploitation of an illegal arrest.
In determining the correctness of a trial court's ruling on a motion to suppress, the Supreme Court will uphold the trial court's findings of fact unless those findings of fact are clearly erroneous. State v. Gibbs, 238 Neb. 268, 470 N.W.2d 558 (1991). In determining whether a trial court's findings on a motion to suppress are clearly erroneous, the Supreme Court does not reweigh the evidence or resolve conflicts in the evidence, but, rather, recognizes the trial court as the finder of fact and takes into consideration that the trial court has observed witnesses testifying in regard to such motion. State v. Walker, 236 Neb. 155, 459 N.W.2d 527 (1990).
"[T]he power of a police officer at common law to make an arrest without a warrant is limited to the boundaries of the governmental unit by which he was appointed, unless the police officer is acting in fresh and continued pursuit of a suspected felon who has committed an offense in the officer's presence and within his territorial jurisdiction."
Com. v. O'Hara, 30 Mass. App. 608, 609, 571 N.E.2d 51, 52 (1991), quoting Commonwealth v. Grise, 398 Mass. 247, 496 N.E.2d 162 (1986). It is clear that the common-law exception of "fresh pursuit" does not apply to Tingle's case. As stated, DWI under 39-669.07 is a misdemeanor, whereas common-law fresh pursuit is limited to felonies.
There being no authority under common law to arrest a misdemeanant suspect outside an officer's geographical jurisdiction, the State must rely upon statutory authorization to prove that Tingle's arrest was lawful. See Perry v. State, 303 Ark. 100, 102, 794 S.W.2d 141, 142 (1990) ("[a] local peace officer acting without a warrant outside the territorial limits of the jurisdiction under which he holds office is without official power to apprehend an offender, unless he is authorized to do so by state statute"). Other states have allowed extraterritorial misdemeanor arrests under statutes that include (1) allowing the fresh pursuit of a misdemeanant outside a jurisdiction by express statutory language, see, Inc. County of Los Alamos v. Johnson, 108 N.M. 633, 776 P.2d 1252 (1989); State v. Englehardt, 465 So.2d 1366 (Fla. App. 1985); State v. Cochran, 372 A.2d 193 (Del. 1977); State, Department of Public Safety v. Douglas Kaye Nystrom, 299 Minn. 224, 217 N.W.2d 201 (1974); and City of Scottsdale v. Kokaska, 17 Ariz. App. 120, 495 P.2d 1327 (1972), or by language sufficiently broad to encompass misdemeanors, see, People v. Carraher, 199 Ill. App.3d 965, 557 N.E.2d 975 (1990); Commonwealth v. LeBlanc, 407 Mass. 70, 551 N.E.2d 906 (1990); Com. v. Fetsick, 392 Pa. Super. 264, 572 A.2d 793 (1990); City of Junction City v. Riley, 240 Kan. 614, 731 P.2d 310 (1987), appeal dismissed 482 U.S. 911, 107 S. Ct. 3179, 96 L. Ed. 2d 669, cert. denied 482 U.S. 917, 107 S. Ct. 3191, 96 L. Ed. 2d 679; and State v. McCarthy, 123 N.J. Super. 513, 303 A.2d 626 (1973); and (2) allowing police officers to arrest as private citizens when outside their jurisdiction, see, State v. Littlewind, 417 N.W.2d 361 (N.D. 1987); Windschitl v. Commissioner of Public Safety, 355 N.W.2d 146 (Minn. 1984); and People v. Bashans, 80 Mich. App. 702, 265 N.W.2d 170 (1978).
In Nebraska, all of the above possibilities are inapplicable. Nebraska's Uniform Act on Fresh Pursuit applies only to police officers from another state entering this state. See, Neb. Rev. Stat. § 29-416 to 29-421 (Reissue 1989). For intrastate fresh pursuit, resort must be had to the common law, which, as previously stated, only includes felonies. There is no Nebraska statute authorizing a police officer of a city of the second class to arrest a suspect for a misdemeanor DWI outside the officer's geographical jurisdiction. Nebraska's private-citizen statute allows warrantless arrests by a person not an officer only for felonies or petit larceny. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 29-402 (Reissue 1989).
In essence, the State argues that Neb. Rev. Stat. § 17-118 (Cum. Supp. 1990) extends the jurisdiction of police officers for cities of the second class to that of the sheriff in the county in which they operate. Section 17-118 provides:
The police officers of the city shall have power to arrest all offenders against the laws of the state or of the city, by day or by night, in the same manner as the sheriff and to keep such offenders in the city prison or other place to prevent their escape until trial can be had before the proper officer.
(Emphasis supplied.) Similar statutes are found for all other classes of Nebraska cities. See, Neb. Rev. Stat. § 14-605 (Reissue 1987) (metropolitan class), 15-326 (Cum. Supp. 1990) (primary class), and 16-323 (Cum. Supp. 1990) (first class).
Interpreting a statute is a question of law. State v. Ewing, 221 Neb. 462, 378 N.W.2d 158 (1985). On questions of law, the Supreme Court has an obligation to reach a conclusion independent of that reached by the trial court. State v. Jacobsen, 238 Neb. 511, 471 N.W.2d 427 (1991); Billups v. Nebraska Dept. of Corr. Servs. Appeals Bd., 238 Neb. 39, 469 N.W.2d 120 (1991). The obligation of the court in consideration and application of a statute is to determine and give effect to the purpose and intention of the Legislature as ascertained from the entire language thereof considered in its plain, ordinary, and popular sense. Adkisson v. City of Columbus, 214 Neb. 129, 333 N.W.2d 661 (1983). Statutes which effect a change in the common law or take away a common-law right should he strictly construed. Mason v. Schumacher, 231 Neb. 929, 439 N.W.2d 61 (1989).
The flaw in the State's reasoning is the distinction between power, duty, and jurisdiction. Loosely translated in their plain, ordinary, and popular sense, these elements correspond to "what the police may do," "what they must do," and "where they may do it." This distinction is clearly laid out in Neb. Rev. Stat. § 81-2006 (Reissue 1987), which refers to the State Patrol and states: "Performance of all duties, powers, and exercise of jurisdiction . . . shall extend to all freeways . . . ." It is only the cities of the metropolitan class that are covered by a statute which specifically extends the jurisdiction of police officers beyond that of the common law. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 14-603 (Reissue 1987) provides that the chief of police's "jurisdiction and that of his or her officers in the service of process in all criminal cases and in cases for the violation of city ordinances shall be coextensive with the county." It is clear that 17-118 and similar statutes do not provide countywide jurisdiction for police officers. These statutes merely refer to the "power" to make certain arrests. See State v. LeBlanc, 149 Vt. 141, 540 A.2d 1037 (1987), where the court refused to interpret a general statute to provide police officers statewide jurisdiction similar to that of sheriffs, absent explicit statutory language. Absent statutory or common-law authority, city police officers may not make warrantless misdemeanor arrests outside their jurisdiction. See, e.g., Neb. Rev. Stat. § 23-1704 (Reissue 1987) (sheriffs do have power to summon assistance).
In support of its proposition that 17-118 does confer countywide jurisdiction, the State cites State v. Carpenter, 181 Neb. 639, 150 N.W.2d 129 (1967), cert. denied 392 U.S. 944, 88 S. Ct. 2288, 20 L. Ed. 2d 1406 (1968), which raised the issue of whether police officers had the right to stop a defendant's vehicle outside the city limits. In Carpenter, supra, police officers in Blair, Nebraska, had instructions to note any suspicious vehicles in the area because of a rash of local burglaries. Sometime between 3 and 3:30 a.m. two officers noticed a vehicle licensed in another county slowly cruising the streets of Blair. It appeared that the driver attempted to evade the officers when they approached the vehicle. The officers finally stopped the vehicle outside the city limits. When one of the occupants exited the vehicle, his feet struck something that gave off a metallic sound. The officers looked through the open door and saw pry bars. The defendant complied with a request of the officers that he drive his car to the police station in Blair. It was at the police station that the defendant was arrested and subsequently charged with two separate felonies. Despite the State's contentions, Carpenter, supra, is clearly distinguishable from the case at bar. That action did not involve an arrest outside the officers' jurisdiction. This court held that although the defendant was stopped outside the city limits, he was not arrested until he arrived at the Blair police station. Secondly, the arrest was for two felonies, possession of burglary tools and breaking and entering, not for misdemeanors. Finally, specific statutory reliance for the stop was made on Neb. Rev. Stat. § 29-829 (Reissue 1989), which provides in part:
A peace officer may stop any person in a public place whom he reasonably suspects of committing, who has committed, or who is about to commit a crime and may demand of him his name, address and an explanation of his actions. When a peace officer has stopped a person for questioning pursuant to this section and reasonably suspects he is in danger of life or limb, he may search such person for a dangerous weapon. If the peace officer finds such a weapon . . . he may . . . arrest such person.
To whatever extent 29-829 arguably allows for extraterritorial stops, it only allows arrests for possession of dangerous weapons and is thus inapplicable to the facts of this case. The defendant does not claim error with respect to the initial investigative stop.
The State also relies upon State v. Green, 236 Neb. 33, 41, 458 N.W.2d 472, 477 (1990), in which this court in dicta remarked that a jury instruction which stated, "`A city police officer has the authority to stop and arrest a person outside the city limits if a misdemeanor offense was committed in his presence within the city limits,'" correctly stated the law. This case is distinguishable because the defendant in Green, supra, conceded the instruction was a correct statement of the law, and no authority was given for its proposition. As previously stated in this action, fresh pursuit in Nebraska is not applicable to misdemeanors. To the extent that State v. Green, supra, implies that fresh pursuit outside the officer's geographical jurisdiction is applicable to misdemeanor suspects, it is overruled.
In State v. O'Kelly, 175 Neb. 798, 124 N.W.2d 211 (1963), cert. denied 376 U.S. 956, 84 S. Ct. 978, 11 L. Ed. 2d 975 (1964), this court recognized that evidence obtained as the fruit of an illegal search or seizure, in violation of the fourth amendment to the U.S. Constitution and article I, 7, of the Nebraska Constitution, is inadmissible in a state prosecution and must be excluded. See, also, Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471, 83 S. Ct. 407, 9 L. Ed. 2d 441 (1963). After concluding that, as a matter of law, Officer Brandt was without statutory or common-law authority to make the questioned arrest, we hold that the arrest was constitutionally illegal and that the trial court was clearly wrong in not suppressing all evidence obtained subsequent to such arrest.
Although the illegality of the arrest in question gives rise to collateral rights and remedies such as the exclusionary rule recognized in O'Kelly, supra, it ordinarily is not a defense to the crime for which the arrest is made. See State v. Knudsen, 201 Neb. 584, 270 N.W.2d 926 (1978). See, also State v. Smith, 207 Neb. 263, 298 N.W.2d 162 (1980) (illegality of arrest does not deprive State of opportunity to prove guilt through the introduction of untainted evidence). Here, the validity of the arrest is of no consequence so far as the prosecution of the offense is concerned. See, e.g., State v. Green, 238 Neb. 328, 342, 470 N.W.2d 736, 748 (1991):
It is not necessary for a conviction for driving under the influence of alcoholic liquor that a sample of blood, breath, or urine show a certain concentration of alcohol in a defendant's blood, breath, or urine, as those are alternate offenses under 39-669.07. [Citations omitted]. "Either a law enforcement officer's observations of a defendant's intoxicated behavior or the defendant's poor performance on field sobriety tests constitutes sufficient evidence to sustain a conviction of driving while under the influence of alcoholic beverages. . . ."
For purposes of remand we note that the arrest did not occur until after Tingle failed the field sobriety tests. There is evidence in the record sufficient to support the conclusion that the police officer did not intend to arrest Tingle until after she failed the sobriety tests. See State v. Prahin, 235 Neb. 409, 413, 455 N.W.2d 554, 558 (1990) ("person is seized within the meaning of the fourth amendment only if, in view of all the circumstances surrounding the incident, a reasonable person would have believed that he or she was not free to leave").
Based on the foregoing analysis this court concludes that the trial court was clearly wrong in finding that the police officer had authority to arrest the defendant, and in failing to apply the exclusionary rule to evidence received subsequent to Tingle's arrest.
In the defendant's second assignment of error, she claims that "the trial court erred in allowing into evidence results of the breath test upon defendant over objection of counsel as no expert testimony was given to show the correlation between a breath test result at 3:06 p.m. and what the defendant may have had in her breath at the time she was driving 40 minutes earlier." This court need not address the merits of this assignment of error because of the conclusion regarding the first assignment of error that such breath test result is inadmissible.
In her third and final assignment of error, the defendant claims that the trial court erred in failing to grant defendant's motion to dismiss at the end of the State's evidence. The act of a defendant in adducing evidence after the defendant's motion to dismiss is overruled at the close of the State's evidence operates as a waiver of any error in the trial court's overruling of the motion. State v. Coburn, 218 Neb. 144, 352 N.W.2d 605 (1984). See, also, State v. Hellbusch, 213 Neb. 894, 331 N.W.2d 815 (1983). Since the defendant adduced evidence after her motion was overruled and failed to renew the motion at the end of the defendant's evidence, the assigned error is meritless.
Since there is merit in the defendant's first assignment of error, we reverse, and remand this cause for a new trial not inconsistent with this opinion.
REVERSED AND REMANDED WITH DIRECTIONS.