Summary
holding as unconstitutionally vague a statute identical to EMC 10.24.060
Summary of this case from Everett v. MooreOpinion
No. B42-304, CA 9142
Argued December 16, 1977, affirmed March 13, 1978
Appeal from District Court, Lane County.
Frank R. Alderson, Judge.
Thomas H. Denney, Assistant Attorney General, Salem, argued the cause for appellant. With him on the brief were James A. Redden, Attorney General, and Al J. Laue, Solicitor General, Salem.
Dean S. Kaufman, Eugene, argued the cause for respondent. With him on the brief was Bennett Kaufman, Eugene.
Before Tanzer, Presiding Judge, and Johnson and Roberts, Judges.
Affirmed.
TANZER, P. J.
The state appeals an order of the district court sustaining a demurrer to a criminal complaint on the ground that the facts stated therein do not state a cause of action because the underlying statute is unconstitutionally vague. The complaint alleges:
"The defendant on or about the 5th day of July, 1977, * * * did unlawfully and with the intent to harass, annoy and alarm [the victim], engage in a course of conduct that alarmed and seriously annoyed * * * and served no legitimate purpose, to-wit: threatening to kill [the victim] on at least four occasions * * *."
The offense charged is harassment as defined by ORS 166.065(1)(d), which provides:
"(1) A person commits the crime of harassment if, with intent to harass, annoy or alarm another person, he:
"* * * * *
"(d) Engages in a course of conduct that alarms or seriously annoys another person and which serves no legitimate purpose."
We express no opinion regarding the other subsections of the harassment statute.
The charging instrument is in the language of the statute and indicates the specific act complained of. It is sufficient to charge a crime, State v. Jim/White, 13 Or. App. 201, 508 P.2d 462 rev den (1973), unless the underlying statute is invalid. Therefore, this case presents the issue which we expressly reserved in State v. Sallinger, 11 Or. App. 592, 597, 504 P.2d 1383 (1972), namely whether ORS 166.065(1)(d) is unconstitutionally vague.
Defendant contends that we need not reach the constitutional issue because the complaint does not allege conduct which is proscribed by ORS 166.065(1)(d). The complaint charges that defendant threatened to kill the victim. Defendant argues that this allegation only involves speech and that words alone cannot constitute a "course of conduct" as required by the statute. This contention cannot be sustained. Assuming for argument that a course of conduct must necessarily involve more than speech, defendant's argument is based upon the erroneous assumption that a threat must be purely verbal.
The basis of the vagueness doctrine is the due process clause. Its rationale has been variously articulated, and all statements rest ultimately on the capacity for even application.
To survive constitutional scrutiny, a statute must provide an adequate standard for judicial determination of whether an individual's conduct is criminal. City of Portland v. James, 251 Or. 8, 14, 444 P.2d 554 (1968). It must establish a basis for the trial judge's decision of whether to submit a case to the jury and it must provide a framework within which the jury can determine guilt or innocence. A statute which does not provide such a standard for judicial application is void because it invests the judge and jury with uncontrolled discretion to impose the criminal sanction. State v. Hodges, 254 Or. 21, 27, 457 P.2d 491 (1969).
We have said that a statute which defines criminal conduct is void for vagueness if language describing elements of the offense is so elastic that men of common intelligence must necessarily guess at its meaning. City of Portland v. White, 9 Or. App. 239, 242, 495 P.2d 778 rev den (1972). More theoretically, it is often said that a statute is unconstitutionally vague if it does not adequately notify potential defendants of its scope and reach, see, e.g., State ex rel Juv. Dept. v. D., 27 Or. App. 861, 864, 557 P.2d 687 rev den (1976), appeal dismissed 434 U.S. 914 (1977), but it is doubtful that many offenders check Oregon Revised Statutes before deciding to do questionably nefarious deeds.
But see ORS 161.025(1)(c):
"(1) The general purposes of chapter 743, Oregon Laws 1971, are:
"* * * * *
"(c) To give fair warning of the nature of the conduct declared to constitute an offense and of the sentences authorized upon conviction."
The words of the statute do not provide standards capable of judicial application. The basic deficiency is that the phrase "alarms or seriously annoys" gives no basis to distinguish between anti-social conduct which was intended to be prohibited and socially tolerable conduct which could not reasonably have been intended to be subject to criminal sanction. This is for two reasons: The over-generality of the language and its subjective quality.
As an example of the first, people who consistently appear late for appointments engage in a course of conduct which alarms or seriously annoys others for no legitimate purpose. The effect of a series of obscenely threatening telephone calls could be similarly described. It is inconceivable that the legislature could have intended the former case to be a crime, but entirely conceivable that the latter case could be considered criminal, yet the statute describes both offenses. The problem of the statute is that it fails to provide any standard by which police, judges and juries can distinguish between innocuous and criminal acts. The inclusion of the word "seriously" evidences a legislative recognition of the problem and informs us that not every tease or social slight was intended, but it has limited definitional value. It does not enable one to distinguish between innocent and criminal annoyance as a matter of degree.
In the absence of language providing guidance for even application, the parameters of the criminal conduct defined by the statute are so elastic that the judicial determination of guilt or innocence in each individual prosecution must necessarily be ad hoc, unregulated by legislative standards. Accordingly, ORS 166.065(1)(d) on its face does not satisfy the vagueness standard. State v. Hodges.
A vaguely worded statute will not be held void if it is susceptible to a limiting construction which will relieve it of constitutional infirmity. State v. Hodges, 254 Or at 26; State v. Smith, 31 Or. App. 749, 751, 571 P.2d 542 (1977); City of Portland v. White, 9 Or App at 241. Such limiting judicial construction is possible if the underlying purpose of the statute is apparent from the statute's prior judicial interpretation or legislative history.
Here, the statutory language is not revealing and the offense is too recently enacted to have acquired a judicial gloss. The legislative history indicates an intention to create a catchall offense. The challenged subsection of the harassment statute was expressly intended to be simply "a dragnet provision * * * to reach myriad forms of harassment that cannot be specifically enumerated." Oregon Criminal Code of 1971, 219, Commentary, § 223 (1975 ed). Thus, it appears that the legislature used deliberately general language to create a statute elastic enough to encompass a wide range of undefined conduct. It succeeded all too well. Because the legislative purpose in enacting the statute provides no basis for judicial narrowing of its scope, the statute is not susceptible to salvation by interpretation and it must be set aside. Cf., State v. Hodges, 254 Or at 25.
Affirmed.