Opinion
(AC 17628)
Convicted of the crimes of possession of a narcotic substance, possession of a narcotic substance within 1500 feet of a public school and a public housing project, possession of a narcotic substance with intent to sell, possession of a narcotic substance with intent to sell by a person who is not drug-dependent and possession of a narcotic substance with intent to sell within 1500 feet of a public school and a public housing project, the defendant appealed to this court. He claimed, inter alia, that the trial court improperly denied his motion to suppress narcotics found in a canister that he had dropped while fleeing from the police Held: 1. The defendant could not prevail on his claim that the trial court impermissibly considered his flight in determining that the police had a reasonable and articulable suspicion to justify ordering him to stop and place his hands on a nearby vehicle; that court's oral ruling and its articulation of that ruling clearly indicated that it did not consider the defendant's flight in making the determination that a reasonable and articulable suspicion of criminal activity existed. 2. The defendant's challenges to the trial court's evidentiary rulings were unavailing; he did not preserve his objection to opinion testimony that the narcotics were packaged for sale, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding, on relevancy grounds, evidence that he had proffered to establish possible bias and motive by the police to fabricate evidence, and that court properly allowed testimony on cross-examination by the state concerning the reason for the destruction of drug evidence in a previous case to clarify testimony elicited by the defendant on direct examination. 3. The trial court improperly imposed sentences of unconditional discharge on three counts of the amended information that were lesser offenses included in greater offenses; the collateral consequences of multiple convictions was sufficient to warrant combining the convictions and vacating the sentences of unconditional discharge.
Argued September 24, 1999
Officially released December 21, 1999
Amended information charging the defendant with the crimes of possession of a narcotic substance, possession of a narcotic substance within 1500 feet of a public secondary school and a public housing project, possession of a narcotic substance with intent to sell, possession of a narcotic substance with intent to sell by a person who is not drug-dependent and possession of a narcotic substance with intent to sell within 1500 feet of a public secondary school and a public housing project, brought to the Superior Court in the judicial district of Hartford, geographical area number fourteen, where the court, Turner, J., denied the defendant's motion to suppress certain evidence; thereafter, the matter was tried to the jury; verdict and judgment of guilty, from which the defendant appealed to this court. Reversed in part; judgment directed.
Alice M. Sexton, special public defender, for the appellant (defendant).
Christopher T. Godialis, assistant state's attorney, with whom, on the brief, were James E. Thomas, state's attorney, and Rachel M. Baird, assistant state's attorney, for the appellee (state).
Opinion
The defendant, Felix Rivera, appeals from the judgment of conviction, rendered after a jury trial, of possession of a narcotic substance in violation of General Statutes § 21a-279 (a), possession of a narcotic substance within 1500 feet of a public school and a public housing project in violation of General Statutes § 21a-279 (d), possession of a narcotic substance with intent to sell in violation of General Statutes § 21a-277 (a), possession of a narcotic substance with intent to sell by a person who is not drug-dependent in violation of General Statutes § 21a-278 (b), and possession of a narcotic substance with intent to sell within 1500 feet of a public school and a public housing project in violation of General Statutes § 21a-278a (b). The defendant claims that the trial court improperly (1) denied his motion to suppress narcotics evidence, (2) ruled on evidentiary matters and (3) sentenced him on the first three counts of the amended information. We affirm the judgment of the trial court in part and reverse it in part.
The following facts and procedural history are necessary to a resolution of this appeal. On February 10, 1996, at approximately 10:45 a.m., Officer Mark Castagna of the Hartford police department observed three individuals, including the defendant, in an area known for street level drug activity. He observed a male hand currency to a female, and he then witnessed the defendant hand a small object to the male. Believing that a drug transaction had occurred, Castagna ordered the three individuals to stop and to place their hands on an adjacent vehicle. The defendant fled, and, during the ensuing brief foot chase, another Hartford police officer, Matthew Rooney, observed the defendant drop a black film canister. After the defendant was apprehended, Rooney found the black film canister, which contained eighteen small envelopes with a heroin-cocaine mix, near the defendant. The defendant's pretrial motion to suppress the narcotics evidence was denied.
I
The defendant claims first that Castagna's order to the defendant, commanding him to place his hands on an adjacent vehicle, constituted an illegal seizure under the state and federal constitutions, and that the fruits of that seizure, including the narcotics found in the film canister should, therefore, not have been admitted into evidence at trial. The defendant claims further that the trial court improperly considered the flight by the defendant in determining that Castagna's order was proper. We disagree.
The state does not dispute that Castagna seized the defendant when he ordered him to place his hands on an adjacent vehicle. Accordingly, we will assume, without deciding, that a seizure did occur at that point. We must, therefore, determine whether that seizure was permissible under the fourth amendment to the United States constitution, and article first, § 7, of the constitution of Connecticut.
"Under both the federal and state constitutions, police may detain an individual for investigative purposes if there is a reasonable and articulable suspicion that the individual is engaged in or about to engage in criminal activity." State v. Groomes, 232 Conn. 455, 467-68, 656 A.2d 646 (1995). A court reviewing the legality of a stop must examine the specific information available to the police officer at the time of the detention and any rational inferences that may be drawn therefrom. State v. Oquendo, 223 Conn. 635, 654, 613 A.2d 1300 (1992). "The determination of whether a reasonable and articulable suspicion exists involves a two-part analysis: (1) whether the underlying factual findings of the trial court are clearly erroneous; and (2) whether the conclusion that those facts gave rise to such a suspicion is legally correct. . . . The trial court's conclusions must stand unless they are legally and logically inconsistent with the facts." (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Kyles, 221 Conn. 643, 660, 607 A.2d 355 (1992).
The defendant maintains that the trial court impermissibly considered postseizure facts in reaching its conclusion that the seizure was proper. This is not the case. In deciding whether Castagna had a reasonable and articulable suspicion sufficient to justify ordering the defendant to place his hands on an adjacent vehicle, the trial court relied only on the information available to Castagna before he attempted to stop the defendant. The trial court's oral ruling denying the defendant's motion to suppress, and its articulation of that ruling, both clearly indicate that the trial court did not consider the flight of the defendant in determining that Castagna had a reasonable and articulable suspicion that the defendant was engaged in criminal activity when he seized the defendant.
The trial court, in its oral ruling on the motion to suppress, stated in relevant part: "[B]ased upon the articulated testimony of [Castagna] and taking into consideration [his] training, background and experience . . . [and] that this was a known drug dealing area . . . [and Castagna's] testimony of what he personally observed . . . I find that [Castagna] did have reason to suspect that a drug deal had just taken place. . . . And he had reason to stop and question the parties he suspected of being involved in illegal drug activity. And for those reasons I'm going to deny your motion to suppress."
The trial court, in its articulation, stated in relevant part that it "did not take the defendant's flight into consideration for the purpose of determining whether Officer Castagna had a reasonable and articulable suspicion that the defendant was involved in illegal drug activity, to justify his attempt to make the initial stop to question the defendant."
We are further persuaded, after considering all of the information available to Castagna at the time of the seizure, that the trial court's ruling was proper. We conclude, therefore, that the trial court properly denied the defendant's motion to suppress.
II
In his second claim, the defendant argues that the trial court improperly ruled on evidentiary matters.
A
The defendant contends that the trial court impermissibly ruled that his objection to the portion of Castagna's testimony stating his opinion that the narcotics were packaged for sale was untimely.
Castagna testified on the basis of his training and experience that the narcotics were packaged for sale rather than personal use. The record reveals that the defendant interposed a late objection to this answer, that the trial court did not rule on the objection, that the defendant never moved to strike the answer, that he did not request that cautionary instructions be given to the jury, and that he did not move for a mistrial regarding this testimony. This claim is therefore unpreserved.
This unpreserved claim is evidentiary rather than constitutional and, therefore, is not reviewable except for plain error. State v. Walton, 227 Conn. 32, 61, 630 A.2d 990 (1993); see State v. Stephens, 249 Conn. 288, 291, 734 A.2d 533 (1999); see also Practice Book § 60-5. "[R]eview under the plain error doctrine is reserved for truly extraordinary situations where the existence of the error is so obvious that it affects the fairness and integrity of and public confidence in the judicial proceedings." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Stephens, supra, 291. This claim of error does not meet that standard. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court with respect to this issue.
Unpreserved claims of a constitutional nature may also be reviewed under the doctrine enunciated in State v. Golding, 213 Conn. 233, 239-40, 567 A.2d 823 (1989), where our Supreme Court held that "a defendant can prevail on a claim of constitutional error not preserved at trial only if . . . the claim is of constitutional magnitude alleging the violation of a fundamental right. . . ." Id. Because this claim is not constitutional in nature, it may not be reviewed under the Golding doctrine.
B
The defendant also contends that the trial court violated his right to present a defense and to compulsory process by disallowing as irrelevant the testimony of Stacey Beckstein, an employee of the Hartford Superior Court clerk's office. We disagree.
The defendant proffered that Beckstein's testimony about the defendant's criminal record would reveal that the Hartford police department had targeted the defendant because a previous drug related charge was nolled the day before the arrest at issue in this case, and that her testimony would establish bias and motive to fabricate evidence. The trial court sustained the state's objection to this testimony, ruling that it was not relevant as to whether the defendant committed the acts charged.
"The trial court has broad discretion in ruling on the admissibility of evidence. . . . The determination of the relevancy and remoteness of evidence is within the sound discretion of the trial court." (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Miller, 202 Conn. 463, 482, 522 A.2d 249 (1987). "The trial court's ruling on evidentiary matters will be overturned only upon a showing of a clear abuse of the court's discretion." State v. Avis, 209 Conn. 290, 298, 551 A.2d 26 (1988), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1097, 109 S.Ct. 1570, 103 L.Ed.2d 937 (1989). The defendant did not present evidence that Beckstein knew Castagna or Rooney, or that she had knowledge that either police officer had an improper motive to arrest the defendant. The trial court, therefore, could reasonably conclude that Beckstein's testimony about the defendant's criminal record would not establish bias and a motive to fabricate evidence, and that it was irrelevant because there was no connection between Beckstein and Castagna and Rooney. Accordingly, we are not persuaded that the trial court clearly abused its discretion in ruling as it did.
Although we hold that the trial court properly excluded Beckstein's testimony, we note that the defendant would not have prevailed on this claim even if we ruled that the trial court had improperly excluded her testimony because any impropriety would have been harmless. The exclusion of evidence on a matter that is established otherwise is not ground for reversal. Lupoli v. Lupoli, 38 Conn. App. 639, 642, 662 A.2d 809 (1995). Because the jury heard testimony regarding the defendant's criminal record and his history of arrests through the defendant's cross-examination of Castagna, any error would have been harmless.
C
The defendant also contends that the trial court impermissibly allowed certain testimony by Joseph McSweegan, a supervisor in the Hartford police department records center. The defendant asserts that McSweegan's testimony regarding why narcotics evidence from an unrelated drug case was destroyed was hearsay, irrelevant and speculative. We disagree.
The defendant established on direct examination that narcotics evidence from the defendant's nolled drug charge was destroyed. The state then sought to elicit, on cross-examination, testimony as to why drug evidence in the nolled case may have been destroyed. The defendant objected, asserting that the state should not be allowed to cross-examine McSweegan, or to present evidence through his testimony, regarding why narcotics evidence was destroyed in the nolled case or in other cases wholly unrelated to either the present case or the nolled case.
The testimony and the materials that the state introduced during McSweegan's cross-examination, however, were properly admitted because they were responsive to McSweegan's direct testimony. The defendant introduced the issue of destruction of evidence through his direct examination of McSweegan, and to respond to this testimony the state properly was allowed to clarify his testimony through materials admitted under the business records exception to the hearsay rule. Accordingly, the trial court properly allowed McSweegan's testimony.
III
In his final claim, the defendant contends that the trial court sentenced him on counts one, two and three of the amended information in violation of the defendant's protection against double jeopardy. The trial court imposed sentences of unconditional discharge on counts one, two and three, and sentenced the defendant to fifteen years, suspended after five years, and five years probation on count four and three years consecutive on count five. The defendant asserts, and the state agrees, that because the defendant's conviction of possession in count one and possession with intent to sell in count three merge with his conviction of possession with intent to sell by a person who is not drug-dependent in count four, and because his conviction of possession within 1500 feet of a school and housing project in count two merges with his conviction of possession with intent to sell within 1500 feet of a school and housing project in count five, it was improper for the trial court to sentence the defendant on the merged offenses. The defendant and the state both request that the sentences with respect to counts one, two and three be vacated and that the case be remanded for resentencing. Although we agree that the sentences must be vacated, no resentencing is required.
General Statutes § 21a-278a (b) provides that the punishment imposed for a violation of this statute "shall be in addition and consecutive to any term of imprisonment imposed for violation of section 21a-277 or 21a-278. . . ."
General Statutes § 53a-34 (b) provides in relevant part: "A sentence of unconditional discharge is for all purposes a final judgment of conviction."
The effect of the trial court's sentencing the defendant to unconditional discharge on the lesser offenses is that the defendant has five convictions. The effect of combining the convictions of the lesser offenses with those of the greater offenses is that the defendant will have only two convictions. See State v. Chicano, 216 Conn. 699, 722-25, 584 A.2d 425 (1990), cert. denied, 501 U.S. 1254, 111 S.Ct. 2898, 115 L.Ed.2d 1062 (1991). The collateral consequences of multiple convictions is sufficient to warrant combining the defendant's convictions and vacating the sentences of unconditional discharge on the first three counts.