State v. Putnam

Full title: State of Vermont v. Stephen R. Putnam

Court: Supreme Court of Vermont

Date published: Sep 10, 1979

137 Vt. 410 (Vt. 1979)

407 A.2d 161

Opinion

No. 243-78

Opinion Filed September 10, 1979

1. Courts — Jurisdiction — Collateral Attack

Absence of subject matter jurisdiction or jurisdiction of the parties may later be raised by collateral attack in proceedings other than those in which jurisdiction was allegedly lacking.

2. Courts — Jurisdiction — Collateral Attack

In a prosecution for driving with license suspended, collateral attack upon the suspension is permissible for, but limited to, questions of jurisdiction over the defendant and the subject matter in the original suspension proceedings.

3. Courts — Jurisdiction — Jurisdiction of Person

Constitutionally adequate notice is an element of personal jurisdiction.

4. Motor Vehicles — Operation Without License — Defenses

In trial for operating a motor vehicle after license suspension, defendant's claim that first suspension was illegal because the notice did not advise him of his statutory right to hearing and an attorney and incorrectly advised him of the period within which he must file proof of financial responsibility should have been heard and determined. 23 V.S.A. § 674.

5. Motor Vehicles — Operation Without License — Defenses

In trial for operating a motor vehicle after license suspension, defendant's claim that suspension was illegal because of illegal delegation to a subordinate officer of discretion to suspend contested only method and not the underlying authority of the department to order suspension, and was not a jurisdictional claim and thus could not be collaterally attacked in the instant trial. 23 V.S.A. § 674.

Appeal following conviction of operating a motor vehicle following suspension of license. District Court, Unit No. 4, Caledonia Circuit, Bristow, J., presiding. Affirmed.

Dale O. Gray, Caledonia County State's Attorney, and Christopher B. Leopold, Deputy State's Attorney, St. Johnsbury, for Plaintiff.

James L. Morse, Defender General, Montpelier, and David A. Howard, Public Defender, St. Johnsbury, for Defendant.

Present: Barney, C.J., Daley, Larrow and Hill, JJ., and Smith, J. (Ret.), Specially Assigned

Larrow, J.

Defendant was convicted, after trial by court upon an agreed statement of facts, of violating 23 V.S.A. § 674 by operating a motor vehicle upon a public highway after his license or right to operate had been revoked, suspended or refused by the Commissioner of Motor Vehicles. The fact of operation is not contested, defendant's claim being that the suspensions in question were tainted with "illegality" and that he was entitled to raise this issue in his criminal prosecution. Without passing upon the claim of illegality, the trial court ruled that it could not be raised by collateral attack in the criminal proceedings, and adjudged the defendant guilty. He appeals.

Two suspensions are involved. The first, in 1976, was for failure to file proof of insurance. The second, later that same year, was for failure to appear on a charge of operating an uninspected vehicle. Both, by their terms, were in effect at the time of the claimed offense.

The defendant claims that the first suspension was illegal because the notice to him did not advise him of his statutory right to hearing and to an attorney, and incorrectly advised him of the period within which he was required to file proof of financial responsibility. As to the second suspension, he claims illegality because it was imposed, not by the Commissioner, but by a subordinate officer to whom discretionary authority to suspend had been illegally delegated. In our view the trial court correctly ruled that the legality of the second suspension could not be raised in the criminal prosecution, and we accordingly affirm.

Admittedly, there is a split of authority upon the issue here presented. Some jurisdictions permit no collateral attack, evidently reluctant to allow drivers who believe their licenses were invalidly suspended to drive unless and until detected and then to challenge the suspension without penalty. Abbott v. District of Columbia, 154 A.2d 362 (Mun. Ct. App. 1959); Franklin v. District of Columbia, 248 A.2d 677 (Ct. App. 1968). Others adopt a more liberal attitude toward collateral attack. State v. DeBery, 150 Me. 28, 103 A.2d 523 (1954); State v. Moore, 269 A.2d 242 (Del. Super. 1970). Our own law on this point was not clearly defined prior to State v. Cady, 136 Vt. 29, 383 A.2d 607 (1978). In State v. Cameron, 126 Vt. 244, 227 A.2d 276 (1967), a prosecution for third offense driving while suspended, we held that the fact of the prior convictions was in issue, not actual guilt or innocence in those prosecutions. In State v. Cattanach, 129 Vt. 57, 271 A.2d 828 (1970), we seem to have entertained collateral attack, although rejecting its validity, without reaching the issue of whether the attack itself was properly entertained. And in Aiken v. Malloy, 132 Vt. 200, 211, 315 A.2d 488, 495 (1974), we frowned on collateral attack on suspensions for poll tax delinquency, where statutory and constitutional requirements for notice and hearing had been complied with:

All that would be accomplished by recognizing the appellees' contention would be the relitigation of subject matter where notice and hearing have already been statutorily and constitutionally required. This is not requisite of due process. (Citation omitted.)

State v. Cady, supra, reached the question here presented, and held that in some instances, at least, collateral attack is permissible. Simply put, we held that a claimed suspension was without effect because the defendant never had any license to suspend. Subject matter jurisdiction for the purported suspension had been lacking. As with the doctrine of res judicata, absence of subject matter jurisdiction, or jurisdiction of the parties, in the original proceedings, may be later raised by collateral attack. Town of Putney v. Town of Brookline, 126 Vt. 194, 200, 225 A.2d 388, 392 (1967).

We recognize the cogency of the State's argument that litigation must cease sometime, and that there is a strong public policy favoring resistance of the license suspension when it is imposed, not later. But, on the opposite side of the scale, there is also force to the defendant's argument that he should not be bound, in any proceeding, by a suspension levied without constitutionally adequate notice, Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306 (1950), or without subject matter jurisdiction. Although the doctrines of res judicata and collateral estoppel are not strictly applicable, because of the different burden of proof in criminal prosecutions and license suspensions, they furnish excellent analogy. We accordingly hold that, consistent with Cady, in a prosecution for driving with license suspended, collateral attack upon the suspension is permissible for, and limited to, questions of jurisdiction over the defendant and the subject matter in the original suspension proceedings. Accord, Wallace v. State, 112 Ga. App. 505, 145 S.E.2d 788 (1965); State v. Cook, 275 Minn. 571, 148 N.W.2d 368 (1967); State v. Ball, 255 N.C. 351, 121 S.E.2d 604 (1961).

Application of this rule to the instant case leads us to affirmance, although not on all grounds. As Mullane, supra, holds, constitutionally adequate notice is an element of personal jurisdiction. See Aiken v. Malloy, supra, 132 Vt. at 211, 315 A.2d at 493. The defendant's claim of inadequate notice on his first suspension should have been heard and determined by the trial court. But his claim as to the second suspension, illegal delegation of duties within the Department, contests only method and not the underlying authority of the Department to order the suspension. This claim is not jurisdictional, and accordingly is not within the purview of permitted collateral attack. Since there was at least one suspension not subject to collateral attack in effect at the time of the admitted vehicle operation, the judgment below must be affirmed.

Judgment affirmed.