Opinion
Nos. 78-472-CR, 78-473-CR.
Argued April 9, 1979. —
Decided May 11, 1979.
APPEAL from a judgment and an order of the circuit court for Milwaukee county: MARVIN C. HOLZ, Circuit Judge. Affirmed in part, reversed in part and cause remanded.
For the plaintiff-respondent there were briefs and oral argument by James H. Schaefer, assistant district attorney, with whom on the brief was E. Michael McCann, district attorney.
For the defendant-appellant there were briefs and oral argument by John H. Weston of Fleishman, Brown, Weston Rohde of Beverly Hills, California, with whom on the brief was Shellow Shellow of Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
Before Decker, C.J., Cannon, P.J., and Moser, J.
Princess Cinema of Milwaukee, Inc., the defendant-appellant, is a Wisconsin corporation which operates a motion picture theater in downtown Milwaukee. Between April, 1977, and August, 1977, the Milwaukee Police Department seized 20 motion pictures from the defendant, pursuant to search warrants issued by various Milwaukee county judges. Three of the films were exhibited at the theater before May 23, 1977. A criminal information was issued June 7, 1977, charging the defendant with two counts of violating sec. 944.21(1)(a), Stats, which read:
Whoever intentionally does any of the following may be fined not more than $5,000 or imprisoned not more than 5 years or both:
(a) Imports, prints, advertises, sells, has in his possession for sale, or publishes, exhibits, or transfers commercially any lewd, obscene or indecent written matter, picture, sound recording, or film;
Effective June 1, 1978, this statute was modified in a manner inconsequential to this appeal.
A second information was filed August 19, 1977, alleging an additional 18 violations, of sec. 944.21(1)(a), Stats.
Each information was subject to a separate appeal to this court, where they were consolidated for review.
On March 16, 1978, the defendants filed a motion to suppress the seized films on the ground that sec. 944.21(1)(a), Stats. as interpreted by the Wisconsin Supreme Court, violates the first and fourteenth amendments to the United States Constitution. This motion was denied by order and memorandum decision of the trial court. On July 6, 1978, the defendant entered a plea of nolo contendere to all 20 counts. An appeal from the judgment of conviction, and the order denying the motion to suppress, was filed September 26, 1978. The defendant also filed a motion to bypass, pursuant to sec. 808.05, Stats. but this was denied by the supreme court on March 14, 1979.
BACKGROUND TO THE CASE
The United States Supreme Court has been attempting for years to develop a workable method for determining the extent of that amorphous term, obscenity. The U.S. Supreme Court signaled its entry into the field of defining obscenity, and analyzing the constitutional limitations of obscenity regulation, in Roth v. United States, 354 U.S. 476, 484 (1957). In that case, the court found that:
As Judge Campell wrote in a concurring decision in United States v. Palladino, 475 F.2d 65, 75 (1st Cir. 1973), vacated, 93 S.Ct. 3066 (1973):
"Obscenity" or "pornography" is not a word susceptible to close analysis and definition. Essentially they are pejoratives, indicating material which arouses disgust in someone. Unless one is to sanction banning all materials which any substantial body of opinion might regard as disgusting — a position inviting an intolerable degree of censorship in view of the many different standards today prevailing, and one properly rejected by the Supreme Court — one is left with the virtually impossible task of selecting out that which is "really" bad from that which is not quite so bad.
All ideas having even the slightest redeeming social importance — unorthodox ideas, controversial ideas, even ideas hateful to the prevailing climate of opinion — have the full protection of the guaranties, unless excludable because they encroach upon the limited area of more important interests. But implicit in the history of the First Amendment is the rejection of obscenity as utterly without redeeming social importance.
A trend toward minimal regulation of obscenity culminated in 1966 with Memoirs v. Massachusetts, 383 U.S. 413, 418 (1966). Under the rule formulated in Memoirs, a work could be judged obscene only if all three of the following elements were present:
"(a) the dominant theme of the material taken as a whole appeals to a prurient interest in sex; (b) the material is patently offensive because it affronts contemporary community standards relating to the description or representation of sexual matters; and (c) the material is utterly without redeeming social value."
One scholar, in commenting on Memoirs, stated:
By requiring that material be utterly without redeeming social value in order to escape constitutional protection, the Memoirs decision in fact embodied the "hard-core only" trend that had been growing since Roth, and paved the way for seven years of extremely minimal regulation of obscenity. (SCHAUER, F., THE LAW OF OBSCENITY, at 43 (1976)).
It should be noted that each time the U.S. Supreme Court modified its method for determining obscenity in compliance with the first amendment of the federal constitution, the Wisconsin Supreme Court brought sec. 944.21(1)(a), Stats. into conformity. Thus State v. Chobot, 12 Wis.2d 110, 106 N.W.2d 286 (1960) adopted the Roth test, and in State v. Voshart, 39 Wis.2d 419, 159 N.W.2d 1 (1968), the Wisconsin court modified its prior construction of the obscenity statute to reflect the Memoirs formulation.
In 1973, the U.S. Supreme Court capped six years of relative silence on the obscenity issue by deciding Miller v. California, 413 U.S. 15 (1973). The Court, abandoning the "utterly without redeeming social value" test of Memoirs as unworkable, promulgated a new test:
The basic guidelines for the trier of fact must be: (a) whether "the average person, applying contemporary community standards" would find that the work, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest, . . . (b) whether the work depicts or describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct specifically defined by the applicable state law; and (c) whether the work, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value. Miller, supra at 24.
The Court did not explicitly hold whether the third prong, the "serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value test" (hereafter "serious value" test), was to be determined by contemporary community standards or by a uniform and objective national standard. As in Memoirs, however, all three tests had to be met for a work to be deemed obscene.
State ex rel. Chobot v. Circuit Court, 61 Wis.2d 354, 212 N.W.2d 690 (1973) was the first obscenity case which came before the Wisconsin Supreme Court after Miller. Early in the Chobot opinion, the court drew what appeared to be a distinction between standards for implementing the first two tests, and the standard for implementing the "serious value" test:
All further references to Chobot in this opinion will indicate the 1973 Chobot case, not the 1960 Chobot case mentioned earlier.
What appeals to "prurient interest in sex" must be judged by community standards. What amounts to "patently offensive" in the manner of description is not expressly defined in Miller, but it is reasonable to read this term, too, as being determined by contemporary community standards ( see our comment, page 149, in McCauley v. Tropic of Cancer (1963), 20 Wis.2d 134, 121 N.W.2d 545). There is no vagueness in the commonly accepted meaning of the terms "literary, artistic, political or scientific value" and these are qualified by the adjective "serious" which means important and not trifling. Chobot, supra at 360.
However, later in the opinion, the court offered this explicit language in summation:
We, therefore, construe the word "obscene" in sec. 944.21(1)(a), Stats., to mean works which depict or describe sexual conduct, and (1) which taken as a whole appeal to the prurient interest in sex, (2) which taken as a whole portray sexual conduct in a patently offensive way and (3) which taken as a whole do not have serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value. Whether a work appeals to the prurient interest and whether it depicts or describes sexual conduct in a patently offensive way and whether it has serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value are to be determined by its effect upon the average person applying contemporary community standards. [Emphasis supplied.] Chobot, supra at 369-70.
This language was implicitly reaffirmed on rehearing, 61 Wis.2d 374(a), 374(b) (1974). Thus, although earlier language in the opinion is vague, the summation language in Chobot is clear that obscenity under sec. 944.21(1)(a) is to be determined by applying contemporary community standards to all three tests. Chobot was followed a year later by Madison v. Nickel, 66 Wis.2d 71, 77, 223 N.W.2d 865 (1974). In finding that part of a Madison obscenity ordinance was unconstitutional, the court restated the explicit language in Chobot which applied community standards to all three tests. In State v. Reichert, 67 Wis.2d 69, 74-75, 226 N.W.2d 196 (1975), the court quoted Chobot for the proposition that contemporary community standards are to be applied in using all three tests. Thus, the language in Chobot was implicitly reaffirmed in two later cases, although the precise issue, i.e., whether a uniform and objective national standard or community standard should be applied to the third test, was not directly in question.
The court in Chobot, supra at 370, holding that sec. 944.21(1)(a), Stats. lacked a definition of obscenity in terms of sexual conduct, formulated the following definition of the latter term:
Sexual conduct is defined to be acts of sexual intercourse between humans, normal or perverted, actual or simulated, acts of masturbation, fellatio, cunnilingus, and acts of excretory function, lewd exhibition of the genitals especially in a stimulated condition and sexual relations between humans and animals.
The court in Reichert, supra at 75, stated the following regarding the definition of "community" to be applied in obscenity cases:
With respect to community standards, it is to be noted that although "Miller rejected 'contemporary community standards' on a national scale as unworkable, [t]his court has never accepted a national community standard." [Cite omitted.] As stated in McCauley v. Tropic of Cancer (1963), 20 Wis.2d 134, 149, 121 N.W.2d 545, "We conclude that for the purposes of our statute, no distinction ought to be made between the standards of different communities within the state." Thus it is apparent that a statewide standard was the rule prior to the conduct and convictions in the case at bar.
CONSTITUTIONALITY OF SEC. 944.21(1)(a)
The district attorney, the trial court, and counsel for Princess Cinema all assume that in Miller the federal court held that the "serious value" test was not to be determined by reference to contemporary community standards. They contend that the explicit language in Chobot requiring use of contemporary community values in applying the "serious value" test is in conflict with Miller. Princess Cinema argues this conflict causes the Wisconsin obscenity statute to be in violation of the first amendment to the federal constitution.
The district attorney and trial court contend that the Wisconsin Supreme Court in the Chobot-Nickel-Reichert trilogy did not "intend to apply contemporary community standards to the "serious value" test, and therefore merely made a mistake in that explicit language. They conclude that since the Wisconsin Supreme Court did not intend to violate the standards promulgated in Miller, the language in Chobot should not be viewed as causing sec. 944.21(1)(a), Stats. to be in violation of Miller and the first amendment.
We strongly disagree with the initial assumption by both parties and the trial court, that the U.S. Supreme Court in Miller prohibited the use of contemporary community standards in applying the "serious value" test. A thorough reading of Miller indicates that the U.S. Supreme Court was quite vague in detailing whether contemporary community standards were to be applied to the "serious value" test. Admittedly, most legal authorities considering the issue have concluded that the Court in Miller did not intend contemporary community standards to be used in applying the "serious value" test. However, that position is not unanimous. Because of this vagueness, the Wisconsin Supreme Court, without being in conflict with Miller, could in its discretion apply either community or national standards to the "serious value" test. The Wisconsin court concluded that Miller sanctioned the use of contemporary community standards in employing the "serious value" test. Against this background, we cannot find that the Wisconsin Supreme Court in the Chobot-Nickel-Reichert trilogy, gave sec. 944.21(1) (a), Stats. a construction that was unconstitutionally different from that dictated by the U.S. Supreme Court in Miller.
The view that the community standards formula applied only to the first two tests and not the "serious literary value" test has been affirmed directly in only one federal case, United States v. Heyman, 562 F.2d 316, 318 (4th Cir. 1977). In Heyman a federal trial judge instructed the jury to use "community standards" in determining whether the material in question was of artistic, scientific, or literary value. The Fourth Circuit Court found on appeal that "nowhere does [ Miller] suggest that the . . . value of sexually oriented expression is to be judged on such a parochial basis," and it vacated the judgment of the lower court.
Law review articles advocating this position include Community Standards, Class Actions, and Obscenity under Miller v. California, 88 Harv. L. Rev. 1838, 1854 (1975); Notes, Mont. L. Rev. 293 (1975), wherein the author wrote:
The Court, [in Miller] did not mention the serious value element when it was discussing local standards, raising the inference that serious value remained to be determined by national standards; and
Schauer, Reflections on "Contemporary Community Standards": The Perpetration of an Irrelevant Concept in the Law of Obscenity, 56 N.C.L. Rev. 1, 21, n. 101 (1978).
In Sorensen, Community Standards and the Regulation of Obscenity, 24 Depaul L. Rev. 185, 193 (1974), the author recognized the problem of interpretation left to trial courts:
The practical importance of the community standard reformulation of Miller v. California is as yet unknown. If the appellate courts should strictly construe and positively enforce the other criteria the Supreme Court has enunciated, particularly by requiring a lack of serious literary or artistic value, without applying community standards to those two criteria, the degree of local community control realized could be fairly insignificant. If, on the other hand, the courts should apply local standards, to the concept of literary or artistic value, the effects of this portion of Miller could be serious and far-reaching. The Miller opinion does not yet offer the potential defendant in an obscenity case the degree of certainty necessary to allow him to conform his conduct to that standard. And certainly prosecutors, who responded to Miller with a flurry of activity, need some clarification in order to more fairly apply the decision to their own cases.
Also see Schoen, Billy Jenkins and Eternal Verities: The 1973 Obscenity Cases, 50 N.D.L. Rev. 567, 590 (1974).
After Miller and the Chobot-Nickel Reichert trilogy, the U.S. Supreme Court once again dealt with this issue in Smith v. State, 431 U.S. 291, 300-01 (1977) in which the Court stated:
The phrasing of the Miller test makes clear that contemporary community standards take on meaning only when they are considered with reference to the underlying questions of fact that must be resolved in an obscenity case. The test itself shows that appeal to the prurient interest is one such question of fact for the jury to resolve. The Miller opinion indicates that patent offensiveness is to be treated in the same way . . . . Literary, artistic, political, or scientific value, on the other hand, is not discussed in Miller in terms of contemporary community standards.
In this case, the U.S. Supreme Court was finally making clear that the "serious value" test is not henceforth to be determined by contemporary community standards. Therefore, after Smith, Wisconsin's construction of sec. 944.21(1) (a), Stats., is no longer in compliance with first amendment requirements. In order to bring sec. 944.21(1) (a), Stats. into compliance with Smith and the first amendment, we hold that the serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value test shall henceforth be employed not by using contemporary community standards, but by using uniform and objective national standards. By applying this construction, the court is following the long line of Wisconsin Supreme Court cases which have repeatedly brought the Wisconsin obscenity statute into conformity with requirements enunciated by the U.S. Supreme Court.
Smith was decided on May 23, 1977. Three counts against the defendant involved movies shown prior to this date. We have noted that prior to May 23, 1977, the Wisconsin Supreme Court held that contemporary community values were to be used in applying all three tests under sec. 944.21(1) (a), Stats. Thus, on counts involving movies shown before May 23, 1977, the trial court was incorrect in finding, as part of its suppression opinion, that the "serious value" test was not to be interpreted pursuant to contemporary community standards. Since the defendant pleaded nolo contendere to these three counts, no trial was held; thus, the trial court did not employ an incorrect method in determining obscenity. However, the defendant may have been prejudiced by the trial court's incorrect interpretation of Miller and Chobot. Therefore, the judgment of conviction and the pleas of nolo contendere are vacated on those three counts, and the cause remanded for additional proceedings.
It is contended that the construction of sec. 944.21(1) (a), Stats. that we adopt today cannot be applied retroactively, because the defendant had no fair warning of such construction. However, the Wisconsin Supreme Court has previously determined that new constructions of the obscenity statute may be applied retroactively. In Chobot, supra at 370-72, the Wisconsin Supreme Court, in first adopting the Miller standards, noted:
The supreme court has long recognized that once a limiting construction of a criminal statute is rendered which is sufficient to rehabilitate the potential vagueness of the statute, such construction may be applied to punish conduct occurring prior to the construction. [Cites omitted.] This doctrine, however, is subject to the limitation that such application affords fair warning to the defendants. [Cites omitted.]
The court then determined whether the retroactive adoption of the Miller standards complied with due process: "The question thus is whether the foregoing construction [in Chobot] was so unforeseeable as to preclude its retroactive application to punish conduct occurring prior to the rendition of this construction." In determining that it was not unforeseeable, the court wrote:
Miller has not made such drastic changes in the law of obscenity that the now Roth-Memoirs-Miller test needs to be specifically brought to the attention of all persons before it can be said that the notice comports with due process. The changes and modifications wrought by Miller are not so substantial in view of this court's prior interpretations of the statute that due process requires that a defendant be given notice of the latest modifications. Nor are the changes so serious as to mislead one intent on obeying the law.
Likewise, in this case, it can hardly be argued that the changes brought about by Smith and this opinion on the interpretation of sec. 944.21(1) (a), Stats. are so substantial that due process requires that the defendant be given prior notice of the new construction. The defendant has retained counsel who is well aware of federal obscenity cases. If there is prejudice, the defendant has not called it to this court's attention.
The last 17 counts in the information relate to events occurring after the date of the Smith opinion. On these 17 counts, the defendant is charged with knowledge that contemporary community standards are not to be used in employing the "serious value" test. The defendant is therefore charged with the new construction of sec. 944.21(1) (a) statute we promulgate today.
Although we have disagreed in part with the trial court's memorandum decision, it was correct in finding that sec. 944.21(1) (a), Stats. is constitutional. It was also correct in denying defendant's motion to suppress evidence seized for use in a prosecution under that statute. Since the trial court noted the proper standard to apply for post- Smith obscenity prosecution, no prejudice resulted to the defendant on the last counts, so the judgment of conviction on those counts are affirmed. On the first three counts, the cause is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
By the Court. — Affirmed in part, reversed in part and cause remanded.