Summary
In State v. Price, 173 Wn. 108, 21 P.2d 1038, we held that an information which charges a crime substantially in the language of the statute is sufficient. If robbery is charged in the language of RCW 9.75.010, defining the crime, there will be no mention of a deadly weapon, yet the proof may show that such a weapon was used in the perpetration of the crime.
Summary of this case from State ex Rel. Alldis v. Bd. PrisonOpinion
No. 24344. Department One.
May 12, 1933.
LARCENY (6) — INDICTMENT AND INFORMATION (60) — SUFFICIENCY — LANGUAGE OF STATUTE. An information for larceny by embezzlement substantially in the language of Rem. Rev. Stat., § 2601, subd. 2 or 3, is sufficient.
EVIDENCE (185) — OPINION EVIDENCE — SPECIAL KNOWLEDGE OF SUBJECT. A trustee in bankruptcy who had handled the bankrupt estate for about two years and was familiar with its financial standing is qualified to testify as to its insolvency at different times.
SAME (185). An insolvent company's secretary and auditor who had given considerable study to preparing his testimony is qualified to testify concerning a financial statement made by the company before it became insolvent.
CRIMINAL LAW (110) — EMBEZZLEMENT (15) — EVIDENCE — OTHER OFFENSES — INTENT. In a prosecution for larceny by embezzlements running over a considerable period, it is discretionary to admit other evidence to establish intent, although it tended to prove other crimes.
WITNESSES (93) — PRIVILEGE OF ACCUSED IN PRODUCTION OF BOOKS. In a criminal case, it cannot be assigned as error that the prosecuting attorney, in asking accused if he had any objection to producing certain books, thereby compelled accused to give evidence against himself, where no demand for the production was made.
EMBEZZLEMENT (5, 20) — INSTRUCTIONS — INTENT — TEMPORARY DEPRIVATION OF PROPERTY. In a prosecution for embezzlement, it is proper to instruct that temporary deprivation of property is sufficient to constitute larceny.
CRIMINAL LAW (316) — INSTRUCTIONS — REQUESTS — ALREADY GIVEN. Error cannot be assigned on the refusal of requested instructions that are covered in the general charge.
EMBEZZLEMENT (20) — INSTRUCTIONS — INTENT. In a prosecution for larceny by embezzlement it is proper to refuse to instruct that the intent to steal is the intent to deprive the owner permanently of his property.
Appeal from a judgment of the superior court for King county, Douglas, J., entered December 28, 1931, upon a trial and conviction of grand larceny. Affirmed.
Tucker Tucker and Patterson Ross, for appellant.
Robert M. Burgunder, Emmett G. Lenihan, and Roscoe R. Fullerton, for respondent.
John G. Price was charged and convicted on each of eleven counts in one information of the crime of grand larceny. In one count, the charge was grand larceny by obtaining money by false pretenses, and in each of the other counts the charge was grand larceny by embezzlement. Judgment and sentence were imposed upon him, from which he has appealed.
The transactions out of which the charges arose occurred while the appellant was president of the Northern Bond Mortgage Company (hereinafter called the Mortgage Co.), in Seattle, and in connection with the transaction of its business, which consisted, among other things, in loaning money on mortgages, buying and selling mortgages, making construction loans to contractors, and investing money generally for its clients. The transactions involved took place either shortly or just immediately before the appointment of a receiver, on the application of the appellant, for the Mortgage Co., on the ground of insolvency, in December, 1927.
[1] The first assignment of error complains of an order overruling a general demurrer to the information and each of the counts in it. The respective counts were based on Rem. Rev. Stat., § 2601, subd. (2) or (3), and were expressed substantially in the language of the statute. This is sufficient. Some of our cases so holding are State v. Turner, 10 Wn. 94, 38 P. 864 ; State v. Jakubowski, 77 Wn. 78, 137 P. 448; State v. Wray, 142 Wn. 530, 253 P. 801, and cases cited; State v. Stevenson, 161 Wn. 357, 296 P. 1052; State v. Linden, 171 Wn. 92, 17 P.2d 635.
[2] In the next assignment of error, it is argued that the trustee in bankruptcy of the Mortgage Co. upon its insolvency should not have been permitted to testify upon the question of the insolvency of the Mortgage Co. at stated periods involved in the case. The trustee in bankruptcy was appointed and qualified some two months after a receiver was appointed for the Mortgage Co. by the state court, and had handled the bankrupt estate nearly two years at the date of the hearing in the present case. As trustee, he became the owner of the legal title to the property of the bankrupt estate, and, as the testimony shows, had familiarized himself with its financial standing at different times. His ownership and personal knowledge of the affairs of the bankrupt estate qualified him to testify on the subject. He was the owner, and, by personal acquaintance with the company's affairs, possessed more than common knowledge of them. State v. Gregory, 198 Iowa 316, 198 N.W. 58. The weight of his testimony was for the jury, of course.
[3] Further, it is assigned that prejudicial error was committed by the court in allowing one McLarty to testify concerning a certain financial statement of the Mortgage Co. made a few years before it became insolvent. Mr. McLarty, at the time the Mortgage Co. became insolvent, had for some time been its secretary and auditor, on account of which, together with considerable study preparing to testify at the trial of this case, he appeared to be well qualified to testify concerning the affairs of the company, as described by the financial statement in question, and was entitled to testify. [4] Another objection to his testimony and the financial statement was that the same tended to prove other crimes than those with which the appellant was being tried. There is a rule, however, permitting evidence of this kind, within the judgment of the trial court and proper instructions thereon, in cases, such as this, of larceny by embezzlement running over a period of considerable time. We had a similar situation in the recent embezzlement case of State v. Linden, 171 Wn. 92, 17 P.2d 635, wherein we said:
"The fact that exhibit `U' showed or tended to show the commission of a crime or crimes prior to the ones with which the appellants were charged does not make it inadmissible, since intent was an element of the crime which must be established by evidence. When intent is a necessary element of the crime, evidence of other crimes than the one with which the accused is being tried, may be received as bearing upon that question. State v. Harkness, 136 Wn. 691, 241 P. 297; State v. Clamp, 164 Wn. 653, 3 P.2d 1096; 80 A.L.R. 1302; State v. Schultz, 168 Wn. 120, 10 P.2d 980.
"The facts stated in the trust agreement were not so remote in point of time as to have no substantial evidentiary value as bearing upon the question of intent. State v. Morgan, 146 Wn. 109, 261 P. 777; State v. Schultz, 168 Wn. 120, 10 P.2d 980."
The next assignment is that the court erred in denying motions for directed verdicts and for orders of dismissal with respect to each and all of the counts in the information. The record shows, however, that there was strong, substantial, unimpeached and positive testimony introduced in support of each count upon which there was a conviction. There was testimony to the contrary, but the case was for the jury.
[5] Next it is assigned that the attorney for the state committed reversible error in demanding that the appellant produce evidence against himself. We do not so understand the record. Appellant, in his testimony in chief, referred to a written list of items prepared by him and his counsel from certain books of accounts. Then in cross-examination, after testifying that he could not testify fully where certain moneys had been deposited, other than those already enumerated, the following occurred:
"Q. Can't you answer one particular item? A. I cannot. There are some of them on our list we went over Sunday. I cannot do it. Q. Have you that list in your possession? A. I think Mr. Ross has it. Q. Have you any objection to my seeing it? MR. ROSS: If counsel is calling upon the defendant to produce evidence against himself I except to it as misconduct of counsel. MR. LENIHAN: I am very careful not to. MR. ROSS: Since the damage has been done so far as counsel is concerned, if he wants us to produce those books and the court orders it we will produce them. THE COURT: What are the books? MR. LENIHAN: I am not going to ask Your Honor over any objection for the defendant to produce anything. I merely asked him if he had any objection, the same as awhile ago when he handed me this folder containing the letters and the other papers I asked him if he had any objection to my looking at them. I am not asking him to produce anything that he does not desire to produce. THE COURT: Proceed."
This assignment, in our opinion, is without substantial merit.
[6] The giving of certain instructions constitute assignments of error; No. 7 is one of them. In the brief, it is referred to and identified by its subject-matter, but it is not argued. However, the instruction was correct. Price v. Northern Bond Mortgage Co., 161 Wn. 690, 297 P. 786. Instruction No. 8 was proper. It was a correct statement of the law that the deprivation of property need not be permanent, but that criminal, temporary deprivation is sufficient to constitute larceny. State v. Linden, 171 Wn. 92, 17 P.2d 635, and cases therein cited.
Objections urged to instructions Nos. 10 and 13 are in the nature of conclusions only, that is, that they are argumentative and confusing. In what respect they are so, is not discussed in the brief. In our opinion, they are clear and proper, particularly so when taken in connection with the other instructions.
[7] The refusal to give certain requested instructions constitutes assignments of error. Request No. 9 relating to the good reputation of the appellant was fully covered by instruction No. 17 that was given. Request No. 11, with respect to the burden of proof resting on the state as to each count, was correctly and more fully covered by instruction No. 2 that was given. Requested instruction No. 17 on the subject of intent was correctly and more fully covered by instructions Nos. 9, 10 and 11 that were given. Request No. 20, with respect to appellant's claim of belief of good faith in receiving and paying out money as he did, was fully covered by instruction No. 16 that was given.
[8] Request No. 23 that "the intent to steal is the intent of the taker to deprive the owner permanently of his property" was correctly refused. That rule is not applicable in this kind of case. State v. Larson, 123 Wn. 21, 211 P. 885.
Other requested instructions were refused. They need not be separately stated or discussed. They have been examined, considered and found to be either incorrect in some particular or fully and properly covered by instructions that were given.
Judgment affirmed.
BEALS, C.J., HOLCOMB, and MILLARD, JJ., concur.