Opinion
No. 30904-8-I.
November 2, 1992.
[1] Indictment and Information — Sufficiency — Citation — Test. A citation is sufficient if it alleges all of the essential elements of the charged crime.
[2] Assault, Criminal — Simple Assault — Criminal Complaint — Sufficiency — Name of Victim. The name of the victim is not an essential element of the crime of fourth degree assault and need not be alleged in the charging document.
Indictment and Information — Sufficiency — Notice of Charge — Essential Elements — Pattern Jury Instructions — Effect.
Nature of Action: Prosecution for fourth degree assault. District Court: The King County District Court, Issaquah Division, No. J081178, Peter D. Jarvis, J., entered a judgment of guilty on January 17, 1991.
Superior Court: The Superior Court for King County, No. 91-1-00390-1, Jim Bates, J., reversed the judgment on May 21, 1992.
Court of Appeals: Holding that the victim's name did not need to be alleged in the charging citation, the court reverses the Superior Court and reinstates the conviction.
Norm Maleng, Prosecuting Attorney, and Deborah Dwyer, Deputy, for petitioner.
David Richard Kirshenbaum, for respondent.
The State seeks discretionary review of a superior court decision reversing Chad Plano's conviction of one count of assault in the fourth degree. RCW 9A.36.041. We grant discretionary review, accelerate review pursuant to RAP 18.12 and reverse.
FACTS
Following a bench trial on January 17, 1991, Plano was convicted in district court of assault in the fourth degree (domestic violence). Plano appealed and the matter was heard by the superior court on January 2, 1992. Plano argued that the citation charging him with assault in the fourth degree was constitutionally defective for failure to allege the essential element of the victim's name.
The court agreed relying on State v. Dukowitz, 62 Wn. App. 418, 814 P.2d 234 (1991), review denied, 118 Wn.2d 1031 (1992) and State v. Kjorsvik, 117 Wn.2d 93, 812 P.2d 86 (1991) and reversed Plano's conviction. The court indicated that
the basis of the court's ruling was based upon the distinguishing fact in Dukowitz that the victim was named; in this case, the victim was not named on the face of the charging document.
The State subsequently filed a motion for reconsideration which was denied. In its order, the court reaffirmed that "the identity of the victim in an assault charge is an essential element of the charge . . ."
The State requested discretionary review pursuant to RAP 2.3(d).
DECISION
In State v. Leach, 113 Wn.2d 679, 782 P.2d 552 (1989), the Supreme Court considered the sufficiency of the contents of documents charging misdemeanor offenses in courts of limited jurisdiction. The court stated that
[i]n holding that a charging document which omits a statutory element of the crime charged violates a defendant's constitutional rights, the court in [ State v.] Holt[, 104 Wn.2d 315, 704 P.2d 1189 (1985)] did not distinguish between misdemeanors and felonies, nor between complaints and citations. In applying the Holt rule, there is no logical reason to distinguish between complaints and citations or felonies and misdemeanors. If a misdemeanor citation or complaint omits a statutory element of the charged offense, the document is constitutionally defective for failure to state an offense and is subject to dismissal.
State v. Leach, supra at 687. The court added that the charging document need not state the statutory elements of the offense in "the precise language of the statute, but may instead use words conveying the same meaning and import as the statutory language.'" State v. Leach, supra at 689 (quoting State v. Nieblas-Duarte, 55 Wn. App. 376, 380, 777 P.2d 583, review denied, 113 Wn.2d 1030 (1989)). In the case of citations, however, the court acknowledged that there was a logical basis for distinguishing between crimes charged by misdemeanor citations and those charged by complaint. The court noted that citations are generally issued by officers at the scene and "[d]efendants charged by citation are necessarily aware of the particular incidents for which officers are charging them. They presumably know the facts underlying their charges." State v. Leach, supra at 698.
[1] In Seattle v. Hein, 115 Wn.2d 555, 799 P.2d 734 (1990), the Supreme Court issued a per curiam decision stating that "[t]he essential elements rule, discussed in State v. Leach, 113 Wn.2d 679, 782 P.2d 552 (1989), applies to citations." Seattle v. Hein, supra at 556. The purpose of the opinion was to clarify the language in Leach regarding the basis for distinguishing between citations and complaints. The court wanted to make clear that a citation is held to the same standard of constitutional sufficiency as other charging documents. See Auburn v. Brooke, 119 Wn.2d 623, 630-31, 836 P.2d 212 (1992). The court later reaffirmed its position in Auburn v. Brooke, supra, in which the court explained that
[a]lthough Leach stated the facts need not be as detailed in a citation because it is issued at the scene of the alleged crime, it did not say that a citation need not set out the essential elements of the crime charged.
Auburn v. Brooke, supra at 630. Accordingly, while a citation may not be deemed insufficient for failure to set forth the essential facts of the offense, it will be defective if it fails to allege the essential elements.
In applying the essential elements rule as articulated in Leach, a split of authority developed in the Divisions of the Court of Appeals. Some held that nonstatutory essential elements need not be set forth in the charging document while others held that all the essential elements, both statutory and common law, must be included in the charging document. State v. Kjorsvik, supra at 99. In State v. Kjorsvik, supra, the Supreme Court settled the question holding that
[i]t is neither reasonable nor logical to hold that a statutory element of a crime is constitutionally required in a charging document, but that an essential court-imposed element of the crime is not required, in light of the fact that the primary purpose of such a document is to supply the accused with notice of the charge that he or she must be prepared to meet. Statutory elements are, of course, easier to ascertain since the statutes are usually cited in the charging document, whereas court-imposed elements must be discovered through at least cursory legal research. This court has stated that defendants should not have to search for the rules or regulations they are accused of violating. We therefore conclude that the correct rule is that all essential elements of an alleged crime must be included in the charging document in order to afford the accused notice of the nature of the allegations so that a defense can be properly prepared.
(Footnotes omitted.) State v. Kjorsvik, supra at 101-02. The court noted, however, that when a challenge to the sufficiency of a charging document is raised after the verdict, the document will be more liberally construed in favor of its validity than if the challenge was raised before or during trial. State v. Kjorsvik, supra at 102.
In the case at bar, Plano was charged with assault in the fourth degree pursuant to RCW 9A.36.041 which states:
(1) A person is guilty of assault in the fourth degree if, under circumstances not amounting to assault in the first, second, or third degree, or custodial assault, he or she assaults another.
(2) Assault in the fourth degree is a gross misdemeanor.
Plano argues that the citation charging him with assault in the fourth degree was constitutionally defective for failure to set forth the name of the victim. He cites State v. Dukowitz, supra, for the proposition that the name of the victim is an essential element of the charge of assault. He further notes that in State v. Kjorsvik, supra, the Supreme Court stated that requiring the State to allege all the essential elements of the crime, both statutory and common law, would not be "unduly burdensome since the `to convict' instructions found in the Washington Pattern Jury Instructions — Criminal (WPIC) delineate the elements of most of the common crimes." State v. Kjorsvik, supra at 102 n. 13. Plano points out that the WPIC for simple assault indicates that a specific victim must be named. WPIC 35.26. Neither of Plano's arguments is persuasive.
[2, 3] Contrary to Plano's assertion, State v. Dukowitz, supra, does not stand for the proposition that the name of the victim is an essential element of the offense of assault in the fourth degree. While the court in Dukowitz did address the question of the sufficiency of a complaint charging simple assault, the victim's name was specified in the amended version of the complaint and, subsequently, a deficiency in that regard was not presented. See State v. Dukowitz, supra at 420 n. 1. Accordingly, Plano's reliance upon Dukowitz is misplaced.
Plano's contention that the essential elements of assault in the fourth degree can be conclusively determined by reference to the applicable WPIC is also without merit. While it is correct that the court in Kjorsvik indicated that the State could ascertain the essential elements of a crime as delineated in the WPIC's, the court did not state that every item set forth in the WPIC's constitutes an essential element for purposes of charging.
To read the Kjorsvik court's statement as broadly as advocated by Plano would grant essential element status to some factors that are not essential elements. For example, the "to-convict" pattern instruction for simple assault states in subparagraph (2) "[t]hat the acts occurred in _____________ County, Washington." WPIC 35.26. In State v. McCorkell, 63 Wn. App. 798, 822 P.2d 795, review denied, 119 Wn.2d 1004 (1992), this court held that the location in which an offense occurred is not an element of the crime, but rather a fact relevant to the proper venue. State v. McCorkell, supra at 800-01. Accordingly, simply because the WPIC's typically include venue as part of the "to-convict" instruction does not make venue an essential element for charging purposes. Plano's reliance on WPIC 35.26 for the essential elements of the crime is misplaced.
We note that in State v. Davis, 119 Wn.2d 657, 662, 835 P.2d 1039 (1992), the information charged the appellant with assault in the fourth degree stating that "the defendant Darvil [ sic] Davis, in King County, Washington, on or about August 1, 1988, did assault Darlynn Ferguson . . ." The court stated that the information included all the statutory elements of fourth degree assault. However, the court did not consider whether some of the language in the information was surplusage.
In summary, Plano has failed to persuade this court that the name of the alleged victim is a statutory element of the crime of assault in the fourth degree. Likewise, there does not appear to be any common law authority for the proposition that the name of the victim of an assault is an essential element. While "intent" has been added as an essential element by common law, no other common law elements have yet been recognized. See State v. Davis, 119 Wn.2d 657, 835 P.2d 1039 (1992) (court acknowledged common law element of intent but concluded that the various common law methods of committing assault were not essential elements). Other jurisdictions that have addressed the question have held that the name of the victim is not an essential element of the crime of assault. See People v. Waldron, 162 A.D.2d 485, 556 N.Y.S.2d 404 (1990) (indictment alleging crimes of assault in the first and second degrees was not impermissibly vague for failure to allege the names of the victims); State v. Phillips, 75 Ohio App.3d 785, 600 N.E.2d 825 (1991) (victims' names are not an essential element of felonious assault). If Plano actually needed additional information, he could have filed a bill of particulars. State v. Holt, 104 Wn.2d 315, 321, 704 P.2d 1189 (1985) ("the function of such a bill is to amplify or clarify particular matters essential to the defense").
Although not cited by the parties, we note RCW 10.37.090, which is entitled "Injury to person or intention concerning", states:
When the crime involves the commission of, or an attempt to commit a private injury, and is described with sufficient certainty in other respects to identify the act, an erroneous allegation as to the person injured or intended to be injured is not material.
While RCW 10.37.090 provides that an erroneous allegation as to the person injured is immaterial, nothing in the statute appears to require that a victim be named in the charging document. In fact, it would be incongruous to dismiss a criminal charge in one instance because a victim was not named while holding in another case that the State's complete misidentification of a victim was immaterial. See State v. Chapman, 78 Wn.2d 160, 469 P.2d 883 (1970). Accordingly, RCW 10.37.090 does not provide statutory authority for the proposition that the name of an assault victim is an essential element of the crime.
Because the citation stated "Assault 4° — Domestic Violence", Plano arguably had full notice of the identity of the victim.
The decision of the superior court is reversed and Plano's conviction is affirmed.