Summary
In State v. Mead, 130 Conn. 106, 109, 32 A.2d 273, and State v. Grady, 153 Conn. 26, 35, 211 A.2d 674, we decided against the validity of just such contentions and there is no need to repeat what we said there. Neither the record in this case nor the passage of time since our decisions in those cases persuades us to a result different from that reached in those cases.
Summary of this case from State v. RoseOpinion
The Indeterminate Sentence Act provides that when any person sentenced to the state prison, except for life or in connection with a sentence of execution for a capital offense, shall have twice before been convicted, sentenced and imprisoned in a state prison or penitentiary, the court shall sentence such person to a maximum of thirty years. Held that the statute is constitutional. The defendant had been confined in the state prison at Wethersfield on his second conviction for four months and at the prison farm at Enfield for about two weeks, when he escaped. Held that though he did not complete his sentence, he had been "imprisoned," and his punishment as a third offender for the crime of escape was within the spirit as well as the letter of the statute. Upon the record before the court it was held that the prison farm is a department and integral part of the institution known as the state prison, so that an escape from the farm was in fact one from the prison. The defendant was charged with the crime of escaping from state prison and with having been twice before convicted, and he was adjudged guilty as charged. The court sentenced him to imprisonment in the state prison for not less than fifteen years and not more than thirty years, said sentence to take effect at the expiration of the term in force and unexecuted at the time of his sentence. Held that the sentence was proper. The solitary confinement given the defendant upon his return after escape was not imposed upon him as punishment for the crime but as a measure of prison discipline, and there was no double jeopardy involved. The use of a bench warrant to bring the defendant from state prison to the Superior Court was customary and proper.
Argued April 6, 1943
Decided May 6, 1943.
INFORMATION charging the defendant with the crime of escaping from state prison and with having been twice before convicted, sentenced and imprisoned in a state prison, brought to the Superior Court in Hartford County, where the defendant pleaded not guilty to escape and the issues were tried to the jury before Daly, J., which returned a verdict of guilty; the defendant pleaded guilty to the remainder of the information and judgment of guilty as charged in the information was rendered, from which the defendant appealed. No error.
The appellant filed a motion for reargument which was denied.
Reinhart L. Gideon, public defender, for the appellant (defendant).
Hugh Mead Alcorn, Jr., state's attorney, with whom, on the brief, were John P. Hodgson and Charles S. House, assistant state's attorneys, for the appellee (state).
The defendant was sentenced to a term of imprisonment in the state prison on January 13, 1932, and served this sentence. On April 8, 1941, he was again convicted and sentenced to the state prison. He served part of his sentence in the prison at Wethersfield and on August 21, 1941, was transferred to the prison farm in Enfield. He escaped from the farm on September 7, 1941, was captured October 13, 1941, and returned to the prison at Wethersfield where he was placed in a "segregation" cell as a matter of routine prison discipline. While there he was brought before the Superior Court on a bench warrant and charged with escape and with having twice before been convicted, sentenced and imprisoned in a state prison in violation of General Statutes, 6507. On January 20, 1942, the defendant pleaded not guilty to the charge of escape, was tried by a jury and found guilty. On January 28, 1942, he pleaded guilty to that part of the information charging him with having twice before been convicted sentenced and imprisoned in a state prison. The court adjudged him "guilty as charged in said information" and sentenced him to imprisonment in the state prison "during the period of not less than fifteen years and not more than thirty years, said sentence to take effect at the expiration of the term of imprisonment in said prison in force and unexecuted at the time of his sentence. . . ."
The defendant claims that General Statutes, 6507, is unconstitutional. This statute provides as follows: "When any person shall be sentenced to the State Prison, otherwise than for life or in connection with a sentence of execution for a capital offense, the court imposing the sentence shall establish a maximum and minimum term for which such convict may be held in said prison. The maximum term shall not be longer than the maximum term of imprisonment prescribed by law as a penalty for such offense, and the minimum term shall not be less than one year; provided, when any person so sentenced shall have twice before been convicted, sentenced and imprisoned in a state prison or penitentiary, the court shall sentence such person to a maximum of thirty years. . . ." The defendant contends that, while the statute has frequently been before us for interpretation, its constitutionality has never directly been upheld. It would be a short answer to say that it has never been questioned in our jurisdiction. As was said by Mr. Justice Hughes in Graham v. West Virginia, 224 U.S. 616, 623, 32 Sup. Ct. 583: "The propriety of inflicting severer punishment upon old offenders has long been recognized in this country and in England. They are not punished the second time for the earlier offense, but the repetition of criminal conduct aggravates their guilt and justifies heavier penalties when they are again convicted"; and (p. 631) a conviction under such a statute furnishes "no basis for the contention that the plaintiff in error has been put in double jeopardy or that any of his privileges or immunities as a citizen of the United States have been abridged. Nor can it be maintained that cruel and unusual punishment has been inflicted." In Carlesi v. New York, 233 U.S. 51, 59, 34 Sup. Ct. 576, it was said that the decision in Graham v. West Virginia left "no room for any further controversy whatsoever on the subject." Such a statute "affects alike all persons similarly situated and therefore does not deprive any one of the equal protection of the laws. . . or put the accused twice in jeopardy." McDonald v. Massachusetts, 180 U.S. 311, 313, 21 Sup. Ct. 389. The accused voluntarily brings himself within a class covered by the statute. People v. Palm, 245 Mich. 396, 403, 223 N.W. 67. "The enhanced punishment under such statutes is an incident of the subsequent offense only," and does not constitute double jeopardy. 25 Am. Jur. 263, 6. It relates solely to penalty, State v. Delmonto, 110 Conn. 298, 300, 147 A. 825. General Statutes, 6507, is constitutional.
The defendant had been confined in the state prison at Wethersfield on his second conviction for some four months and at the prison farm at Enfield for about two weeks before he escaped. He claims that not having completed his sentence he had not been "imprisoned" within the meaning of the statute and could not be legally convicted as a third offender; and that, the purpose of imprisonment being rehabilitation, recidivism may not be assumed until the completion of the sentence. We said in Drinkall v. Spiegel, 68 Conn. 441, 447, 36 A. 830, "An offender against the justice of one State can acquire no rights by defrauding that justice. Between him and the justice he has offended no rights accrue to him by his flight." Where a statute expressly provided that the prisoner should be "discharged, either by pardon or by compliance with the sentence" in order to convict him as a second offender, it was held that failure to serve the full sentence was a bar. State v. Christup, 337 Mo. 776, 780, 85 S.W.2d 1024, and see Commonwealth v. Mott, 38 Mass. 492, 498. But in the absence of any such provision, a reasonable construction of the word imprisonment would be any period of time, otherwise a premium would be placed upon the act of escape. People v. Carkeek, 35 Cal.App.2d 499, 502, 96 P.2d 132. The purpose of such statutes is to remove from society persons whose criminal tendencies have not been cured by punishment and by the state's efforts to rehabilitate them. The defendant in the instant case served part of his second sentence and, by his escape, frustrated further efforts to rehabilitate him. His punishment as a third offender came within the spirit as well as the letter of the statute.
The defendant makes the further claim that his escape was not from the state prison, being from the prison farm. General Statutes, 6173, relating to escape, provides that "Any person legally confined in the State Prison, who shall escape . . . from said prison, shall be imprisoned. . . ." The defendant calls attention to General Statutes, 1971, which contains the statement that "The land of the state, and its appurtenances, in Wethersfield, shall remain the State Prison." The phrase is confirmatory, not exclusive. Subsequent to the adoption of the Revision of 1930 the legislature appropriated money for the purchase of land, construction of buildings and purchase of equipment in order to establish a farm to be conducted in connection with the prison; 21 Spec. Laws 53, No. 76; and also established a fund for its operation "by such prisoners as may be assigned to labor thereon." General Statutes, Cum. Sup. 1935, 786c. Prisoners may be transferred to the farm and, when so transferred, may earn a greater commutation of sentence than when confined at Wethersfield. General Statutes, Cum. Sup. 1935, 783c. They are there housed in a building surrounded by a high wire fence, the gates of which are locked at night, the period when the plaintiff escaped. No claim was made on the trial, so far as the record discloses, that this was not an escape from the state prison within the meaning of the statute, and as the record stands it appears that the prison farm is a department and integral part of the institution known as the state prison, so that an escape from the farm was in fact one from the prison.
The defendant claims that the trial court erred in imposing sentence in that there were two counts and but one sentence; that a minimum should have been imposed on the count charging escape and a maximum under the habitual criminal section; and that the minimum under the escape statute had to be less than ten years, the maximum penalty under that statute. The sentence was proper. The statute requires a maximum penalty of thirty years; State v. Reilly, 94 Conn. 698, 702, 110 A. 550; State v. Delmonto, supra, 300; but places no limitation on a minimum "other than the obvious inference that it should not be less than that provided for the specific offense — one year." State v. Groos, 110 Conn. 403, 411, 412, 148 A. 350. The defendant in his brief asks that we re-examine the latter decision. We have done so and find it represents our considered opinion of the intent of the statute taken as a whole.
To the defendant's claim of double jeopardy because of solitary confinement upon his return after escape, a sufficient answer is that this was not imposed as punishment for the crime of escape from the prison but as a measure of prison discipline. State v. Cahill, 196 Iowa 486, 491, 194 N.W. 191. The defendant contends that habeas corpus proceedings should have been resorted to for his production in court and not a bench warrant. The use of a bench warrant was customary and proper. General Statutes, 6446; 22 C.J.S. 624, 405.
It was found that the accused insisted on trying his own case although offered the assistance of the public defender. Had he accepted the help thus made available to him by statute, it is possible that certain of the rulings of the trial court referred to in his brief might have been so raised as to warrant consideration on appeal. As it is, they present no questions which are reviewable on the record before us.