Summary
suggesting in connection with DNA evidence that a trial judge is required to perform its gatekeeping function
Summary of this case from State v. HamptonOpinion
No. 2014–KP–2374.
09-18-2015
STATE of Louisiana v. Derrick Todd LEE.
Opinion
PER CURIAM.
[ 1] Writ denied. We find relator has not carried his post-conviction burden of proof and thus, the District Court did not err when it dismissed his claims for the reasons it assigned in denying relief. La.C.Cr.P. art. 930.2. It is well-established that the District Court may dispose of an application for post-conviction relief without conducting an evidentiary hearing, even if the application states a claim on which relief could be granted, if the issues raised can be resolved on the application, answer, and supporting documents, including relevant transcripts, depositions, and other reliable documents submitted by either party or that are available to the court. La.C.Cr.P. art. 928; La.C.Cr.P. art. 929(A); see State ex rel. Tassin v. Whitley, 602 So.2d 721, 722–23 (La.1992) (only “[w]hen there is a factual issue of significance that is sharply contested” need the court hold a hearing); see also art. 929 cmt.; Cheney C. Joseph, Jr., Developments in the Law: Postconviction Relief, 41 La.L.Rev. 632, 635–37 (1981) (reporter of Court committee which drafted statute reviews judge's role in summary rulings).
After a lengthy trial in 2004, an East Baton Rouge Parish jury unanimously found relator guilty as charged of the first degree murder of Charlotte Murray Pace [ 2] and, after the sentencing hearing, unanimously voted to impose a sentence of death. In addition to evidence of Pace's murder, the State presented evidence of relator's guilt in four unrelated homicides and one attempted homicide in which the surviving victim had positively identified relator. This Court affirmed his conviction and sentence on appeal, State v. Lee, 05–2098 (La.1/16/08), 976 So.2d 109, and the United States Supreme Court denied certiorari. Lee v. Louisiana, 555 U.S. 824, 129 S.Ct. 143, 172 L.Ed.2d 39 (2008).
In 2009, relator filed a pro se “shell” application for post-conviction relief and requested counsel. Thereafter, counsel enrolled and filed three supplements, raising 42 claims. On August 19, 2014, the District Court summarily denied relief, assigning written reasons. We find no error in the District Court's thorough ruling and thus, no basis for remanding for an evidentiary hearing and no grounds for vacating his conviction or sentence. Most of relator's claims fail because they were addressed in his appeal and thus are repetitive.
First, relator has not shown he was denied a fair trial as a result of inadequate funding. He claims the District Court underestimated the cost of independently testing the DNA and forensic evidence and he was thereby unable to afford the kind of detailed inquiry that was necessary to expose the allegedly unorthodox practices of the Louisiana State Police Crime Lab (LSPCL). The record shows that, before trial, the District Court allocated the full balance of the budget for the East Baton Rouge Public Defender's Office, $37,000, for relator's defense and approved funding for a pathologist, a serial killer expert, a social worker, a tool mark expert, a psychologist, and DNA experts. Lee, 05–2098, pp. 40–41, 976 So.2d at 137–38. The adequacy of these allocations was addressed on appeal and this Court found relator failed to justify his claimed need for additional funds. Id. pp. 40–43, 976 So.2d at 137–38 (citing [ 3] State v. Touchet, 93–2839 (La. 9/6/94), 642 So.2d 1213). In particular, this Court noted relator had been afforded funds for DNA experts and that lead counsel's caseload had consisted of only one other client. Lee, 05–2098, pp. 42–43, 976 So.2d at 138 (citing State v. Peart, 621 So.2d 780 (La.1993) (excessive caseload may result in failure to provide effective assistance)).
In re-urging his funding complaints post-conviction, relator has alleged there existed significant doubt as to the presence of sperm on Pace's body and that only unreliable evidence linked him to the other victims. Other than mere technical allegations, relator does not assert or provide any evidence suggesting he should have been excluded as the source of the DNA recovered from Pace or the other victims. Nothing relator has offered post-conviction establishes that any amount of additional funding would have given rise to discovery of evidence excluding him as the DNA contributor or casting reasonable doubt on the State's case. Thus, relator has failed to show prejudice as a result of the allegedly insufficient funding and failed to show his similar complaints were incorrectly disposed of in the proceedings leading to trial or on appeal. We find the District Court correctly dismissed these claims.
We find relator has also not shown the State's evidence was insufficient to support his conviction and sentence. In his view, the evidence collected from Pace's body was unreliable and the State failed to prove she was raped because his post-conviction expert found no detectable spermatozoa on her vaginal or cervical swabs. As an initial matter, although more often raised on appeal, timely free-standing claims challenging the sufficiency of the evidence are cognizable on collateral review. State ex rel. Montgomery v. State, 12–2116 (La.3/15/13), 109 So.3d 371. “In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction, an appellate court in Louisiana is controlled by the standard enunciated by the [ 4] United States Supreme Court in Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979).... [T]he appellate court must determine that the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution, was sufficient to convince a rational trier of fact that all of the elements of the crime had been proved beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Captville, 448 So.2d 676, 678 (La.1984).
Here, the jury found relator acted with specific intent to kill Pace while engaged in the perpetration or attempted perpetration of an aggravated rape. R.S. 14:30(A)(1). To show he committed or attempted to commit aggravated rape, the State was required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt relator had or attempted to have “anal, oral, or vaginal sexual intercourse” with Pace while she resisted to the utmost, but was overcome; that Pace was prevented from resisting by threats of great and immediate bodily harm, accompanied by apparent power of execution; or that Pace was prevented from resisting because relator was armed with a dangerous weapon. R.S. 14:42.
We find the State presented ample evidence to make the required showings. Jurors heard from forensic analyst Julia Naylor, who, with the assistance of crime scene investigators, took swabs from Pace's breasts and nipples, voided areas near her rib cage, left buttock just below her vagina, and left thigh. Lee, 05–2098, p. 3, 976 So.2d at 116. These samples were important because an Alternate Light Source test conducted at the scene revealed biological stains on those portions of her body. Id. According to Naylor's trial testimony, there was seminal fluid on Pace's left buttock, vagina, and cervix and the “most complete DNA profile” came from the left buttock sample. Lee, 05–2098, pp. 2–5, 976 So.2d at 116–17. The probability of relator being randomly matched with the genetic profile recovered from Pace's body was one in 3.6 quadrillion. Id.
[ 5] The jury apparently credited this evidence, which indicated the presence of semen on or near Pace's genitals, and the presence of relator's DNA, coupled with the defensive wounds that Pace sustained, and determined relator had raped or attempted to rape her during the brutal attack in which he violently killed her. Lee, 05–2098, pp. 2–5, 976 So.2d at 116–17 (“[T]here were a number of defensive wounds on Pace's arms, forearms, hands and wrists”). The trier of fact makes credibility determinations and may, within the bounds of rationality, accept or reject the testimony of any witness. State v. Mussall, 523 So.2d 1305, 1310 (La.1988). Relator has not shown the jury's determinations were unreasonable and has not shown the State failed to carry its burden of proof. In urging there existed no proof of sexual intercourse, he emphasizes limited portions of his post-conviction expert's report which opined that some of the LSPCL's tests were susceptible to misinterpretation. In relying on those select portions of his expert's nuanced and technical ad hoc opinions, however, relator ignores that his expert, within the same report, acknowledged the existence of reliable proof that Pace had been raped: her vaginal, cervical, and buttock swabs tested positive for P30 fluid, which the report characterized as presumptive evidence of semen. We find this claim meritless and the District Court correctly dismissed it.
Relator has also failed to show counsel rendered ineffective assistance during the guilt phase of trial. Under the standard for ineffective assistance of counsel set out in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984), adopted by this Court in State v. Washington, 491 So.2d 1337, 1339 (La.1986), a reviewing court must reverse a conviction if the defendant establishes (1) counsel's performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness under prevailing professional norms; and (2) counsel's inadequate [ 6] performance prejudiced defendant to the extent that the trial was rendered unfair and the verdict suspect.
Not only has relator failed to show counsel overlooked any evidence capable of casting reasonable doubt on the State's case, see generally Jones v. Jones, 988 F.Supp. 1000, 1002–03 (E.D.La.1997) (before reviewing court will reverse for counsel's failure to investigate, inmate must show attorney has “fail[ed] to investigate a plausible line of defense or interview available witnesses.”), he has also failed to show that even if counsel could have somehow more vigorously contested the State's case it would have affected the verdict in a case in which he was matched with DNA recovered from Pace's body and his own post-conviction expert has acknowledged the evidence of sperm on her genitals.
Relator also fails to show counsel unreasonably elected not to seek to suppress the DNA evidence. In relator's view, the State's DNA evidence was unreliable because much of it was “mixture evidence” based on small sample quantities and because the State's technicians allegedly failed to apply generally-accepted methods when undertaking some aspects of their analyses. He argues further he has been prevented from independently reviewing the DNA evidence because the State has refused to disclose its raw electronic data.
In evaluating ineffective assistance of counsel claims based on a failure to pursue a motion to suppress, courts normally require a petitioner to show the overlooked motion to suppress would have been meritorious and that there is a reasonable probability the jury would have reached a different verdict absent the introduction of the unlawful evidence. Ortiz–Sandoval v. Clarke, 323 F.3d 1165, 1170 (9th Cir.2003) (citing Kimmelman v. Morrison, 477 U.S. 365, 106 S.Ct. 2574, 91 L.Ed.2d 305 (1986)). Thus, if a reasonably competent attorney could have suppressed the evidence and as a result, the State would have dismissed the [ 7] charges, the petitioner may show a basis for relief. See Northrop v. Trippett, 265 F.3d 372, 383–84 (6th Cir.2001) (en banc ) (conviction vacated based on ineffective assistance: “[d]uring his representation, [counsel] knew that police had arguably seized Northrop based upon no more than an anonymous tip without any supporting verifiable detail.... Without the inadmissible cocaine evidence, Michigan would obviously have failed to meet its burden of proving Northrop possessed the cocaine.”); State v. Reichenbach, 153 Wash.2d 126, 101 P.3d 80, 87 (Wash.2004) (because contraband was illegally seized there existed no tactical basis for failing to move to suppress it; counsel's performance clearly prejudicial).
Under the standard set in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 113 S.Ct. 2786, 125 L.Ed.2d 469 (1993), which this Court adopted in State v. Foret, 628 So.2d 1116, 1121 (La.1993) (La.C.E. art. 702 “virtually identical to its source provision in the Federal Rules of Evidence ... [Rule] 702”), the District Court is required to perform a “gatekeeping” function to “ensure that any and all scientific testimony or evidence admitted is not only relevant, but reliable.” Daubert, 509 U.S. at 589, 113 S.Ct. at 2795. Acting as gatekeeper, the District Court has considerable leeway to determine whether expert testimony is reliable. Kumho Tire Company, Ltd., v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 152, 119 S.Ct. 1167, 1176, 143 L.Ed.2d 238 (1999). In the end, “the trial judge must determine whether the testimony has ‘a reliable basis in the knowledge and experience of [the relevant] discipline.’ ” Id. at 149, 119 S.Ct. at 1174 (quoting Daubert, 509 U.S. at 592, 113 S.Ct. at 2796). “Whether Daubert 's specific factors are, or are not, reasonable measures of reliability ... is a matter that ... the trial judge [has] broad latitude to determine,” and therefore a decision to admit or exclude is reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard. Id., 526 U.S. at 153, 119 S.Ct. at 1176; State v. Edwards, 97–1797, pp. 24–25 (La.7/2/99), 750 So.2d 893, 908–09.
[ 8] Relator has argued the DNA evidence would have been found unreliable, and therefore inadmissible, if counsel had filed a motion to suppress. Although he and his post-conviction expert take issue with various methodologies employed by the State's forensic analysts and claim that a full independent review remains impossible absent the raw electronic data, relator has not shown or even asserted that the State's DNA results were incorrect. He offers nothing to show his DNA profile should have in fact been excluded as a source of the DNA samples recovered from Pace or any of the other victims' bodies but rather seeks merely to cast doubt on isolated processes within the series of complex steps carried out by the analysts. Moreover, he ignores the reality the DNA expert he hired in preparation for trial also apparently failed to find any meritorious basis upon which to contest the State's evidence. Lee, 05–2098, pp. 40–41, 976 So.2d at 137–38. Accordingly, he has not shown the District Court would have granted a motion to suppress.
In addition, the District Court did not unreasonably fail to order the State to disclose its raw electronic data given that the State has provided all the DNA test records in paper form. Even more importantly, the State made available samples of all the DNA evidence so relator could conduct independent testing in furtherance of his post-conviction claims. See State v. Franklin, 03–3072 (La.4/23/04), 872 So.2d 1051 (per curiam). In urging entitlement to the State's raw electronic data, relator has not offered any explanation as to why he apparently declined to take advantage of the opportunity to carry out his own testing. The District Court did not erroneously dismiss these claims.
Moreover, relator's claims contesting the admission of other crimes evidence and the denial of counsel's motion for change of venue were considered and rejected on appeal. Lee, 05–2098, 976 So.2d 109. A petitioner's attempt to re-litigate [ 9] a claim that has been previously disposed of, by couching it as a post-conviction ineffective assistance of counsel claim, is generally unavailing. We find the District Court correctly rejected these claims as repetitive. See La.C.Cr.P. art. 930.4(A).
Finally, relator has failed to show that relief is warranted as a result of counsel's claimed failures at the penalty phase. A defendant at the penalty phase of a capital trial is entitled to the assistance of a reasonably competent attorney acting as a diligent, conscientious advocate for his life, State v. Fuller, 454 So.2d 119, 124 (La.1984); State v. Berry, 430 So.2d 1005, 1007 (La.1983); State v. Myles, 389 So.2d 12, 28 (La.1980) (on reh'g); see also Burger v. Kemp, 483 U.S. 776, 788–89, 107 S.Ct. 3114, 3122–26, 97 L.Ed.2d 638 (1987), and counsel's dereliction may warrant relief even if the defendant has been convicted of a particularly egregious crime. See, e.g., Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 368, 120 S.Ct. 1495, 1500, 146 L.Ed.2d 389 (2000) (committed two assaults on elderly women, leaving one in a persistent vegetative state) and Rompilla v. Beard, 545 U.S. 374, 377, 125 S.Ct. 2456, 2460, 162 L.Ed.2d 360 (2005) (stabbed victim repeatedly before setting fire to his body). To show ineffectiveness as a result of counsel's failure to present mitigating evidence, a petitioner must establish that: (1) counsel failed to undertake “a reasonable investigation [which] would have uncovered mitigating evidence;” and (2) failing to put on the available mitigating evidence “was not a tactical decision but reflects a failure by counsel to advocate for his client's cause;” (3) which caused “actual prejudice.” State v. Hamilton, 92–2639, p. 6 (La.7/1/97), 699 So.2d 29, 32 (citing State v. Brooks, 94–2438 (La.10/16/95), 661 So.2d 1333 and State v. Sanders, 93–0001 (La.11/30/94), 648 So.2d 1272).
Relator asserts counsel failed to discover evidence of his frontal lobe abnormalities, nightmarish childhood, and diverse frailties. He points to omitted [ 10] evidence indicating he has bipolar and other disorders; that his father abandoned him as an infant; that he suffered from and witnessed abuse at the hands of his stepfather; and that his family has a history of mental illness. In relator's view, had this evidence been presented, at least one juror would have voted for a life sentence.
However, even assuming arguendo counsel unreasonably failed to discover and present the omitted mitigating evidence, relator has not shown it would have created a reasonable likelihood of a different sentencing verdict in a case in which the jury heard substantial evidence of his intellectual disability and adaptive impairments in furtherance of his mental retardation claim. See, e.g., Wesbrook v. Thaler, 585 F.3d 245, 253 (5th Cir.2009) (no reasonable probability that the penalty phase outcome would have been different with the omitted evidence of defendant's frontal lobe damage because it was largely duplicative of other testimony). Relator has not shown the District Court erroneously dismissed this claim.
This Court's review has revealed the District Court correctly dismissed each of relator's claims for post-conviction relief and no relief is further warranted. As an appendix to this per curiam, we attach hereto and make a part hereof the District Court's well-considered reasons denying relator post-conviction relief.
In conclusion, the record shows that after relator's conviction and sentence became final on direct review, State v. Lee, 05–2098 (La.1/16/08), 976 So.2d 109, cert. denied, Lee v. Louisiana, 555 U.S. 824, 129 S.Ct. 143, 172 L.Ed.2d 39 (2008), relator initiated state collateral proceedings by filing an application for post-conviction relief in the District Court as required by La.C.Cr.P. art. 925. Several supplemental applications followed along with sweeping discovery requests and several years of extensive litigation. [ 11] State ex rel. Lee v. Cain, 11–2683 La.9/21/12), 98 So.3d 323; State ex rel. Lee v. Cain, 11–1933 (La.1/13/12), 77 So.3d 955; State v. Lee, 11–0956 (La.1/13/12), 78 So.3d 129; State v. Lee, 11–0955 (La.1/13/12), 77 So.3d 953; State ex rel. Lee v. Cain, 11–843 (La.1/13/12), 77 So.3d 964. Similar to federal habeas, see 28 U.S.C. § 2244, Louisiana's post-conviction procedures envision the filing of second or successive petitions only under the narrow circumstances provided for in La.C.Cr.P. art. 930.4. Notably, the Legislature in 2013 La. Acts 251 amended that article to make the procedural bars against granting relief on successive filings mandatory. Relator's claims are now all at the cusp of being fully litigated in state collateral proceedings in accordance with La.C.Cr.P. art. 930.6 and, if rehearing is not sought or granted in accordance with La.S.Ct. Rule 9, the denial of relief will become final. Thereafter, unless relator can show that one of the narrow exceptions authorizing the filing of a successive application applies, relator has exhausted his right to state collateral review.
CRICHTON, J., additionally concurs with reasons.
CRICHTON, J., additionally concurs and assigns reasons.
I concur in the reasons set forth in the per curiam and emphasize in addition that Lee has shown no entitlement to post-conviction relief as a result of trial counsel's alleged failings at the capital penalty phase of the proceedings.
The brutal and vicious manner in which Lee killed Pace cannot be ignored. Pace bled to death as a result of the 81 knife and screwdriver wounds that Lee inflicted. State v. Lee, 05–2098, pp. 2–4 (La.1/16/08), 976 So.2d 109, 116–17. He slashed her throat and used a clothing iron, which investigators found blood-stained and broken into pieces, to bludgeon her head, fracture her skull, and crush her eyeballs. Id. p. 3 n. 4, 976 So.2d at 116. Her heart, liver, and lungs were each perforated three times and a stab wound to her eye was so forceful that it penetrated the cranial cavity. Id. Pace also sustained several defensive wounds as she attempted to ward off the terrorizing attack. Id. In addition to the grisly details of Pace's murder, the jury also heard evidence that Lee perpetrated at least four similarly heinous attacks on other women.
Against this overwhelming and horrific evidence, Lee now complains about his appointed lawyer's performance during the penalty phase, contending that counsel unreasonably failed to discover and present additional mitigating evidence. Specifically, he points to omitted evidence of his frontal lobe abnormalities; bipolar disorder; depression; schizophrenia; mood disturbances; split personality disorder; family history of mental illness; and of the physical abuse he suffered at the hands of his stepfather when he attempted to intervene to prevent his stepsister from being molested. In Lee's view, this omitted evidence would have swayed at least one juror against the death penalty.
Complaints about counsel's performance at the penalty phase of a capital trial, like other allegations of counsel's ineffectiveness, are governed by the well-established Strickland test, according to which counsel's decisions are afforded a heavy measure of deference. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 689–90, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 2065–66, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). The right to the effective assistance of counsel does not guarantee errorless counsel but rather, counsel likely to render effective assistance. See U.S. Const. amend. VI; La. Const. art. I, § 13; State v. Ratcliff, 416 So.2d 528, 531 (La.1982). Counsel is not necessarily required to mine a defendant's entire life history in search of mitigating evidence; and decisions regarding the presentation of mitigating evidence should generally be viewed as strategic and not later second-guessed. See State v. Felde, 422 So.2d 370, 393 (La.1982) (that a particular strategy fails does not establish ineffective assistance); cf. Sanders v. State, 738 S.W.2d 856, 858 (Mo.1987) (“The selection of witnesses and the introduction of evidence are questions of trial strategy and the mere choice of trial strategy is not a foundation for finding ineffective assistance of counsel.”).
Even in cases in which a capital post-conviction petitioner has shown that counsel's penalty phase performance was somehow deficient, no relief is due unless he has also shown a reasonable probability that, absent counsel's failing, the jury would have concluded that the balance of all aggravating and mitigating circumstances did not warrant the death penalty. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 695, 104 S.Ct. at 2068–69. In other words, no relief is due-even if counsel's presentation of mitigating evidence was not as thorough as it could have been-unless the omitted evidence would have been likely to change the sentencing verdict. See State v. Hamilton, 92–2639, pp. 6–10 (La.7/1/97), 699 So.2d 29, 32–34 (affirming conviction but vacating death sentence in light of finding that “[d]efense counsel did nothing in the penalty phase except offer the meager testimony he presented at the guilt phase and give a lackluster two paragraph closing argument.”); State v. Sanders, 93–0001, p. 25 (La.11/30/94), 648 So.2d 1272, 1291, cert. denied, 517 U.S. 1246, 116 S.Ct. 2504, 135 L.Ed.2d 194 (1996).
In the instant case, defense counsel presented substantial evidence at the penalty phase in an effort to demonstrate Lee's intellectual disability and show why he should be spared the death penalty. Counsel presented expert testimony indicating that Lee's results on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS–III) and the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale were consistent with a diagnosis of mild mental retardation; testimony from a board-certified neuropsychologist who opined that Lee was mildly mentally retarded, demonstrated communication deficits and lacked capacity for self-direction; evidence that Lee was enrolled in special education and speech therapy as a child; and testimony from a board-certified forensic psychiatrist who explained that she had interviewed Lee (like all criminals) with a skeptical eye and opined with reasonable medical certainty that he was mildly mentally retarded, in light of his inability to remember chronology of past events, frequent self-repetition, and inability to grasp abstract concepts. Lee, 05–2098, pp. 53–54, 976 So.2d at 144–45. In addition, counsel elicited testimony from two school administrators and two teachers who encountered Lee during their careers and who recalled that he had been an average or below average student. Counsel also presented Lee's younger sister, who, after expressing apologies for the victims' families, recounted her memories of growing up with Lee and explained that although they sometimes argued, she loved him and they had always reconciled. She also acknowledged an incident when they were in their late teens which prompted her to file a complaint against Lee: while at the home she shared with their mother, she heard a knock on the locked door and looked outside to see that it was Lee. When she refused to let him in, for reasons unstated, Lee removed the glass panel from the door, reached in, and unlocked it. Upon entering, he threatened physical violence and announced that he would come and go as he pleased and no one could do anything to stop him.
In urging entitlement to post-conviction relief, Lee bemoans counsel's failure to discover and present evidence of his frontal lobe abnormalities and various alleged mental health problems, including bipolar disorder and schizophrenia; his family's history of mental illness; and the physical abuse he suffered and observed as a child. Even assuming, however, that counsel's presentation of mitigating evidence was unreasonably limited, see Hamilton, 92–2639, p. 6, 699 So.2d at 32, and possibly less than beneficial to his defense—to the extent it created an impression he was an average or below average student who generally got along with others, and who, as a young adult, began to exhibit a propensity for violence—Lee has not made the required showing that he suffered prejudice as a result.
In my view, nothing Lee has offered post-conviction would have outweighed the atrocious nature of his crimes. See, e.g., Bobby v. Van Hook, 558 U.S. 4, 12–13, 130 S.Ct. 13, 20, 175 L.Ed.2d 255 (2009) (weighing aggravating circumstance that defendant stole victim's goods, killed him, and then disfigured his body, in concluding that omitted mitigating evidence would not have affected sentencing verdict); see also Strickland, 466 U.S. at 700, 104 S.Ct. at 2071 (“Given the overwhelming aggravating factors, there is no reasonable probability that the omitted evidence would have changed the conclusion that the aggravating circumstances outweighed the mitigating circumstances and, hence, the sentence imposed.”); State v.Code, 627 So.2d 1373 (La.1993) (affirming convictions and death sentences for serial killer who committed eight heinous killings) and Code v. Cain, 09–0113 (La.10/8/10), 46 So.3d 1258 (denying writs following district court's dismissal of application for post-conviction relief in which defendant claimed, inter alia, that counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to discover and present additional mitigating evidence). Even if all the omitted evidence had been presented, there would not have existed a reasonable probability of a different sentence in a case with such horrendous crimes and in which substantial evidence of Lee's adaptive impairments was presented in furtherance of his mental retardation claim. Not every case in which counsel fails to present mitigating evidence requires setting aside the sentence. See Woodford v. Visciotti, 537 U.S. 19, 123 S.Ct. 357, 154 L.Ed.2d 279 (2002) (reinstating judgment of California Supreme Court that it was not probable a jury would find evidence that defendant's childhood was troubled or that he had turned to drugs to escape an unbearable family life would outweigh that he committed a cold-blooded execution style murder of one victim and tried to kill another during planned armed robbery, stabbed one man in an unrelated incident, and stabbed a pregnant woman trying to protect her unborn child); see also Schriro v. Landrigan, 550 U.S. 465, 480–81, 127 S.Ct. 1933, 1943–44, 167 L.Ed.2d 836 (2007) (evidence that defendant was exposed to alcohol and drugs in utero, was abandoned by birth mother and raised by alcoholic stepmother, and suffered poly-substance abuse at an earlier age, was so “weak” that district court did not err in denying an evidentiary hearing, given evidence that by age 30 he had murdered one man, repeatedly stabbed another, escaped from prison, and then killed another).
Given the compelling evidence that Lee committed five brutal murders marked by exceptional violence and unsuccessfully attempted another, he cannot show that counsel's failure to present additional evidence that he may suffer from other mental disorders, whether or not related to his troubled upbringing, deprived him of a fair sentencing hearing or resulted in an unreliable recommendation of death. Rather, it appears likely that much of his “new” evidence would have been construed by jurors as cumulative of that presented in counsel's effort to demonstrate his intellectual disability. Cullen v. Pinholster, 563 U.S. 170, 199–200, 131 S.Ct. 1388, 1409–10, 179 L.Ed.2d 557 (2011).
Lee also ignores the reality that, had counsel called additional experts to demonstrate his alleged mental illness or disorders, he would have further opened the door to rebuttal by state experts. See id. (citing Wong v. Belmontes, 558 U.S. 15, 24–25, 130 S.Ct. 383, 388–90, 175 L.Ed.2d 328 (2009) (per curiam ) (taking into account that certain mitigating evidence would have exposed petitioner to further aggravating evidence)). Moreover, the allegedly wrongfully omitted evidence cannot be definitively characterized as entirely mitigating, given that jurors may have responded by finding Lee “simply beyond rehabilitation.” See Pinholster, 563 U.S. at 201, 131 S.Ct. at 1410 (citing Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304, 321, 122 S.Ct. 2242, 153 L.Ed.2d 335 (2002) (recognizing that mitigating evidence can be a “two-edged sword” indicating dangerousness)).
A balanced review of the aggravating and mitigating circumstances in this case, including those omitted, reveals that jurors would likely reach the same sentencing determination at a second hearing. See Pinholster, 563 U.S. at 198, 131 S.Ct. at 1408 (in assessing prejudice, reviewing court “reweigh[s] the evidence in aggravation against the totality of available mitigating evidence.”) (citing Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 534, 123 S.Ct. 2527, 2542, 156 L.Ed.2d 471 (2003)). Lee has not shown any entitlement to relief and the district court did not err when it dismissed this claim without an evidentiary hearing. La.C.Cr.P. art. 929(A).
As made clear in the Court's unanimous per curiam opinion, Lee has been afforded the assistance of appointed counsel and several years of access to Louisiana's courts for litigation of his post-conviction claims. Much like an inmate's singular opportunity to seek relief in federal habeas proceedings, see 28 U.S.C. § 2244, after the delays for rehearing have run pursuant to La. Supreme Court Rule IX, this writ denial marks the end of Lee's state court proceedings, finally bringing some measure of closure to the families of the multiple victims that have been irreparably affected by his hideous crimes.
With the end of state collateral review here, the statute of limitations governing the federal writ of habeas corpus will cease to be tolled and, if rehearing is not sought or granted in accordance with La.S.Ct. Rule IX, the time to apply to the federal courts for habeas review resumes.
See 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(2). Whether the one-year period of limitations of 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1) or the six-month period of 28 U.S.C.A. § 2263(a) will be applied by the federal courts presents what may be a res nova issue. See 28 U.S.C. § 2261; cf. Mata v. Johnson, 99 F.3d 1261, 1266 (5th Cir.1996), vacated in part on other grounds, 105 F.3d 209 (5th Cir.1997). Regardless, Lee should be aware that, unless he can show one of the narrow circumstances provided in La.C.Cr.P. art. 930.4 applies, he has no further right to state review.