Summary
In Klemm, the court considered the application of the exclusionary rule when Cincinnati police conducted a search outside of their jurisdiction.
Summary of this case from Guest v. LeisOpinion
Nos. C-870067, C-870068 and C-870069
Decided September 30, 1987.
Criminal law — Searches and seizures — Execution of warrant outside police officer's territorial jurisdiction — Exclusionary rule not applicable, when — Probable cause exists to support issuance of warrant.
O.Jur 3d Criminal Law § 527.
A violation of state law resulting from a city police officer's execution of a search warrant beyond the territorial limits of his jurisdiction does not require the suppression of evidence under the exclusionary rule when there is a demonstration of probable cause to support the issuance of the warrant.
APPEALS: Court of Appeals for Hamilton County.
Arthur M. Ney, Jr., prosecuting attorney, Christian J. Schaefer and David Stevenson, for appellant.
Merlyn D. Shiverdecker, for appellees.
These consolidated causes came on to be heard upon the appeals from the Hamilton County Municipal Court.
On October 26, 1986, Cincinnati Police Officer Donald Ruberg ("Ruberg") submitted an affidavit for a search warrant to a judge of the Hamilton County Municipal Court. The judge found that the affidavit demonstrated probable cause for a search and issued a warrant to the Sheriff of Hamilton County. Ruberg was not named to conduct the search, ostensibly because the described premises were in the village of Mariemont, in Hamilton County, but outside the city of Cincinnati.
The address named in the warrant was subsequently searched, and a quantity of gambling paraphernalia was seized pursuant to the warrant. The three defendants were charged with first degree misdemeanors for violations of various Ohio statutes prohibiting gambling. No member of the county sheriff's department took any part in the search. The search was instead conducted by Ruberg and other Cincinnati police officers with the assistance of three Mariemont officers.
The defendants moved to suppress the evidence, and the trial court granted their motion after an evidentiary hearing. The state of Ohio has filed these timely appeals from the trial court's decision pursuant to Crim. R. 12(J). In a single assignment of error the state contends the trial court erred in suppressing the evidence.
At the outset the state argues that the search warrant was properly executed because the Mariemont officers "accompanied" the Cincinnati officers in searching the residence. The trial court, however, properly found that the warrant was executed by Ruberg. One Mariemont officer was called by the state at the suppression hearing; he testified that he did not participate in preparing the warrant and did not see it until after he was at the residence, and that all the evidence seized was turned over to the Cincinnati officers. Finally, the Mariemont officer stated that in his opinion he was "assisting" the Cincinnati police in executing the warrant. Thus, this is not a case where a warrant was issued to one law enforcement officer and executed by another where both had jurisdiction at the location of the search. Here, a warrant issued to a county sheriff was executed by a city policeman outside the jurisdictional limits of the city and outside the policeman's jurisdiction.
In order for a violation of law to require the suppression of improperly seized evidence under the exclusionary rule of Mapp v. Ohio (1961), 367 U.S. 643, 86 Ohio Law Abs. 513, 16 O.O. 2d 384, and its progeny, the violation must also involve the deprivation of a constitutional right. State v. Wilmoth (1986), 22 Ohio St.3d 251, 22 OBR 427, 490 N.E.2d 1236; Kettering v. Hollen (1980), 64 Ohio St.2d 232, 18 O.O. 3d 435, 416 N.E.2d 598.
Generally, a police officer does not have the statutory authority to arrest someone outside his jurisdiction, Cincinnati v. Alexander (1978), 54 Ohio St.2d 248, 8 O.O. 3d 224, 375 N.E.2d 1241, and in our judgment, the same jurisdictional limitation applies to the execution of search warrants. As the Supreme Court would not imply a statewide arrest power in Cincinnati v. Alexander, supra, we will not imply a statewide power to execute validly issued search warrants. We cannot conclude that such power exists, absent an explicit grant by the legislature.
This does not, however, end our inquiry. Whether a particular search is unconstitutional depends upon the facts and circumstances of the particular case. State v. Robinson (1979), 58 Ohio St.2d 478, 12 O.O. 3d 394, 391 N.E.2d 317. Only searches that are unreasonable in a constitutional sense mandate the suppression of evidence. State v. Elkins (1976), 47 Ohio App.2d 307, 1 O.O. 3d 380, 354 N.E.2d 716.
In an analogous case, the Ohio Supreme Court has held that the exclusionary rule cannot be applied to the testimony of an arresting officer about the actions of a defendant, where the arrest, although occurring outside the officer's jurisdiction, is supported by probable cause. Kettering v. Hollen, supra. The statutory violation in Hollen was held not to be a constitutional violation because the officer had probable cause to arrest. Here, the defendants raised no question regarding the probable-cause determination of the municipal court judge. A search warrant, supported by probable cause, was issued; consequently, it passes constitutional muster. The violation of law in executing the valid warrant to search the premises did not require the evidence to be suppressed.
The judgments are reversed and the causes are remanded.
Judgments reversed and causes remanded.
KLUSMEIER, P.J., and SHANNON, J., concur.
HILDEBRANDT, J., concurs separately.
I agree with the majority's observation that any decision to extend to police officers statewide authority to execute search warrants regardless of their bailiwicks is solely a matter for the legislature. While I disagree with its holding, I further acknowledge that Kettering v. Hollen (1980), 64 Ohio St.2d 232, 18 O.O. 3d 435, 416 N.E.2d 598, is controlling to the case sub judice. But for the holding in Kettering v. Hollen, supra, I would vote to affirm the trial court's suppression of the evidence in the instant cause.
The well-settled purpose of the exclusionary rule is to instill in police officers a greater degree of care toward the rights of the accused by refusing to admit evidence obtained as a result of inappropriate conduct. State v. Wilmoth (1986), 22 Ohio St.3d 251, 22 OBR 427, 490 N.E.2d 1236, citing Stone v. Powell (1976), 428 U.S. 465. Thus, the exclusionary rule is a judicially created remedy designed to deter inappropriate police conduct. United States v. Calandra (1974), 414 U.S. 338. To be sure, that conduct must be inappropriate in a constitutional sense.
The Ohio Supreme Court in Kettering v. Hollen, supra, was compelled by the record before it to assume the accused was apprehended completely outside the arresting officer's jurisdiction. Id. at 233-234, 18 O.O. 3d at 436-437, 416 N.E.2d at 599-600. I would hold that an arrest made by a police officer outside his jurisdiction as well as a search conducted by a police officer outside his jurisdiction are both constitutional violations and violations of state law. Only by excluding the evidence obtained by such inappropriate and unlawful conduct will the police be deterred from committing the same unlawful and unconstitutional acts in the future.
The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Section 14, Article I of the Ohio Constitution guarantee the right of the people to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures. In my opinion, a police officer who knowingly acts without color of law by making an arrest or executing a search warrant outside his jurisdiction has committed an act which results in a degree of unreasonableness that violates both constitutional provisions. The fact that probable cause existed for the search warrant to issue does not cure constitutional defects in the execution of that warrant.
Regardless of the foregoing opinion, I recognize that it is incumbent upon this state's inferior courts to follow the precedent of the Ohio Supreme Court. As I can find no principled means of distinguishing Kettering v. Hollen, supra, from the case sub judice, I concur in the majority's decision to reverse the court below.