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holding that a reasonable relationship existed between a probation condition's requirement that the defendant not have unsupervised contact with children and the goals of rehabilitating him and protecting the public from any further criminal acts he might commit
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1 CA-CR 99-0988.
Filed November 14, 2000.
Appeal from the Superior Court in Yuma County, Cause No. SC97C00879, The Honorable Thomas A. Thode, Judge.
AFFIRMEDJanet A. Napolitano, Attorney General By Paul J. McMurdie, Chief Counsel, Criminal Appeals Section and Robert A. Walsh, Assistant Attorney General, Phoenix, Attorneys for Appellee.
Richard D. Engler, Yuma, Attorney for Appellant.
OPINION
¶ 1 Scott Aaron Kessler appeals from the trial court's order revoking his probation due to his violation of one of its terms. He specifically challenges the constitutionality of the condition that he have "no contact with any child" as is imposed upon participants in Yuma County's Sex Offender Supervision Program. Finding no merit in his contentions, we affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
¶ 2 Kessler was indicted in September 1997 for sexual abuse arising from an incident in which he rubbed the breasts of a thirteen-year-old girl. A few months later, he pled guilty to aggravated assault, a class 6 felony. The trial court suspended the imposition of sentence and placed Kessler on supervised probation for a period of 36 months.
¶ 3 A special condition of Kessler's probation was that he "[a]bide by all written sex offender regulations of probation imposed by [his] probation officer," including Regulation Number 1 of Yuma County's "Special Regulations of Probation for Sex Offenders." Regulation Number 1 in part provides that a probationer "[n]ot initiate, establish, or maintain contact whatsoever with any child (under the age of 18) nor attempt to do so . . . except under circumstances approved in advance and in writing by the probation officer."
¶ 4 A document entitled "Definition of Terms Regarding Contact With Minors" ("Definitions") supplements Regulation Number 1 by providing a more detailed explanation of the types of conduct prohibited by the regulation. According to the Definitions, Regulation Number 1 proscribes any form of direct, indirect or proximate contact, whether in a public or non-public area, regardless whether the minor is known to the probationer, unless the probationer is supervised or chaperoned. The Definitions further provide detailed explanations of the various types of "contact," the necessary qualifications of a "supervisor/chaperone" and examples of prohibited contact in public and non-public areas.
A copy of the "Definition of Terms Regarding Contact With Minors" is attached to this opinion as Appendix A.
¶ 5 In early September 1999, Kessler requested permission from his probation officer, Cathy Dryer, to attend a Labor Day weekend church retreat in California. Kessler told Dryer that he would be riding to California with a father and son, ages 51 and 31, and that he would be camping with these two men during the retreat. Dryer contacted the associate pastor of Kessler's church to explain the circumstances of Kessler's probation and to determine whether, in light of that information, the pastor was comfortable with having Kessler attend the retreat. Dryer's conversation with the pastor left her with the impression that the pastor would be attending the retreat and that he would act as "somewhat of a chaperone" for Kessler. Accordingly, Dryer gave Kessler permission to attend the retreat "provided that he not be around children." She specifically instructed him that, if children were present at the retreat, he was not to play with them, sit with them or speak with them.
The pastor did not, however, meet the necessary qualifications for a chaperone in Yuma County's Sex Offender Supervision Program.
¶ 6 When Kessler returned from the retreat, he told Dryer that "everything went fine." The next day, however, Dryer received a telephone call from the pastor, who informed her that he had not attended the retreat and that he had learned that Kessler had driven to California with a married couple and their three minor children. The pastor also reported that, contrary to Kessler's claim that he would be camping with a man and his adult son, Kessler had in fact shared a tent with a man and his thirteen-year-old son. The pastor further advised Dryer that Kessler had been observed during the retreat pushing children on a swing set outside the presence of other adults.
¶ 7 When confronted by Dryer, Kessler admitted the truth of the pastor's allegations. He also told her that, while on the retreat, he had seen a group of approximately five children "wandering around the public restroom" without adult supervision, that he had decided to act as the children's "protector," supervising them for approximately fifteen minutes.
¶ 8 Kessler further admitted to Dryer that a young boy, who was not affiliated with the church group, had approached him and eventually asked him to meet his father. Agreeing, Kessler accompanied the boy to the boy's campsite, where the boy's father told Kessler to stay away from that father's children.
¶ 9 Relying on the information that she received from the pastor and from Kessler, Dryer filed a petition to revoke Kessler's probation for a violation of Regulation Number 1. She alleged that, during the Labor Day weekend retreat, Kessler had "initiated, established, and maintained contact with minors."
The Labor Day weekend retreat was not the first time that Kessler had run afoul of the terms of his probation. One year earlier, the trial court had modified his probation to include ninety days confinement in the Yuma County Adult Detention Facility after Dryer had observed Kessler at a Yuma park, past the hour of his curfew, wearing a cowboy hat bearing the words "Sex Machine."
¶ 10 At the hearing on the petition to revoke probation, Kessler did not attempt to refute the State's allegations regarding his contact with children during the retreat. Rather, he contested the petition on the basis that Regulation Number 1 and the Definitions were unenforceable because they unjustly prohibited his "innocent physical presence" among minors and thereby violated his constitutional rights, including his right to the free exercise of his religion. He argued in the alternative that any violation of the terms of his probation during the Labor Day weekend fell under a "good faith exception" because he had obtained his probation officer's permission to attend the retreat.
¶ 11 The trial court found that Kessler had violated the terms of his probation. It once again suspended the imposition of sentence, placed Kessler on Intensive Probation and extended his probationary period by 55 days. Kessler appealed.
DISCUSSION
¶ 12 Kessler presents three arguments on appeal. First, he contends that Regulation Number 1 and the Definitions are so broadly written as to necessarily prohibit him from engaging in constitutionally protected activity, including the free exercise of his religion and his freedom of association. Second, he argues that Regulation Number 1 and the Definitions are "so overreaching" in their scope that they necessarily result in selective enforcement by the State. Third, he insists that it is fundamentally unfair to conclude that he violated the terms of his probation because his probation officer had granted him permission to attend the retreat. We reject each of these arguments.
A. Overbreadth
¶ 13 Relying primarily on this Court's opinion in State v. Martin, 171 Ariz. 159, 829 P.2d 349 (App. 1992), Kessler argues that Regulation Number 1 and the Definitions are unenforceable because they improperly "regulate or burden virtually every aspect of a probationer's conduct simply because children may be present." He particularly contends that Regulation Number 1 and the Definitions unnecessarily infringe upon his First Amendment rights of freedom of religion and freedom of association.
¶ 14 In Martin, we addressed an individual's claim that the State had presented insufficient evidence that he had violated a term of his probation prohibiting him from having any "contact with children under the age of eighteen years." Martin, who was on probation for attempted molestation of a child, on one occasion had been present with other adults in the same house as two minor children, but he had spent no time alone with the children, and the State presented "no evidence of any physical or even verbal contact by Martin with these children nor of any setting conducive to improper behavior." Id. at 160, 829 P.2d at 350. In holding that the State had presented insufficient evidence that Martin had violated the "no contact" term of his probation, we stated that, in the context in which it was used, "the word `contact' [was] so vague as to fail to provide Martin with notice about what kind of group association [was] prohibited." Id. We further observed:
While the term understandably intends to prohibit potential sexual contact with minors, the language is so broad as to also prohibit Martin from merely being present with minors in conventional places such as schools, shopping malls, churches, sporting events, or social events. More qualified language is needed regarding "contact" to avoid penalizing such innocent physical presence with other human beings.
Id. This language indicates our concern that the term of probation at issue was both impermissibly vague and overbroad.
¶ 15 Overbreadth and vagueness challenges often appear in tandem. The two concepts, however, implicate different constitutional infirmities. "An overbroad statute is one designed to burden or punish activities which are not constitutionally protected, but the statute includes within its scope activities which are protected by the First Amendment." State v. Jones, 177 Ariz. 94, 99, 865 P.2d 138, 143 (App. 1993), quoting John E. Nowak, et al., CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, ch. 18, § III at 868 (2d ed. 1983). In comparison, an unconstitutionally vague statute fails to give a person of average intelligence reasonable notice of what behavior is prohibited or permits arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement. State v. Steiger, 162 Ariz. 138, 141-42, 781 P.2d 616, 619-20 (App. 1989).
¶ 16 In relying on Martin, Kessler does not argue that Regulation Number 1 or the Definitions are unconstitutionally vague. These Definitions explain what type of contact was prohibited, whereas in Martin there were no explanations regarding what type of contact was barred. Moreover, in a recent decision, this Court found that probation conditions virtually identical to Regulation Number 1 and the Definitions were not unconstitutionally vague. State v. Maggio, 196 Ariz. 321, 323, 996 P.2d 122, 124 (App. 2000) (finding no vagueness because the "specific instructions to the Defendant in this case explained how he should or should not behave"). Rather, Kessler maintains that Regulation Number 1 and the Definitions are unconstitutionally overbroad because they proscribe his "innocent physical presence" with minors and thereby infringe upon such constitutional guarantees as the free exercise of religion and freedom of association.
¶ 17 Before we can address the substance of this issue, however, we must determine if Kessler has standing to assert it. Traditionally, one who asserts a claim of statutory overbreadth or vagueness does not have standing if his conduct falls squarely within the constitutionally legitimate prohibitions of the regulation at issue. Parker v. Levy, 417 U.S. 733, 756 (1974); State v. Musser, 194 Ariz. 31, 32, 977 P.2d 131, 132 (1999). Kessler did not violate his probation simply by attending a retreat at which children were present. He committed much more specific acts which fell squarely within the regulation's appropriate purpose of preventing one who is subject to the Sex Offender Supervision Program from interacting with children. Kessler's sharing a tent with a thirteen-year-old boy, playing with children without supervision, "protecting" children near the restroom and accompanying a boy to a campsite all fell within the plainly constitutional reach of Regulation Number 1 and the Definitions.
¶ 18 A narrow exception to this standing requirement exists in the context of the First Amendment. In certain cases, a person whose activities are not constitutionally protected may challenge a law as overbroad if it "substantially abridges the First Amendment rights of other parties not before the court." Musser, 194 Ariz. at 32, 977 P.2d at 132, quoting Village of Schaumburg v. Citizens, 444 U.S. 620, 634-35 (1980); see also State v. McLamb, 188 Ariz. 1, 9, 932 P.2d 266, 274 (App. 1996), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 814 (1997). This exception exists in order to ensure that protected speech and expression are not chilled. Young v. American Mini Theatres, Inc., 427 U.S. 50, 60 (1976); McLamb, 188 Ariz. at 9, 932 P.2d at 274; Appeal in Maricopa County Juv. Action No. JT9065297, 181 Ariz. 69, 73, 887 P.2d 599, 603 (App. 1994). However, if the regulation's "deterrent effect on legitimate expression is not both real and substantial, and if the statute is readily subject to a narrowing construction by the state courts, the litigant is not permitted to assert the rights of third parties." American Mini Theatres, 427 U.S. at 60; see also Musser, 194 Ariz. at 32, 977 P.2d at 132; McLamb, 188 Ariz. at 9, 932 P.2d at 274; Juvenile Action No. JT9065297, 181 Ariz. at 73, 887 P.2d at 603.
¶ 19 Kessler argues that his right of religious freedom and his right of association are burdened by Regulation Number 1 and the Definitions, but he does not explains how those not before the court would have their freedom of speech or expression chilled by the regulation. First, only those on probation for sexual crimes would be subject to this regulation. Second, one's freedom of speech or expression is not directly affected by this regulation; only the right of sex-offender probationers to associate with children is affected. This is a legitimate regulation to supervise an individual adjudicated guilty of a criminal offense governing primarily conduct, not speech; therefore, Kessler must show that its chilling effect on others' expression or association is significant in order to gain standing to challenge the regulation for overbreadth. See Broadrick v. Oklahoma, 413 U.S. 601, 612 (1973); Musser, 194 Ariz. at 32-33, 977 P.2d at 132-33. Because this regulation does not substantially chill First Amendment rights, Kessler lacks standing to assert that the regulation is overbroad on the behalf of parties not before the court. Nonetheless, we will consider the thrust of Kessler's argument, which is that Regulation Number 1 and the Definitions violate his own constitutional rights to freedom of association and freedom of religion.
¶ 20 In addressing Kessler's claim that the Regulation and its Definitions violate his own constitutional rights, we begin by determining the effect his probationary status has on his argument. "To remain at liberty under a suspended sentence is not a matter of right but a matter of grace." State v. Crowder, 103 Ariz. 264, 265, 440 P.2d 29, 30 (1968). As a result, a probationer is subject to restriction of his constitutional rights to a greater degree than would be permissible outside the criminal-justice system. State v. Montgomery, 115 Ariz. 583, 584, 566 P.2d 1329, 1330 (1977) (noting that probationers enjoy a reduced expectation of privacy and upholding a probation condition which dictated that the defendant would submit to a warrantless search by police at any time). "Thus, where a condition impinges on but does not violate the defendant's fundamental rights, the condition may still be constitutional." State v. Nickerson, 164 Ariz. 121, 123, 791 P.2d 647, 649 (App. 1990); see United States v. Bee, 162 F.3d 1232, 1234-35 (9th Cir. 1998) ("Probationers, like parolees and prisoners, properly are subject to limitations from which ordinary persons are free," quoting United States v. Consuelo-Gonzalez, 521 F.2d 259, 265 (9th Cir. 1975)), cert. denied, 526 U.S. 1093 (1999).
¶ 21 "Courts have consistently upheld imposition of conditions of probation that restrict a defendant's freedom of speech and association when those conditions bear a reasonable relationship to the goals of probation." United States v. Turner, 44 F.3d 900, 903 (10th Cir.) (emphasis added and citations omitted), cert. denied, 515 U.S. 1104 (1995); see Nickerson, 164 Ariz. at 123, 791 P.2d at 649 (upholding condition preventing probationer from being in the company of his spouse because it was reasonably related to the goal of rehabilitating him); State v. Donovan, 116 Ariz. 209, 211-12, 568 P.2d 1107, 1109-10 (App. 1977) (upholding conditions that prohibited probationer from associating with his girlfriend since the conditions related to his rehabilitation). "The question is whether there is a reasonable nexus between the conditions imposed and the goals to be achieved by the probation." State v. Davis, 119 Ariz. 140, 142, 579 P.2d 1110, 1112 (App. 1978) (finding such a nexus existed in upholding a condition prohibiting probationer from obtaining custody of her children); see United States v. Malone, 502 F.2d 554, 556-57 (9th Cir. 1974) (finding a "reasonable nexus between the probation conditions and the goals of probation" in that case and noting that a "convicted criminal may be reasonably restricted as part of his sentence with respect to his associations in order to prevent his future criminality"), cert. denied, 419 U.S. 1124 (1975). A court will not "strike down conditions of release, even if they implicate fundamental rights, if such conditions are reasonably related to the ends of rehabilitation and protection of the public from recidivism." United States v. Schave, 186 F.3d 839, 843 (7th Cir. 1999).
¶ 22 A reasonable relationship clearly exists between Regulation Number 1's requirement that Kessler not have unsupervised or unchaperoned contact with children and the goals of rehabilitating him and protecting the public from any further criminal acts he might commit. We therefore reject his challenge to Regulation Number 1 and the Definitions. Although restrictive of Kessler's ability to be "merely present" with minors "in conventional places such as schools, shopping malls, churches, sporting events, or social events," Martin, 171 Ariz. at 160, 829 P.2d at 350, Regulation Number 1 and the Definitions are not so unreasonable that they violate the broad discretion given to the trial court in setting terms of probation. Bee, 162 F.2d at 1235-36 (upholding supervised release condition requiring that defendant "not have contact with children under the age of 18 unless approved by [his] probation officer" and observing that "even very broad conditions are reasonable if they are intended to promote probationer's rehabilitation and to protect the public"); see Nickerson, 164 Ariz. at 123, 791 P.2d at 649; Donovan, 116 Ariz. at 211-12, 568 P.2d at 1109-10.
B. Selective Enforcement
¶ 23 Kessler next argues that Regulation Number 1 and the Definitions are so broad in their scope that the State necessarily must engage in selective enforcement of those provisions. In other words, in his view, selective enforcement results not because the provisions are impermissibly vague but because, to the contrary, they are so all-encompassing in their precision that the State could not possibly enforce them in every instance. Kessler maintains that "selective enforcement inevitably means discriminatory enforcement," thereby suggesting that Regulation Number 1 is applied in a manner that violates equal protection.
Kessler does not use the phrase "equal protection." His reference to "discriminatory enforcement," however, suggests that this is the premise of his argument.
¶ 24 We reject this argument because nothing in the record suggests that Regulation Number 1 is being enforced in a discriminatory manner. The State's alleged failure to pursue all violations of the regulation is not a sufficient basis for a successful claim of a denial of equal protection. In re Matter of Pima County Juv. Appeal No. 74802-2, 164 Ariz. 25, 29, 790 P.2d 723, 727 (1990), citing Oyler v. Boles, 368 U.S. 448, 456 (1962); Moss v. Hornig, 314 F.2d 89, 92 (2d Cir. 1963), disapproved on other grounds, State v. Getz, 189 Ariz. 561, 944 P.2d 503 (1997). Certainly Kessler's mere assertion that "selective enforcement inevitably means discriminatory enforcement" fails to demonstrate an equal-protection violation. Pima County Juv. Appeal No. 74802-2, 164 Ariz. at 30, 790 P.2d at 728; see State v. Denny, 116 Ariz. 361, 365, 569 P.2d 303, 307 (App. 1977); State v. Scott, 17 Ariz. App. 183, 185, 496 P.2d 609, 611 (1972). Without some evidence of discriminatory enforcement of Regulation Number 1, we reject Kessler's argument that the regulation and the Definitions are unconstitutional because they result in selective enforcement.
C. Due Process
¶ 25 Kessler's final argument is that it was fundamentally unfair and thus a violation of due process for the trial court to conclude that he violated the terms of his probation when he had received his probation officer's permission to attend the retreat. According to him, "it was obvious" that allowing him to attend the retreat "would inevitably result in his violating his probation."
¶ 26 Kessler's argument would be more persuasive had he been charged with violating his probation by merely attending the retreat. The petition to revoke, however, was premised on much more specific acts he committed while on the retreat. These acts included Kessler's decision to share a tent with a thirteen-year-old boy, his unsupervised contact with the children at the swing set, his decision to act as the "protector" of children he observed near the restroom and his contact with the boy whom he accompanied to another campsite.
¶ 27 It does not "inevitably" follow from the probation officer's decision to allow Kessler to attend a church retreat in the company of two adult men and under the supervision of the associate pastor of his church that he would engage in the inappropriate behavior that ultimately occurred. Given the facts of this case, there was no fundamental unfairness in the trial court's finding that Kessler had violated the terms of his probation.
CONCLUSION
¶ 28 Having rejected Kessler's challenges to the constitutionality of Regulation Number 1 and the Definitions, we affirm the order revoking Kessler's probation.
________________________ SUSAN A. EHRLICH, Judge
CONCURRING:
______________________________ WILLIAM F. GARBARINO, Judge
______________________________ RUDOLPH J. GERBER, Judge