Summary
In State v. Kearns, 211 Kan. 158, 505 P.2d 676, cert. den. 414 U.S. 841, 38 L.Ed.2d 77, 94 S.Ct. 96, this court considered a similar situation in which the complainant Zimmerman was called to the station to identify recovered property.
Summary of this case from State v. NesmithOpinion
No. 46,655
Opinion filed January 20, 1973.
SYLLABUS BY THE COURT
1. LARCENY — When Theft Not From Single Impulse or Intent — Value — Instruction on Petty Larcency. When a jury might reasonably conclude that the theft of several items of property did not result from a single continuing criminal impulse or intent and the value of each of said items is not sufficient to sustain a conviction of grand larceny, an instruction on petty larceny should be given. (Following State v. Roberts, 210 Kan. 786, 504 P.2d 242, Syl. ¶ 5.)
2. SEARCH AND SEIZURE — Lacking Probable Cause to Make Arrest — Right of Officer to Stop Suspicious Person. In appropriate circumstances an officer who lacks probable cause to make an arrest may nevertheless stop a suspicious individual briefly to determine his identity or to maintain the status quo momentarily while obtaining more information.
3. SAME — Merchandise in Plain View — Probable Cause it is Stolen — Subsequent Search — Not Constitutionally Unreasonable. Where an officer observes merchandise in an automobile in plain view and his further investigation reveals probable cause to believe it is stolen, his subsequent seizure of the merchandise is not constitutionally unreasonable.
4. CRIMINAL LAW — In-court Identification. The fact that a witness may have inadvertently observed the defendant at the police station within a few hours of his arrest does not render inadmissible an independent in-court identification based primarily on the witness's observations at the scene of the crime.
5. INDICTMENT AND INFORMATION — Variance as to Names. Proof that stolen merchandise belonged to "Robert" Zimmerman when the information alleged it belonged to "Bob" Zimmerman is not such a material variance as to invalidate a conviction where it is clear that both proof and pleading referred to the same person.
6. CRIMINAL LAW — Defendant Bound Over for Trial — Subject to Jurisdiction of Court — Deficiencies in Complaint or Warrant. Even if the magistrate had insufficient evidence before him to find probable cause at the time he issued an arrest warrant, a defendant who has thereafter been properly bound over for trial is subject to the jurisdiction of the district court and is not entitled to be discharged because of any deficiencies in the complaint or warrant.
Appeal from Douglas district court; FRANK R. GRAY, judge. Opinion filed January 20, 1973. Reversed and remanded.
John C. Humpage, of Humpage and Stewart, of Topeka, argued the cause, and was on the brief for the appellant.
John Mike Elwell, county attorney, argued the cause, and Vern Miller, attorney general, and Jerry L. Donnelly, assistant county attorney, were with him on the brief for the appellee.
The opinion of the court was delivered by
This a companion case to State v. Roberts, 210 Kan. 786, 504 P.2d 242). Although tried separately, the appellant John M. Kearns and his colleague John Doyle Roberts were each convicted of the same two counts of grand larceny, on substantially identical testimony. Each was represented by the same attorney, who made virtually the same contentions on behalf of each both at trial and in this court.
In Roberts we reversed and remanded for a new trial because of the trial court's failure to instruct on petty larceny. The same result must be reached here. The evidence here is likewise susceptible to a reasonable inference that the two $27 drills forming the basis of count I were not stolen at one time or as a result of one continuing criminal impulse. The same may be said of the 76 record albums charged under count II. Since none of the items under either count had a sufficient value to make its theft alone grand larceny, an instruction on petty larceny was called for. For a discussion of the "single larceny" doctrine as applied to the facts in this case the reader is referred to State v. Roberts, supra.
Our opinion in Roberts in large part disposes of appellant's contentions here, but some require additional comment. The most important of these is that the drills and records were the products of an allegedly unlawful search and seizure, and were therefore erroneously admitted into evidence. Roberts was held to lack standing to raise this issue because he claimed no proprietary or possessory interest in either the merchandise or the car from which it was taken — he was just a passenger. Kearns, our appellant here, was the owner and driver of the car. His standing is not questioned.
A little after 6:00 p.m. on November 6, 1969, Officer Miguel B. Garcia of the Lawrence police stopped appellant's car because he was looking for a white-over-blue Cadillac. Such a car had been described to him as the getaway car in the theft of some shoes from a local shoe store earlier that day. Although appellant emphasizes that when the initial contact was made the officer was operating on "mere suspicion," he does not seriously contend that there was anything unlawful about this bit of routine police work.
The propriety of such preliminary investigation was recently recognized in Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143, 32 L.Ed.2d 612, 92 S.Ct. 1921. There, referring to Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 20 L.Ed.2d 889, 88 S.Ct. 1868, the Court said ( 407 U.S. at 145-6):
"In Terry this Court recognized that `a police officer may in appropriate circumstances and in an appropriate manner approach a person for purposes of investigating possibly criminal behavior even though there is no probable cause to make an arrest.' Id., at 22. The Fourth Amendment does not require a policeman who lacks the precise level of information necessary for probable cause to arrest to simply shrug his shoulders and allow a crime to occur or a criminal to escape. On the contrary, Terry recognizes that it may be the essence of good police work to adopt an intermediate response. See id., at 23. A brief stop of a suspicious individual, in order to determine his identity or to maintain the status quo momentarily while obtaining more information, may be most reasonable in light of the facts known to the officer at the time."
The officer's investigation here led to a number of developments. Appellant first jumped out of his car and came back to the police car. The officer, not to be forestalled, approached appellant's car with appellant in tow and observed through the window, without entering: (1) a number of shoes thrown on the back seat; (2) two electric drills, unwrapped and bearing price tags, on the floor behind the driver's seat; and (3) a stack of 83 record albums, likewise bearing price tags, on the front seat between the driver's seat and that of his passenger, Roberts.
Inquiry revealed that appellant had no driver's license, and that both appellant and Roberts disclaimed ownership of or any interest in the merchandise. Neither knew how it all came to be in the car.
Still treading cautiously, Officer Garcia called for help. He secured the attendance not only of another officer but of the clerk from the victimized shoe store, who identified appellant and Roberts as the persons who had fled with the missing shoes. He also identified the shoes.
We think it inescapable that at this point Officer Garcia had probable cause to believe that the drills and records were stolen — mingled as they were with shoes known to be stolen, and in the possession of identified thieves who disclaimed them. Cf. State v. Undorf, 210 Kan. 1, 499 P.2d 1105; State v. Frizzell, 207 Kan. 393, 485 P.2d 160, and cases cited therein.
That being so, the drills and records were subject to seizure, either then and there or later at the police station. Chambers v. Maroney, 399 U.S. 42, 26 L.Ed.2d 419, 90 S.Ct. 1975. Here, with appellant's permission, the car was driven to the police station; there the merchandise was removed.
Under the authorities cited, and many others which could be, the seizure of the drills and records was not unreasonable. (It may be noted that there was no "search" for these items, as they were at all times in plain view and "the eye cannot commit a trespass.") ( State v. Frizzell, supra, at 398.) They were therefore properly admitted into evidence.
After their identification as the shoe stealers appellant and Roberts were arrested on that charge and taken to the police station for booking. During the booking process Robert Zimmerman, the owner of the Lawrence Coast-to-Coast store, was summoned to the station to identify the drills, which were thought to have come from his store. While there he saw appellant and Roberts at the far end of a room he passed through and someone — he can't remember who — indicated that the pair was being booked for stealing the drills. At trial Zimmerman identified appellant as having been in his store late in the afternoon of the day of the arrest, in the general area where the two drills were customarily displayed. Appellant contends this identification should have been suppressed as the result of an impermissible one-to-one confrontation, citing United States v. Wade, 388 U.S. 218, 18 L.Ed.2d 1149, 87 S.Ct. 1926; Gilbert v. California, 388 U.S. 263, 18 L.Ed.2d 1178, 87 S.Ct. 1951; and Stovall v. Denno, 388 U.S. 293, 18 L.Ed.2d 1199, 87 S.Ct. 1967.
The difficulty with appellant's position is that there was no "lineup" and no "confrontation." At a pretrial hearing on appellant's motion to suppress Zimmerman testified that, while his glimpse of the two suspects at the police station may have jogged his memory, his identification of appellant was definitely based on what he saw in his store, and not on what he saw at the police station. This alone would have rendered the identification testimony admissible even if there had been some taint to it. State v. Kelly, 210 Kan. 192, 499 P.2d 1040; State v. Hill, 209 Kan. 688, 498 P.2d 92. In addition, it is clear that such encounter as there was came about inadvertently, and not through any solicitation, ruse or scheme of the police. Zimmerman thought the information that appellant and Roberts were suspects came to him from a non-police connected source — he wasn't sure. Further, although the exact time of the incident does not appear in the record it does appear that Zimmerman was at the police station "that evening," following appellant's arrest at about 6:30 p.m. See State v. Kress, 210 Kan. 522, 502 P.2d 827; State v. Meeks, 205 Kan. 261, 469 P.2d 302, and cases cited. These factors — the short interval of time, the inadvertence, the independent in-court identification — together lead us to conclude that Zimmerman's identification of appellant was properly received.
Appellant also urges that there was a fatal variance between pleading and proof in that the information charges that the drills belonged to "Bob" Zimmerman, while the proof showed the owner to be "Robert" Zimmerman. To invalidate a conviction a variance must be material, so as to mislead the accused. State v. Johnson, 189 Kan. 571, 370 P.2d 107; State v. Earley, 119 Kan. 446, 239 P. 981; State v. Wahl, 118 Kan. 771, 236 P. 652. We cannot conceive of appellant's having been surprised to learn that "Robert" was the true name of a person referred to as "Bob," especially since "Bob" Zimmerman was further identified in the information as the owner of the Coast-to-Coast store.
Finally, appellant urges that he should have been discharged because the original complaint before the county court, upon which an arrest warrant was issued, was insufficient because it was conclusory in form and was cast in the language of the statute. Whatever its deficiencies, the complaint had spent its force when a preliminary hearing was held and the magistrate made the necessary findings to bind appellant over for trial. For a full discussion of this proposition see State v. Addington, 205 Kan. 640, 643-5, 472 P.2d 225. The district court had jurisdiction to try the appellant and correctly overruled his motion to discharge.
All other issues are disposed of in State v. Roberts, supra. The judgment is reversed and the case is remanded for a new trial.
APPROVED BY THE COURT.