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finding the reliability prong met where a juvenile informant was arrested for attempting to break into the defendant's home, he admitted to having purchased marijuana from the defendant in the past, and he was named in the affidavit
Summary of this case from State v. HankinsOpinion
No. 4437-8-III.
April 29, 1982.
[1] Searches and Seizures — Warrant — Affidavit — Personal Knowledge of Affiant — Test for Veracity — Necessity. The test for veracity of the person supplying information in an affidavit for a search warrant is not applicable when such person is the affiant and appears before the issuing officer and attests to the truthfulness of the information.
[2] Searches and Seizures — Warrant — Affidavit — Informant — Credibility — In General. The veracity or credibility of an informant is supported by the fact that the information given contains a declaration against penal interest and the informant signed the affidavit, and by detail provided which implies personal observation by the informant.
[3] Searches and Seizures — Warrant — Affidavit — Timeliness of Information. Information supporting a search warrant is timely if it indicates the probability of criminal activity on the described premises at the time the warrant is issued. The actual number of days which have passed since the informant's personal knowledge of the activity is only one factor to be considered in determining whether the information is timely.
Nature of Action: The defendant was charged with possession of a controlled substance. The material evidence was seized pursuant to a search warrant based on an affidavit of a person arrested while attempting to break in and steal some of the contraband.
Superior Court: The Superior Court for Franklin County, No. 4171, Robert S. Day, J., after refusing to suppress the evidence seized under the search warrant, entered a judgment of guilty on February 26, 1981.
Court of Appeals: Holding that the affidavit supporting the warrant was sufficient, the court affirms the judgment.
Eugene G. Schuster and Critchlow Williams, for appellant.
C.J. Rabideau, Prosecuting Attorney, and Pamela Cameron, Deputy, for respondent.
[As amended by order of the Court of Appeals May 12, 1982, deleting directions that the opinion should not be published.]
Michael Hett appeals his conviction for possession of a controlled substance. The sole question presented is whether the court erred in denying his motion to suppress evidence seized under a search warrant.
Michael Hett was charged and convicted of felonious possession of marijuana. The marijuana was seized in his home pursuant to a search warrant issued on August 21, 1980, and supported by two affidavits. The affidavit at issue here was signed by Larry Lawley, a minor arrested while attempting to break into Mr. Hett's home. His affidavit stated: (1) he had personally known Mr. Hett for about a year; (2) he had purchased marijuana from Mr. Hett on at least 20 separate occasions; (3) he was present on August 18, 1980, when Mr. Hett sold marijuana to a third person; (4) he had personally observed Mr. Hett remove baggies of marijuana from a cardboard box kept in his bedroom closet on a shelf; and (5) he had arranged to purchase marijuana from Mr. Hett on August 21, 1980, but on arriving at Mr. Hett's home and discovering no one there, he attempted to break in and was arrested. Larry Lawley appeared before a district court judge and informed him the affidavit was true. Mr. Hett moved to suppress the marijuana seized pursuant to the warrant. This motion was denied.
The other affidavit was by a police officer and reiterated the contents of the Lawley affidavit.
[1] First, Mr. Hett contends Mr. Lawley's affidavit in support of the warrant failed to recite sufficient facts to establish his credibility or reliability, and thus failed to satisfy the second prong of the Aguilar-Spinelli test. Aguilar v. Texas, 378 U.S. 108, 12 L.Ed.2d 723, 84 S.Ct. 1509 (1964); Spinelli v. United States, 393 U.S. 410, 21 L.Ed.2d 637, 89 S.Ct. 584 (1969). This prong tests veracity, evaluating the truthfulness of the informant. Aguilar v. Texas, supra at 114; Spinelli v. United States, supra; State v. Partin, 88 Wn.2d 899, 903, 567 P.2d 1136 (1977). We do not find this test controlling here.
Both Aguilar v. Texas, supra, and Spinelli v. United States, supra, are distinguishable. The affidavits in those two cases were based on tips of unidentified informants. That is not the case here. Larry Lawley was an identified informant and additionally the principal affiant. As such he appeared before the judicial officer issuing the search warrant and attested to the truthfulness of the affidavit he had signed. In these circumstances, the Aguilar-Spinelli test does not apply.
[2] In the alternative, if the Aguilar-Spinelli test applies, as Mr. Hett contends, factors are present to establish Larry Lawley's credibility and thus satisfy the "veracity" prong. Larry Lawley's appearance before the judicial officer provides a strong basis on which to appraise his reliability. State v. Sainz, 23 Wn. App. 532, 536, 596 P.2d 1090 (1979). His affidavit contains statements against his penal interests. Such statements are not often made lightly and may support an inference of reliability, United States v. Harris, 403 U.S. 573, 581, 29 L.Ed.2d 723, 91 S.Ct. 2075 (1971), since one who admits his criminal activity to a police officer may face prosecution. State v. Lair, 95 Wn.2d 706, 711, 630 P.2d 427 (1981). The fact the informant, Mr. Lawley, is named in the affidavit and signed it, may be considered with other indicia leading to a conclusion of reliability. State v. Lair, supra at 712; State v. Sieler, 95 Wn.2d 43, 48, 621 P.2d 1272 (1980); see also State v. Northness, 20 Wn. App. 551, 556-57, 582 P.2d 546 (1978). Finally, his affidavit contained facts concerning Mr. Hett's sale and storage of marijuana in such detail it could reasonably be inferred he was not relying on casual rumor, but personal observation. Draper v. United States, 358 U.S. 307, 3 L.Ed.2d 327, 79 S.Ct. 329 (1959). In fact, he admits to being a purchaser.
[3] Second, Mr. Hett contends the affidavit is insufficient to establish probable cause because it fails to state facts showing criminal activity was occurring at or about the time the warrant was issued; therefore, it was stale. We disagree.
[A] search warrant may be issued only upon information establishing the probable contemporaneous presence of property to be seized on the described premises. The key is whether the property sought is on the premises to be searched at the time the search warrant is issued.
State v. Johnson, 17 Wn. App. 153, 156, 561 P.2d 701 (1977); see also State v. Higby, 26 Wn. App. 457, 460, 613 P.2d 1192 (1980); State v. Sainz, supra at 536. The test for staleness of the information in an affidavit is common sense. State v. Worland, 20 Wn. App. 559, 582 P.2d 539 (1978). Tabulation of the number of intervening days is not the final determinant of probable cause, but rather it is just one factor to be considered with all the other circumstances, including the nature and scope of the suspected criminal activity. State v. Higby, supra at 460. Here, Larry Lawley stated: (1) he personally observed the sale of marijuana by Mr. Hett to a third person on August 18, 1980, only 3 days prior to execution of the warrant; and (2) he had arranged with Mr. Hett to meet for the sale of marijuana on August 21, 1980, the same day the affidavit was signed and the search warrant issued. These statements clearly indicate it would be reasonable to conclude marijuana was on the premises at the time the search warrant issued.
We find the affidavit sufficient to support the issuance of the search warrant and the motion to suppress was properly denied.
Affirmed.
ROE, A.C.J., and MUNSON, J., concur.
Reconsideration denied May 12, 1982.
Review denied by Supreme Court July 16, 1982.