Opinion
M302770; CA A30327
Argued and submitted May 14, 1984
Affirmed October 31, 1984
Appeal from District Court, Multnomah County.
Linda Bergman, Judge.
Zack M. Lorts, Oregon City, argued the cause and filed the brief for appellant.
Martha L. Rice, Assistant Attorney General, Salem, argued the cause for respondent. With her on the brief were Dave Frohnmayer, Attorney General, and James E. Mountain, J.r, Solicitor General, Salem.
Before Gillette, Presiding Judge, and Van Hoomissen and Young, Judges.
VAN HOOMISSEN, J.
Affirmed.
Defendant appeals his conviction for driving while under the influence of intoxicants. ORS 487.540. He contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress evidence of statements he made to the arresting officer, in refusing to allow the testimony of a defense witness and in refusing to admit a defense exhibit. We affirm.
We take the facts from the pretrial hearing on defendant's motion to suppress. Officer Luher testified that he stopped defendant's car after observing it weave back and forth over the center line. He smelled a strong odor of alcohol on defendant's breath. He also observed a bottle of wine between defendant and his passenger. After requesting that defendant produce his driver's license, Luher asked him how much he had had to drink. Defendant responded, "one beer," then, "I haven't had that much," then "two or three beers" and then that "I was partying yesterday and had quite a bit to drink" but that "I haven't had that much today." Luher also testified that he had not made up his mind to arrest defendant before questioning him, but that he was going to detain defendant until he had determined "whether [defendant] was fit to drive." Luher decided to arrest defendant after he had performed field sobriety tests. The trial judge ruled that Miranda warnings were not required and that defendant's statements were admissible. Defendant contends that that was error. We disagree.
Defendant relies principally on State v. Roberti, 293 Or. 236, 646 P.2d 1341 (1982), vacated and remanded sub nom Oregon v. Roberti, 468 US ___ (1984). He argues that he was significantly deprived of his freedom of action, because Luher had subjectively determined that defendant was not free to leave; therefore, he was "in custody" under Roberti and should have been given Miranda warnings before being questioned about his drinking.
Roberti was decided solely on federal constitutional grounds. Its holding was vacated by the United States Supreme Court, citing Berkemer v. McCarty, 468 US ___, 104 S Ct 3138, 82 L Ed 2d 317 (1984). In Berkemer, the Supreme Court held that persons temporarily detained pursuant to traffic stops are not necessarily "in custody" for the purposes of Miranda. 468 US at ___.
Defendant did not challenge admissibility on state constitutional grounds in this court.
"It is settled that the safeguards prescribed by Miranda become applicable as soon as a suspect's freedom of action is curtailed to a 'degree associated with formal arrest.' California v. Beheler, 463 US ___, ___, 103 S Ct 3517, 77 L Ed 2d 1275, (1983) (per curiam). If a motorist who has been detained pursuant to a traffic stop thereafter is subjected to treatment that renders him 'in custody' for practical purposes, he will be entitled to the full panoply of protections prescribed by Miranda. See Oregon v. Mathiason, 429 U.S. 492, 495, 50 L Ed 2d 714, 97 S Ct 711 (1977) (per curiam)." 468 US at ___.
Under Berkemer, Miranda warnings are required after a traffic stop only if a defendant can "demonstrate that, at any time between the initial stop and the arrest, he was subjected to restraints comparable to those associated with a formal arrest." 468 US at ___. Applying that test, we conclude that defendant was not "in custody" for Miranda purposes when he was questioned by Officer Luher. He was not subjected to restraints comparable to those associated with a formal arrest. Therefore, Miranda warnings were not required. See State v. Gainer, 70 Or. App. 199, 689 P.2d 323 (1984); State v. Hackworth, 69 Or. App. 358, 685 P.2d 480 (1984); State v. McConnville, 67 Or. App. 601, 679 P.2d 1373 (1984).
After this case was briefed and argued, but before the United States Supreme Court decided Berkemer, the Oregon Supreme Court decided State v. White, 297 Or. 302, 685 P.2d 983 (1984). Because White did not involve a traffic stop, and was pre-Berkemer, we have not divined its application, if any, here.
Defendant's second assignment also lacks merit. When he failed to comply with the discovery statutes, the trial court refused to allow the testimony of a defense witness. We review for an abuse of discretion. See ORS 135.865; State v. Kull, 298 Or. 38, 45, 688 P.2d 1327 (1984); State v. Mai, 294 Or. 269, 656 P.2d 315 (1982); State v. Harshman, 61 Or. App. 711, 658 P.2d 1173 (1983). On this record, we find no error. Further, the evidence was independently objectionable as improper impeachment testimony. See State v. Wolfe, 273 Or. 518, 526, 542 P.2d 482 (1975). As to the court's refusal to admit a defense exhibit, we conclude that the court did not abuse its discretion.
Affirmed.