Opinion
No. A13A0910.
11-18-2013
The STATE v. DAGUE.
Garry Thomas Moss, Dist. Atty., Holly Lynn Varner, Cliff Head, Shannon Glover Wallace, Asst. Dist. Attys., for Appellant. Patrick G. Longhi, Atlanta, for Appellee.
Garry Thomas Moss, Dist. Atty., Holly Lynn Varner, Cliff Head, Shannon Glover Wallace, Asst. Dist. Attys., for Appellant.
Patrick G. Longhi, Atlanta, for Appellee.
PHIPPS, Chief Judge. Bryan Coleman Dague was indicted for committing two offenses against P.C.: (i) child molestation, by touching her vaginal area; and (ii) aggravated child molestation, by placing his mouth on the child's sex organ. At trial, the state invoked the Child Hearsay Statute and introduced evidence of P.C.'s out-of-court accusations about Dague, and a jury found him guilty as charged. Judgment of conviction was entered thereon.
The trial court granted Dague's motion for new trial, because it determined that the child hearsay had been admitted in violation of Dague's Sixth Amendment right to confront P.C. The state appeals the grant of a new trial. Because the record shows that Dague waived his right to confront P.C., such that his Sixth Amendment right to confront his accuser was not violated, we reverse. Evidence at trial showed the following. P.C.'s mother made arrangements with her cousin for P.C. to live during the 2009–2010 school year at that cousin's residence. Accordingly, through most of her kindergarten year, five-year-old P.C. lived with that cousin, the cousin's two daughters, and the cousin's husband. In November 2009, Dague, the 18–year–old son of the husband, moved into the residence. P.C. and the younger daughter shared a bedroom; initially, the girls slept in bunk beds with P.C. on the lower one; when the beds were later disassembled, the girls slept in them as twin beds. Dague and the older daughter each had their own bedroom. In May 2010, P.C. moved back home with her mother.
See OCGA §§ 5–7–1(a)(8) ; 5–7–2(c); State v. Caffee, 291 Ga. 31, 33(2), 728 S.E.2d 171 (2012) ("In 2011, the Georgia General Assembly amended OCGA § 5–7–2 to eliminate the certificate requirement when the State appeals the superior court's grant of a new trial in favor of a criminal defendant.").
P.C.'s mother testified that, one morning the following February (2011), she and P.C. talked with the cousin by phone. After the phone call, P.C. told her mother that when she was living at the cousin's residence, Dague often came into her bedroom and touched her vaginal area. P.C. told her mother that, during those times, she would pretend to be asleep.
On February 7, 2011, P.C.'s mother reported P.C.'s allegations to police. A psychotherapist who specialized in sexual abuse conducted a forensic interview of P.C. The interview was audio-video recorded, and the recording was authenticated at trial by the psychotherapist, then played for the jury. During the interview, six-year-old P.C. said that on more than one occasion, Dague had come into her bedroom, approached her as she lay on her bed, pulled down her panties, and put his tongue on her vaginal area. P.C. also said that on more than one occasion, Dague had come into her bedroom, approached her as she lay in her bed, pulled down her panties, and touched her vaginal area with his fingers and/or his penis. P.C. described that Dague had sometimes brought with him a "bottle" and used his finger to transfer some of its contents—which she described was like hair grease or hair conditioner—onto her vaginal area before touching that area with his penis.
P.C. was examined in February 2011 by a nurse practitioner, who was qualified at trial to testify as an expert in the area of child sexual assault. The nurse practitioner opined that P.C.'s vaginal area was "normal." She explained, however, that "a normal exam is completely consistent with [P.C.'s] disclosure" because, given the amount of time that had passed between the reported sexual incidents and the date of the examination, any touching of the vaginal area would likely not have left any marks, and any cuts to that area would likely have healed.
A police detective assigned to the case interviewed Dague on February 15, 2011. The interview was audio-video recorded, and played for the jury. During the interview, 20–year–old Dague recounted moving into his father's residence in November 2009, when he was nearly 19 years old, and living there until the summer of 2010. Dague recalled P.C. living there, too, but denied ever inappropriately touching her.
Dague took the stand and denied P.C.'s allegations, as well as the acts described in both counts of the indictment.
P.C. was seven years old at the time of the trial. She was brought to the courthouse before the trial began, but neither side called her to testify.
1. Although its sufficiency is not specifically contested in this appeal, the evidence presented at trial and summarized above, when viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution, was sufficient to authorize a rational trier of fact to find Dague guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of the crimes for which he was convicted.
See Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319(III)(B), 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979) (instructing that, on review of the sufficiency of the evidence to support a criminal conviction, "the relevant question is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt") (emphasis in original); Vega v. State, 285 Ga. 32, 33, 673 S.E.2d 223 (2009) ("It was for the jury to determine the credibility of the witnesses and to resolve any conflicts or inconsistencies in the evidence.") (citation and punctuation omitted).
2. We turn to the state's contention that Dague was not entitled to a new trial. Dague claimed on motion for new trial that, pursuant to Hatley v. State, which case was decided after he was convicted in 2011, his Sixth Amendment right to confront P.C. had been violated. Consequently, Dague argued, the trial court had erred in admitting evidence of P.C.'s out-of-court statements to her mother and to the forensic interviewer; that his trial counsel had rendered ineffective assistance by not cross-examining P.C. and by not pursuing a strategy that "[Dague's] father might have been the one" who molested P.C.; and that the trial court had erred in denying his motion for a directed verdict of acquittal. After a hearing on the motion for new trial, the trial court entered an order on October 19, 2012. Therein, it determined that, under the pipeline rule, Hatley was applicable and then ruled:
290 Ga. 480, 722 S.E.2d 67 (2012).
See Taylor v. State, 262 Ga. 584, 586(3), 422 S.E.2d 430 (1992) (adopting the pipeline rule, such that "a new rule of criminal procedure ... will be applied to all cases then on direct review or not yet final") (footnote omitted).
The objection to the constitutionality of the child hearsay statute was properly preserved for appeal by trial counsel's Motion in Limine regarding the same. While defendant clearly was on notice of the State's intent to introduce the child hearsay, and trial counsel waived the opportunity to have the child testify, he did so in light of a now-overturned procedure. The Court cannot find a valid waiver of defendant's rights under the Confrontation Clause. There exists insufficient properly admitted evidence to sustain the jury's verdict. Defendant's Motion for New Trial is granted.
On appeal, the state challenges the grant of a new trial to Dague, which was based on the trial court's finding of a violation of the Confrontation Clause. The state claims that defense counsel not only failed to object on that ground, but also conceded that the defense had deliberately waived confronting P.C. at the trial for strategic reasons. For reasons that follow, we agree with the state that Dague was not entitled to a new trial.
Because the trial court granted Dague's motion for new trial on a special ground instead of the general grounds, we review that ruling de novo. See State v. James, 292 Ga. 440, 441(1), 738 S.E.2d 601 (2013) ( "While the first grant of a new trial on the general grounds is reviewed for abuse of discretion (see OCGA § 5–5–50 ), we review de novo the trial court's first grant of a new trial on a special ground involving a question of law.") (citations omitted); O'Neal v. State, 285 Ga. 361, 677 S.E.2d 90 (2009).
The Child Hearsay Statute in effect at the time of Dague's September 2011 trial provided:
A statement made by a child under the age of 14 years describing any act of sexual contact or physical abuse performed with or on the child by another or performed with or on another in the presence of the child is admissible in evidence by the testimony of the person or persons to whom made if the child is available to testify in the proceedings and the court finds that the circumstances of the statement provide sufficient indicia of reliability.
OCGA § 24–3–16 (2011). The similar version of the Child Hearsay Statute, adopted as part of the new Georgia Evidence Code, is codified at OCGA § 24–8–820. See Walker v. State, 322 Ga.App. 158, 160(1), 744 S.E.2d 349 (2013). However, because Dague's trial occurred before January 1, 2013, the former version of the Child Hearsay Statute applies in this case. See In the Interest of M.C., 322 Ga.App. 239, 242(3), 744 S.E.2d 436 (2013).
In Sosebee v. State, the Supreme Court of Georgia construed that statutory language so as to require the following:
257 Ga. 298, 357 S.E.2d 562 (1987).
[I]f the prosecution invokes the Child Hearsay Statute to introduce out-of-court declarations by the alleged victim, the court shall, ... at the request of either party, cause the alleged victim to take the stand. The court shall then inform the jury that it is the court who has called the child as a witness, and that both parties have the opportunity to examine the child. The court shall then allow both parties to examine and cross-examine the child as though the Child Hearsay Statute has not been invoked.
Id. at 299, 357 S.E.2d 562 (emphasis supplied); see Hatley, supra at 482(I), 722 S.E.2d 67 (explaining holding in Sosebee, supra).
That way, the Sosebee Court explained, jurors would not "resent the defendant for forcing the child to take the stand and undergo cross-examination."
Sosebee, supra; see Hatley, supra (explaining rationale underlying Sosebee, supra).
But Sosebee and its progeny were recently overruled in Hatley v. State. The appellant in Hatley was convicted of committing aggravated child molestation, aggravated sodomy, and two counts of sexual battery against C.C., a person under age sixteen. In the underlying trial, C.C.'s mother, police officers, and a forensic interviewer were allowed to testify about what C.C. had told them. C.C. was in the courthouse and available to testify, but was not called to the witness stand by the state. Hence, on appeal, the appellant in Hatley contended that the trial court had erred by failing to declare the Child Hearsay Statute unconstitutional, and to require the state to present C.C. as a witness. The Supreme Court of Georgia held in Hatley that "the Child Hearsay Statute, as construed by this Court in Sosebee, ... and in other appellate cases, cannot pass constitutional muster because it fails to put the onus on the prosecution to put the child victim on the witness stand to confront the defendant," in violation of the Confrontation Clause. However, the Hatley Court went on to explain that the statute could survive a Confrontation Clause attack provided that
Supra at 483(I), 722 S.E.2d 67.
Id. at 480, 722 S.E.2d 67.
Id. at 481, 722 S.E.2d 67.
Id. at 481–482, 722 S.E.2d 67.
Id. at 482, 722 S.E.2d 67.
Id. at 483, 722 S.E.2d 67.
the prosecution ... notif[ies] the defendant within a reasonable period of time prior to trial of its intent to use a child victim's hearsay statements and ... give[s] the defendant an opportunity to raise a Confrontation Clause objection. If the defendant objects, and the State wishes to introduce hearsay statements under OCGA § 24–3–16, the State must present the child witness at trial; if the defendant does not object, the State can introduce the child victim's hearsay statements subject to the trial court's determination that the circumstances of the statements provide sufficient indicia of reliability. The trial court should take reasonable steps to ascertain, and put on the record, whether the defendant waives his right to confront the child witness.
Id. at 483–484(I), 722 S.E.2d 67.
Accordingly, this court, citing Bunn v. State, recognized in Walker v. State:
291 Ga. 183, 189(2), n. 4, 728 S.E.2d 569 (2012) (explaining the holding in Hatley, supra).
Supra.
[T]o comport with the Confrontation Clause, former OCGA § 24–3–16 requires that the child whose statements are at issue not merely be "available to testify" but actually testify at trial, unless the defendant forfeits or waives such testimony, and requir[es] pretrial notice of the [s]tate's intent to use child hearsay statements to allow the defendant to exercise that right.
Id. at 160(1), 744 S.E.2d 349 (emphasis supplied).
In Walker, Walker argued that the trial court had improperly admitted certain child hearsay in violation of his Sixth Amendment right to confront one of his accusers. But this court found that argument unavailing, concluding:
Id.
Not only did Walker fail to object on Sixth Amendment grounds at trial, but he affirmatively declined the opportunity to question the victim before the jury, thereby waiving his right to confront the child witness. Walker asserts that any waiver was induced by the Sosebee line of cases. In
essence, he argues that under Sosebee, the admission of child hearsay did not violate his right to confront witnesses, so he did not raise a Confrontation Clause objection. But Walker was given the opportunity to
question the child and chose not to. Under these circumstances, it is clear that Walker waived his right to confront the child witness.
Id. at 161(1), 744 S.E.2d 349 (citations and punctuation omitted).
The record in the instant case convinces us that Dague waived his right to confront P.C. Prior to trial, Dague filed a motion in limine, stating that he believed that the state was planning, pursuant to OCGA § 24–3–16, to introduce evidence of P.C.'s out-of-court statements. Dague pointed out that the trial court had not yet made a determination, as statutorily required, that "the child is available to testify in the proceedings and ... that the circumstances of the statement provide sufficient indicia of reliability." Additionally, in a separate paragraph within that motion, Dague made the claim: " OCGA § 24–3–16 is unconstitutional and infringes upon Defendant's Sixth Amendment right to confront witnesses." Thereafter, in another motion, Dague requested a pretrial hearing to determine whether there was sufficient indicia of reliability to render any such statements admissible under OCGA § 24–3–16. At a pretrial hearing, Dague argued only that the circumstances of P.C.'s out-of-court statements failed to provide sufficient indicia of reliability under Gregg v. State. At the end of that hearing, the trial court ruled from the bench that P.C.'s statements to her mother and to the forensic interviewer were admissible.
OCGA § 24–3–16 (2011).
201 Ga.App. 238, 240–241(3)(b), 411 S.E.2d 65 (1991) (setting out factors which the court may consider when considering whether the circumstances of the statement demonstrate sufficient indicia of reliability).
But "[e]ven if OCGA § 24–3–16 authorizes the admission of such evidence as an evidentiary matter, it may still be inadmissible as a violation of the accused's rights under the Confrontation Clause." Accordingly, "[t]here is a distinct difference between a challenge to the admission of evidence based upon the Confrontation Clause and that based upon an exception to the hearsay rule."
Bunn, supra (citations omitted).
Johnson v. State, 294 Ga. 86, 88(2), 750 S.E.2d 347 (2013) ( Case No. S13A1298, decided October 21, 2013) (punctuation omitted), quoting Walton v. State, 278 Ga. 432, 434(1), 603 S.E.2d 263 (2004).
Here, Dague pursued pretrial (unsuccessfully) his argument that P.C.'s out-of-court statements failed to satisfy the reliability requirement of the Child Hearsay Statute. Although Dague included in his motion in limine a conclusory claim that the Child Hearsay Statute was unconstitutional as violative of his right to confront witnesses, he thereafter neither advanced any argument in support thereof, nor did he elicit any distinct ruling from the trial court on whether the Child Hearsay Statute was unconstitutional. And by further failing to lodge at trial any Confrontation Clause objection, Dague waived the issue. Dague did not, for example, object on the ground that, unless P.C. took the stand, the admission of her out-of-court statements would violate his Confrontation Clause rights; Dague did not object to the procedure established in Sosebee —"the court shall, ... at the request of either party, cause the alleged victim to take the stand," which procedure was disapproved in Hatley.
See generally In re D.H., 283 Ga. 556, 557–558(3), 663 S.E.2d 139 (2008) ("To properly raise a constitutional challenge to a statute, the party attacking the statute must show three things: (1)[t]he statute or the particular part or parts of the statute which the party would challenge must be stated or pointed out with fair precision; (2) the provision of the Constitution which it is claimed has been violated must be clearly designated; and (3) it must be shown wherein the statute, or some designated part of it, violates such constitutional provision.") (punctuation and footnotes omitted); see Allen v. State, 263 Ga. 60(2), 428 S.E.2d 73 (1993) (noting that the constitutionality of the Child Hearsay Statute, as codified at OCGA § 24–3–16, has been "repeatedly upheld").
See generally Nathans v. Diamond, 282 Ga. 804, 808(2), 654 S.E.2d 121 (2007) ("[B]ecause neither the trial court's discussion [in the transcript] nor its written order mention the ... constitutional issues, it does not appear that those ... issues were distinctly ruled on by the trial court. Accordingly, those issues are not preserved for appeal."), cited in Jenkins v. State, 284 Ga. 642, 644(1), n. 1, 670 S.E.2d 425 (2008) ; Dye v. State, 205 Ga.App. 781(1), 423 S.E.2d 713 (1992) ; Buckler v. DeKalb County Board of Comm., 299 Ga.App. 465, 469(3), 683 S.E.2d 22 (2009) (determining that appellants waived any alleged constitutional error by failing to elicit a ruling by the trial court on constitutional issue).
See Hatley, supra; Bunn, supra; Walker, supra; see also Johnson, supra (explaining the "distinct difference" between Confrontation Clause and other challenges to hearsay); Battles v. State, 290 Ga. 226, 232(5), 719 S.E.2d 423 (2011) (explaining that, generally, "[a]lthough a party does not waive an error by failing to object to admission of evidence after a motion in limine is denied, this rule cannot be invoked to preserve a different, [even] if perhaps related, error") (citations omitted; emphasis supplied); Ellis v. State, 287 Ga. 170, 172(2), 695 S.E.2d 35 (2010) (explaining that "[o]nce the trial court has addressed a party's motion or objection and has issued a ruling, the party adversely affected need not then further object or except to the trial court's ruling in order to preserve the issue for appeal") (punctuation omitted; emphasis supplied).
Sosebee, supra at 299, 357 S.E.2d 562.
See generally Taylor, supra at 586(3), 422 S.E.2d 430 ("Application of the [pipeline] rule to a pending case will, of course, depend on the preservation of the issue for appellate review.").
Rather, as was confirmed by Dague's trial lawyer when he took the stand at the hearing on Dague's motion for new trial, the defense had chosen, as a matter of trial strategy, not to confront seven-year-old P.C. in front of the jury. The lawyer recounted that he had been concerned about the reliability of P.C.'s out-of-court statements, and thus had sought before trial to exclude the child's outcry to her mother and the child's disclosures to the forensic interviewer. But when that effort failed, the lawyer testified, "as a matter of trial strategy our focus was more on the mother and the circumstances surrounding the child's outcry than upon placing the child on the stand." As the lawyer revealed:
My concern—I've—I've had to put children on the stand before, especially in Juvenile Court, and my experience is that's a very difficult thing to do. It's fraught with peril. And I thought that—I mean, I wanted to try and keep it out, fought to keep it out. But since [the trial court] ruled it was coming in, I felt it was enough to work with on the child statement without muddying the waters and risking putting her on the stand.
As the lawyer recalled:
[P.C.] was here at the courthouse. I spoke with her very briefly. I can't remember if it was outside or in the courtroom. [The prosecutor] had her in a room down the hall. And I know that they brought her up to the witness stand and—but I did not go into any kind of lengthy questioning of the child.
The lawyer had calculated that cross-examining the child was
somewhat risky. And ... our better—the strategy at the time was to try to go after the mother and the family circumstances. My concern was, is that I didn't want the child reaffirming on the stand what she says in the forensic interviews. I felt like there was enough to work with in the interviews that it gave me some openings.
The lawyer also had a "concern at the time ... I didn't want to come across as beating the child up." Furthermore, the lawyer recounted, he had examined the discovery from the state and had discerned no material variations amongst P.C.'s allegations. Had there been, he added, "that probably would have changed my strategy."
The record shows that any pretrial objection Dague may have had that the Child Hearsay Statute itself was unconstitutional as violative of his right to confront was abandoned. Furthermore, not only did Dague fail to raise a Confrontation Clause objection at trial, he deliberately declined the opportunity to question P.C. before the jury, "thereby waiving his right to confront the child witness." Contrary to Dague's claim on motion for new trial, Hatley did not apply retroactively such that admission of P.C.'s out-of-court statements was improper. The trial court thus erred in granting Dague a new trial, based on its determination that child hearsay was admitted in evidence in violation of Dague's Sixth Amendment right to confront the child.
See Battles, supra; In re D.H., supra; Taylor, supra; Buckler, supra; Dye, supra.
Walker, supra (citation and punctuation omitted).
See McClure v. Kemp, 285 Ga. 801, 802–803, 684 S.E.2d 255 (2009) (reiterating that application of the pipeline rule so as to analyze a claim of error under a new procedural rule "is dependent upon whether the claim was preserved for appellate review"), citing Taylor, supra. Given our holding, we need not reach which of P.C.'s out-of-court statements, if any, were nontestimonial. See generally Hatley, supra at 482–485(I), (II), 722 S.E.2d 67 (discussing whether statements are nontestimonial or testimonial).
See Bunn, supra (OCGA § 24–3–16 requires that the child actually testify, "unless the defendant forfeits or waives such testimony"); Walker, supra (where defendant affirmatively declined the opportunity to question the victim before the jury, defendant waived his right to confront the child witness).
3. Finally, we note that Dague asserts in his brief that "the grounds in his motion for new trial are interwoven into the trial court's analysis and consequent ruling with its findings of fact and conclusions at law." Dague further states that the trial court's order granting his motion for new trial was "silent as to not excluding any of the said grounds as its basis for same." Dague does not go so far, however, as to request remand for an express ruling from the trial court. And indeed, remand is unwarranted.
(a) Contrary to Dague's claim on motion for new trial, the trial court committed no error in admitting evidence of P.C.'s out-of-court statements to her mother and to the forensic interviewer. Hence, Dague made no showing that the jury's verdict was based on improperly admitted evidence (as the order granting new trial implies).
See Division 2, supra.
(b) Thus, contrary to Dague's claim on motion for new trial, the trial court did not err by denying his motion for a directed verdict of acquittal.
See Division 1, supra; Joyner v. State, 280 Ga. 37, 38(1), 622 S.E.2d 319 (2005) ("The test set forth in Jackson v. Virginia, [supra] is the proper standard of review when the sufficiency of the evidence is challenged via a motion for directed verdict of acquittal.") (citation omitted); see also State v. Jackson, 294 Ga. 9, 748 S.E.2d 902 (2013) (Case No. S13A1213, decided September 23, 2013) (reversing grant of new trial on the ground that the evidence was legally insufficient under Jackson v. Virginia, supra). Cf. White v. State, 293 Ga. 523, 524–526(2), 753 S.E.2d 115 (2013) (vacating denial of the motion for new trial, which motion raised the general grounds, and remanding for trial court to apply proper standard to the general grounds and to exercise its discretion and sit as a "thirteenth juror").
(c) Dague failed to show on motion for new trial that his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance of trial counsel. Dague did not call P.C. as a witness at the hearing on motion for new trial; nor did Dague demonstrate, as he argued, that the trial strategy employed was unreasonable.
See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984) ; see also Lewis v. State, 291 Ga. 273, 282(7), 731 S.E.2d 51 (2012) (reiterating that a remand to the trial court for an evidentiary hearing on an ineffectiveness claim is not necessary where "we can determine from the record that the two-prong test for ineffectiveness cannot be met") (citation and punctuation omitted).
See Welch v. State, 318 Ga.App. 202, 206–207(2), 733 S.E.2d 482 (2012) (rejecting claim that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to question at trial child molestation victim, where child did not testify at the new trial hearing and thus there was no showing whether her trial testimony would have been favorable to defendant, and where counsel's decision not to call child victim at trial was reasonable strategy). Only Dague's trial lawyer testified at the hearing on motion for new trial.
See Jones v. State, 282 Ga. 306, 308(6), 647 S.E.2d 576 (2007) ( "It cannot be said that counsel was ineffective simply because another attorney might have placed more or a different emphasis on the evidence.") (citation omitted); Allen, supra at 62(4), 428 S.E.2d 73 ("Absent a strong showing that counsel's actions were not reasonable, we will presume that these strategies were not deficient.") (citation omitted); Welch, supra; see generally Rickman v. State, 277 Ga. 277, 280(2), 587 S.E.2d 596 (2003) (noting that "in making litigation decisions, there is no general duty on the part of defense counsel to anticipate changes in the law, and that only in a rare case would it be ineffective assistance by a trial attorney not to make an objection that would be overruled under prevailing law") (punctuation and footnotes omitted).
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Judgment reversed.
ELLINGTON, P.J., and BRANCH, J., concur.