Summary
assessing constitutionality of Ohio's controlled-substances laws
Summary of this case from Wayne Watson Enters., LLC v. City of CambridgeOpinion
No. 90-2053
Submitted September 25, 1991 —
Decided December 18, 1991.
APPEAL from the Court of Appeals for Butler County, No. CA89-08-117.
On March 2, 1989, officers of the Hamilton Police Department obtained a search warrant for the residence of one Bonita Hemphill, located at 737 South Front Street in Hamilton, Ohio. The search warrant was based on information from a confidential source that persons at that address had engaged in an illegal drug transaction involving crack cocaine. The search warrant authorized a search of the premises and persons therein, and seizure of drugs, other contraband and "fruits" of any drug transactions.
While executing the warrant, police officer James Cifuentes observed appellee, Tonie Collier. Upon seeing the officer, appellee ran into an upstairs bedroom and was subsequently found hiding face down in a closet. Police officer Joyce Williams searched appellee at the scene and discovered six white tablets loose in her change purse. These tablets were later identified as Ritalin, which contains methylphenidate, a Schedule II controlled substance. See R.C. 3719.41. No prescription bottle or container was found on appellee. Upon questioning, appellee stated that the pills were prescribed for her fifteen-year-old son. Appellee later testified that the six Ritalin pills were not in their original prescription container because she feared being robbed, and hence left the bottle of Ritalin with her mother. Appellee's mother would bring the required daily dosage to appellee for administration of the prescription to her son.
Appellee was indicted on May 10, 1989 on two counts of drug abuse, in violation of R.C. 2925.11. The first count alleged that appellee knowingly possessed Ritalin and the second count alleged that appellee knowingly possessed cocaine, both of which are Schedule II controlled substances. The second count was dismissed prior to trial. The case proceeded to jury trial on July 5, 1989, and appellee was found guilty. Appellee was subsequently sentenced to six months of incarceration.
Upon appeal, appellee presented one assignment of error, asserting that the trial court erred when it refused to give a jury instruction regarding the reasonableness of having the pills in her possession. The court of appeals sua sponte ordered the parties to brief the issue regarding the constitutionality of R.C. 2925.11(A). The appellate court framed the question as follows: "Is R.C. 2925.11(A) void for vagueness in that the only exception set out in the statute is for controlled substances obtained pursuant to a prescription while in the original container?" (Emphasis sic.)
The court of appeals rejected appellee's original assignment of error, but held that "R.C. 2925.11 insofar as it applies to possession or use of prescription drugs not in their original containers is void for vagueness." The court of appeals reasoned that the statute does not provide fair warning as to what conduct is prohibited because an ordinary person must speculate as to exactly what conduct the legislature intended to criminalize by enacting R.C. 2925.11. Lastly, the court of appeals determined that the statute impermissibly allows great potential for arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement. Hence, the appellate court reversed appellee's conviction and ordered her discharged.
This cause is before this court upon the allowance of a motion to certify the record.
John F. Holcomb, Prosecuting Attorney, Daniel J. Gattermeyer and Daniel G. Eichel, for appellant.
Fred Miller, for appellee.
The issue presented for our review is whether R.C. 2925.11 is unconstitutionally void for vagueness. It is well established that all legislative enactments must be afforded a strong presumption of constitutionality. State v. Anderson (1991), 57 Ohio St.3d 168, 566 N.E.2d 1224; State v. Klinck (1989), 44 Ohio St.3d 108, 541 N.E.2d 590; State v. Tanner (1984), 15 Ohio St.3d 1, 15 OBR 1, 472 N.E.2d 689. Moreover, if at all possible, statutes must be construed in conformity with the Ohio and United States Constitutions. See Tanner, supra, at 2, 15 OBR at 2, 472 N.E.2d at 690, citing R.C. 1.47. Lastly, the party asserting that a statute is unconstitutional must prove this assertion beyond a reasonable doubt in order to prevail. Anderson, supra, 57 Ohio St. 3 d at 171, 566 N.E.2d at 1226.
R.C. 2925.11 provides in pertinent part:
"(A) No person shall knowingly obtain, possess, or use a controlled substance.
"(B) * * * This section does not apply to any person who obtained the controlled substance pursuant to a prescription issued by a practitioner, where the drug is in the original container in which it was dispensed to such person."
Appellee contends, and the appellate court agreed, that R.C. 2925.11 is unconstitutional in that it is void for vagueness. In Anderson, supra, this court unanimously held that "[i]n order to prove such an assertion, the challenging party must show that the statute is vague `not in the sense that it requires a person to conform his conduct to an imprecise but comprehensible normative standard, but rather in the sense that no standard of conduct is specified at all. * * *' Coates v. Cincinnati (1971), 402 U.S. 611, 614 [ 91 S.Ct. 1686, 1688, 29 L.Ed.2d 214, 217]. In other words, the challenger must show that upon examining the statute, an individual of ordinary intelligence would not understand what he is required to do under the law. Thus, to escape responsibility * * *, appellee must prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the statute was so unclear that he could not reasonably understand that it prohibited the acts in which he engaged." Anderson, supra, 57 Ohio St.3d at 171, 566 N.E.2d at 1226-1227.
A tripartite analysis must be applied when examining the void-for-vagueness doctrine. See Papachristou v. City of Jacksonville (1972), 405 U.S. 156, 92 S.Ct. 839, 31 L.Ed.2d 110; Grayned v. City of Rockford (1972), 408 U.S. 104, 92 S.Ct. 2294, 33 L.Ed.2d 222; Kolender v. Lawson (1983), 461 U.S. 352, 103 S.Ct. 1855, 75 L.Ed.2d 903. In Tanner, supra, Justice Locher instructed that "[t]hese values are first, to provide fair warning to the ordinary citizen so behavior may comport with the dictates of the statute; second, to preclude arbitrary, capricious and generally discriminatory enforcement by officials given too much authority and too few constraints; and third, to ensure that fundamental constitutionally protected freedoms are not unreasonably impinged or inhibited. Proper constitutional analysis necessitates a review of each of these rationales with respect to the challenged statutory language." Id., 15 Ohio St.3d at 3, 15 OBR at 3, 472 N.E.2d at 691.
The first value identified above involves the following maxim: "Living under a rule of law entails various suppositions, one of which is that `[all persons] are entitled to be informed as to what the State commands or forbids.' Lanzetta v. New Jersey, 306 U.S. 451, 453 [ 59 S.Ct. 618, 619, 83 L.Ed. 888, 890]." (Bracketed words sic.) Papachristou, supra, 405 U.S. at 162, 92 S.Ct. at 843, 31 L.Ed.2d at 115. R.C. 2925.11 may have been inartfully drafted. Yet, "[t]o be enforceable, legislation need not be drafted with scientific precision." Anderson, supra, 57 Ohio St. 3 d at 174, 566 N.E.2d at 1229. Indeed, "`* * * few words possess the precision of mathematical symbols, most statutes must deal with untold and unforeseen variations in factual situations, and the practical necessities of discharging the business of government inevitably limit the specificity with which legislators can spell out prohibitions. * * *'" Id., quoting Boyce Motor Lines, Inc. v. United States (1952), 342 U.S. 337, 340, 72 S.Ct. 329, 330-331, 96 L.Ed. 367, 371. See, also, Grayned, supra, 408 U.S. at 110, 92 S.Ct. at 2300, 33 L.Ed.2d at 228-229. For the reasons which follow, we find that R.C. 2925.11 provides adequate notice and fair warning to persons of ordinary intelligence so that they can conform their conduct to the dictates of the statute.
R.C. 2925.11 begins with a general prohibition: "No person shall knowingly obtain, possess, or use a controlled substance." R.C. 2925.11(A). This language is clear and unambiguous. The average person reading this portion of the statute would have little doubt as to its meaning. Indeed, the conduct prohibited is set forth with notable lucidity. Likewise, the exception to the general prohibition is readily comprehensible and understandable. R.C. 2925.11(B) states that the prohibition against obtaining, possessing, or using a controlled substance "does not apply to any person who obtained the controlled substance pursuant to a prescription issued by a practitioner, where the drug is in the original container in which it was dispensed to such person." We see little room for speculation as to the meaning of this language. Nor would a person of ordinary intelligence need to guess as to its application. See Columbus v. Thompson (1971), 25 Ohio St.2d 26, 54 O.O.2d 162, 266 N.E.2d 571, syllabus. The phrase "[t]his section does not apply to * * *" is sufficiently clear to put the reader on notice that what follows is an exception to the prohibited conduct set forth in paragraph (A) of R.C. 2925.11. The statute then sets forth two conditions for the exception: (1) that the controlled substance must have been prescribed by a practitioner; and (2) that the drug must be in the original container in which it was dispensed to the possessor.
When read in light of the general prohibition, the statute simply means that a person who knowingly obtains, possesses or uses a controlled substance is in violation of the law, unless he or she obtained the controlled substance pursuant to a prescription issued by a practitioner, and the drug is in the original container in which it was dispensed to him or her. Under our recent holding in Anderson, supra, in order to successfully meet the standard for void for vagueness, it must be demonstrated that the statute is vague "`not in the sense that it requires a person to conform his conduct to an imprecise but comprehensible normative standard, but rather in the sense that no standard of conduct is specified at all. * * *' Coates v. Cincinnati (1971), 402 U.S. 611, 614 [ 91 S.Ct. 1686, 1688, 29 L.Ed.2d 214, 217]." Id., 57 Ohio St.3d at 171, 566 N.E.2d at 1226. In this context, compliance with R.C. 2925.11 is not impossible, but rather clearly accomplishable. We say this for two reasons. First, all prescriptions for controlled substances are issued by practitioners with the notion that the drugs are required as part of medical treatment. Second, a pharmacist dispenses controlled substances in a prescription container which is generally labeled as such. R.C. 3719.08(D). We find that R.C. 2925.11 contains sufficient language to provide the ordinary person with adequate notice and fair warning as to the standard of conduct required by the statute.
The second value advanced by the void-for-vagueness doctrine is the prevention of arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement; hence laws must provide explicit standards for those who are charged with enforcing them. See Grayned, supra, 408 U.S. at 108, 92 S.Ct. at 2299, 33 L.Ed.2d at 227; Tanner, supra, 15 Ohio St.3d at 3, 15 OBR at 3, 472 N.E.2d at 691. Upon examining R.C. 2925.11, we find that the precision of the language leaves no discretion as to the application and enforcement of the statute. Where a person knowingly obtains, possesses or uses a controlled substance, the statute is violated unless the drug was prescribed by a practitioner, and is in the original container as dispensed to the person. Therefore, the possession or use of a controlled substance prescribed by a practitioner and stored in the original container is a reasonable benchmark to distinguish between those who have violated R.C. 2925.11 and those who have not. In order to survive a challenge on vagueness grounds, the statutory language must "define the criminal offense * * * in a manner that does not encourage arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement." Kolender, supra, 461 U.S. at 357, 103 S.Ct. at 1858, 75 L.Ed.2d at 909. Although numerous innocent scenarios may be presented regarding almost every criminal statute, possible doubt as to enforcement by the appropriate authorities cannot give rise to constitutional infirmity. Moreover, in order to be declared unconstitutionally vague, a statute must be vague in all of its applications, assuming the statute implicates no constitutionally protected conduct. Anderson, supra, 57 Ohio St. 3 d at 173, 566 N.E.2d at 1228, fn. 2. We find that the language of the statute provides guidelines which are constitutionally adequate for both citizens and law enforcement personnel.
The third value which the vagueness doctrine addresses is the concern that fundamental constitutionally protected freedoms not be unreasonably impinged upon or inhibited. The mere fact that many people may store such drugs in containers other than the original prescription container bottle does not trigger the application of the void-for-vagueness doctrine, since there is no constitutionally protected right to obtain, possess or use a controlled substance. Likewise, appellee's overbreadth argument fails since it is generally well recognized that the overbreadth doctrine has limited application, and "outside the limited First Amendment context, a criminal statute may not be attacked as overbroad." Schall v. Martin (1984), 467 U.S. 253, 269, 104 S.Ct. 2403, 2412, 81 L.Ed.2d 207, 220, fn. 18, citing New York v. Ferber (1982), 458 U.S. 747, 102 S.Ct. 3348, 73 L.Ed.2d 1113. Because no First Amendment guarantee is impinged upon by R.C. 2925.11, the overbreadth doctrine has no application in the present case.
In summary, we hold that R.C. 2925.11 is not unconstitutionally vague. It is apparent that the legislative intent was to prohibit persons from lawfully purchasing controlled substances, and subsequently selling them to others who may not lawfully possess or use them. R.C. 2925.11 provides the appropriate notice and fair warning required by the Ohio and United States Constitutions. Moreover, R.C. 2925.11 contains sufficient guidelines to allow law enforcement officials to apply it in an evenhanded manner. The judgment of the court of appeals is reversed, and appellee's conviction is hereby reinstated.
Judgment reversed.
SWEENEY, HOLMES and DOUGLAS, JJ., concur.
MOYER, C.J., WRIGHT and H. BROWN, JJ., dissent.
The majority finds that R.C. 2925.11(B) is not unconstitutionally vague. Because the statute neither gives adequate notice of the prohibited conduct nor contains sufficient guidelines to ensure evenhanded enforcement, I respectfully dissent.
The void-for-vagueness doctrine requires a penal statute to define a criminal offense so that ordinary people understand what conduct is prohibited. Kolender v. Lawson (1983), 461 U.S. 352, 357, 103 S.Ct. 1855, 1858, 75 L.Ed.2d 903, 909; Columbus v. New (1982), 1 Ohio St.3d 221, 223, 1 OBR 244, 246, 438 N.E.2d 1155, 1156-1157. The doctrine also requires the legislature to establish minimal guidelines so that the statute's enforcement is not left to the whim of policemen, prosecutors, and juries. Kolender, supra, 461 U.S. at 358, 103 S.Ct. at 1858, 75 L.Ed.2d at 909; Smith v. Goguen (1974), 415 U.S. 566, 575, 94 S.Ct. 1242, 1248, 39 L.Ed.2d 605, 613; New, supra.
R.C. 2925.11(A) prohibits an individual from knowingly obtaining, possessing, or using a controlled substance. R.C. 2925.11(B) provides an exception for those "who obtained the controlled substance pursuant to a prescription issued by a practitioner, where the drug is in the original container in which it was dispensed to such person." (Emphasis added.)
The majority correctly states that the words of the statute are clear and unambiguous. The ambiguity of R.C. 2925.11, however, lies in the fact that the legislature did not mean what it said. While the statute makes an exception for obtaining, possessing, or using a controlled substance in its "original container," no exception exists for removing the controlled substance from its "original container" for any reason. The literal reading of the statute leads to absurdity since it is impossible to take medication without removing the controlled substance from the "original container."
The statute itself provides no standards by which the ordinary person or law enforcement officials can determine when a person taking a controlled substance is engaging in conduct the legislature intended to criminalize. According to the clear and unambiguous words, a person violates R.C. 2925.11 when emptying prescription drugs from the bottle into his hand before swallowing them, when taking pills from the bottle and carrying them to the kitchen or bathroom, when carrying medication in a pillbox, pocket, or coin purse throughout the day, the week, or on a trip. What about medication put in an envelope and given a child to take with lunch at school?
While the ordinary person may understand that the legislature could not have intended to criminalize the act of taking a pill from the "original container" just prior to swallowing it, understanding of what constitutes criminal conduct becomes increasingly murky from this point on. Just how far away from the original container must the controlled substance be in order to violate R.C. 2925.11? What circumstances justify carrying a substance without the container? The statute does not answer these critical questions. As a result the definition of criminal conduct is left to the prosecutor and jury. Police officers, prosecutors, and courts determine that the Tonie Colliers of our society are in violation of R.C. 2925.11, while excusing junior executives who embark on business junkets, carrying a pill case which contains sleeping pills, muscle relaxants, and tranquilizers, along with their Maalox and Nuprins. Enforcement depends upon who the defendant is and where the defendant is found, rather than on the conduct of the defendant.
Tonie Collier violated the clear and unambiguous language of R.C. 2925.11. But so, literally, does everyone who takes prescription medication. The determination that Collier's conduct violated the statute (as opposed to, say, the possession of the identical substance in the same quantity by a banker in his office) was made entirely by the prosecutor and the jury based upon a notion that (at its best) can be described as "common sense." This is exactly the kind of unfettered discretion that the vagueness doctrine prohibits.
The court of appeals identified and properly applied well-established law to reach its unanimous decision. That decision should be affirmed.
MOYER, C.J., and WRIGHT, J., concur in the foregoing dissenting opinion.