BROWN, C.J.

A jury convicted Alfredo Chino of single counts of intimidating a witness and assault in violation of a protection order. Because the intimidation elements instruction does not align with the charging document, we reverse the intimidation conviction. Otherwise, we reject Mr. Chino's remaining instructional, evidence, and improper comment contentions pertaining to the assault conviction in the unpublished portion of this opinion. Accordingly, we reverse in part and affirm in part.

FACTS

The State charged Mr. Chino by information with one count of intimidating a witness, RCW 9A.72.110(1)(d):

On or about November 22, 2001, in the State of Washington, by use of a threat directed at Candace A. Salinas, a current witness or a person you had reason to believe may have had information relevant to a criminal investigation, not to prosecute the crime, you attempted to induce that person to not report the information relevant to a criminal investigation or to not give truthful or complete information relevant to a criminal investigation.

Clerk's Papers (CP) at 47.

The State also charged Mr. Chino with one count of assault in violation of a protection order, domestic violence, RCW 26.50.110(1) and (4):

On or about November 22, 2001, in the State of Washington, knowing that a protection order, restraining order, or no contact order had previously been entered, you violated that order by knowingly violating a restraint provision, and/or by knowingly violating a provision excluding you from a residence, a workplace, a school, or a daycare, and/or by knowingly coming within, or knowingly remaining within, a specified distance of a location, and you intentionally assaulted Candace Salinas in a manner that does not amount to assault in the first or second degree.

Furthermore, you committed this crime against a family or household member.

CP at 47.

At trial, Ms. Salinas testified Mr. Chino hit her in the left eye. Asked by the State why Mr. Chino hit her at that time, Ms. Salinas responded, `Well, the only thing I could think of is that he was on drugs.' Report of Proceedings (RP) at 112. The trial court overruled Mr. Chino's immediate relevancy objection. Ms. Salinas then testified Mr. Chino choked her and scratched her face. According to Ms. Salinas, Mr. Chino pinned her down and poked her other eye.

Asked if Mr. Chino had threatened her, Ms. Salinas testified:

Yeah. He told me that like if I were to go the cops and stuff that he would — that, you know, when he got out that he would, you know, beat me up and, you know, do everything again, you know, that, you know, because that he didn't care who I was with or where was I at, you know, that he would do it again.

RP at 119.

Ms. Salinas testified Mr. Chino prevented her from leaving the house. She fled the house when Mr. Chino took a shower, went to her brother's house and called the police.

The incident left Ms. Salinas with injuries to her face and neck. Color photographs of Ms. Salinas's injuries were taken at the police station and admitted into evidence.

At the start of the next day's hearing, Mr. Chino renewed his objection to Ms. Salinas's drug comment, partly arguing the testimony should have been excluded as unduly prejudicial under ER 403. He moved for a mistrial as well. The trial court overruled the objection and denied the mistrial motion, reasoning `the comment was of very short duration' and that the comment went to intoxication in general and `not the issue that Mr. Chino uses drugs.' RP at 140-41.

And as I have said, the comment was such a momentary nature that it does not suggest that Mr. Chino was a bad person, quote, unquote, because he uses drugs. But, again, the emphasis was on the fact that she believed him to be intoxicated from drugs, which is the problem, and the question and the answer in response. So I don't believe that it had any impact at all on the jury in terms of painting Mr. Chino as a drug user or not. Again, emphasizing the issue of possible intoxication as against being a bad person.

RP at 141.

Ms. Salinas admitted previously spending about a week in jail in connection with an unrelated theft conviction. In cross-examination, Ms. Salinas testified Mr. Chino's mother bailed her out of jail. When asked by defense counsel whether Mr. Chino wanted her bailed out, Ms. Salinas responded, `Yeah, because he was in jail.' RP at 174. Defense counsel objected without stating a basis. The trial court overruled the objection and also denied defense counsel's request for a sidebar, apparently preferring to take the matter up at recess.

At the start of the next recess, the trial court invited defense counsel `to put something on the record or make a motion.' RP at 180. Relying on ER 403, defense counsel renewed his earlier objection to Ms. Salinas's statement about Mr. Chino being in jail. The trial court responded: `Actually, the correct motion is that the answer was not responsive to the question. And if you had made that motion at that time I would have sustained it and told the jury to disregard it. I can tell them that if you wish when we reassemble.' RP at 180-81. Defense counsel said he would first consult Mr. Chino and expressed concern regarding `undue emphasis.' RP at 181. The trial court responded:

Yeah. You're actually right. It may be it just was a nonresponsive question. I don't think it was particularly prejudicial. It just was completely out of context to the question and maybe it would be better just to let sleeping dogs lie. But I'll do whatever you reasonably suggest.

RP at 181.

The trial court at times interjected its own objections to testimony from both sides. The following example occurred during Mr. Chino's cross-examination of Officer Jacob Church, the officer who interviewed Ms. Salinas:

Q. You would agree with me that when somebody is telling a story and not looking you in the eye sometimes it is because they are lying to you?

A. On occasion.

THE COURT: Bad question. You are not capable of nor is the witness in making — you can ask the question but nobody can make that call.

Q. Have there been times when you've talked to people and they have not looked you in the eye?

A. Yes.

Q. And did you have suspicions at that time that they might be lying to you?

THE COURT: Same problem, [counsel].

[COUNSEL]: Judge, he can talk about his suspicions, can't he?

THE COURT: No. He cannot comment on apparent signs of whether a person is capable of telling the truth or not.

A. And Candace sometimes wouldn't look you in the eye, would she?

Q. There were times.

RP at 190-91.

Mr. Chino's uncle, mother, and younger sister testified on his behalf. Mr. Chino did not testify.

The defense did not object to the jury instructions. Instruction No. 6 partly states:

To convict the defendant of the crime of Intimidating a Witness, each of the following elements of the crime must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt:

(1) That on or about November 22, 2001, the defendant by use of a threat against a current or prospective witness attempted to induce that person to absent himself or herself from an official proceeding or induce that person not to report information relevant to a criminal investigation or induce that person not to have the crime prosecuted.

CP at 29.

Instruction No. 10 partly states:

To convict the defendant of the crime of Assault in Violation of a Protection Order, each of the following elements of the crime must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt:

(1) That on or about November 22, 2001 the defendant willfully had contact with Candace Salinas;

(2) That such contact was prohibited by a protection order;

(3) That the defendant knew the existence of the protection order;

(4) That during the contact, the defendant intentionally assaulted Candace A. Salinas; and

(5) That the acts occurred in the State of Washington.

CP at 33.

The jury found Mr. Chino guilty of intimidating a witness, guilty of assault in violation of a protection order, and not guilty of theft.

At the sentencing hearing, both sides agreed to an offender score of three, one point for prior juvenile convictions, one point for a prior adult burglary conviction, and one point for `the concurrent counts.' RP (May 29, 2002) at 9. The agreed standard range was 26 to 34 months on the intimidating conviction and 15 to 20 months on the assault conviction. The State asked for a high-end sentence of 34 months. Mr. Chino asked for a low to mid-range sentence of 26 to 20 months.

The trial court sentenced Mr. Chino to a high-end standard range sentence of 34 months on the intimidation conviction and a concurrent mid-standard range sentence of 18 months on the assault conviction. On the judgment and sentence form, the trial court found the intimidation and assault convictions did not encompass the same criminal conduct for purposes of calculating Mr. Chino's offender score.

Mr. Chino timely appealed both convictions and the sentence.

ANALYSIS A. Instruction No. 6

Although the defense did not object to Instruction No. 6 at trial, the issue is whether the instruction was constitutionally deficient because of inconsistencies with the charging document.

This court reviews de novo whether a jury instruction accurately states the law without misleading the jury. State v. Linehan, 147 Wn.2d 638, 643, 56 P.3d 542 (2002). `Jury instructions are sufficient if they are supported by substantial evidence, allow the parties to argue their theories of the case, and when read as a whole properly inform the jury of the applicable law.' State v. Clausing, 147 Wn.2d 620, 626, 56 P.3d 550 (2002) (citing State v. Riley, 137 Wn.2d 904, 908 n. 1, 909, 976 P.2d 624 (1999)).

Mr. Chino challenges the instructions for the first time on appeal. The constitution requires the jury be instructed on all essential elements of the crime charged. Linehan, 147 Wn.2d at 653; U.S. Const. Amend. VI; Const. art. I, sec. 22. An instruction that omits an essential element of a crime relieves the State of its burden of proving each element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. at 654. Such an error is a violation of due process and harmless solely if the reviewing court is `convinced beyond a reasonable doubt any reasonable jury would reach the same result absent the error.' Id. (citing State v. Easter, 130 Wn.2d 228, 242, 922 P.2d 1285 (1996)). Because jury instructions omitting elements of the charged crime constitute `a manifest error affecting a constitutional right,' this court may consider the issue for the first time on appeal. RAP 2.5(a)(3); see State v. Eastmond, 129 Wn.2d 497, 502, 919 P.2d 577 (1996).

Generally, the crime upon which the jury is instructed is limited to the offense charged in the information. State v. Foster, 91 Wn.2d 466, 471, 589 P.2d 789 (1979). Recognized exceptions exist for situations where the defendant is convicted of a lesser included offense of the crime charged in the information, and where the defendant is convicted of a lesser degree of the crime specifically alleged in the information. Id.; see also State v. Peterson, 133 Wn.2d 885, 889, 948 P.2d 381 (1997).

Here, the information and Instruction No. 6 pertain to the same core crime, intimidation of a witness, but differed in alternative means. In this connection, the applicable statute states:

A person is guilty of intimidating a witness if a person, by use of a threat against a current or prospective witness, attempts to:

(a) Influence the testimony of that person;

(b) Induce that person to elude legal process summoning him or her to testify;

(c) Induce that person to absent himself or herself from such proceedings; or

(d) Induce that person not to report the information relevant to a criminal investigation or the abuse or neglect of a minor child, not to have the crime or the abuse or neglect of a minor child prosecuted, or not to give truthful or complete information relevant to a criminal investigation or the abuse or neglect of a minor child.

RCW 9A.72.110(1).

`When a statute sets forth alternative means by which a crime can be committed, the charging document may charge none, one, or all of the alternatives, provided the alternatives charged are not repugnant to each other.' State v. Williamson, 84 Wn. App. 37, 42, 924 P.2d 960 (1996) (citing State v. Noltie, 116 Wn.2d 831, 842, 809 P.2d 190 (1991); State v. Severns, 13 Wn.2d 542, 548, 125 P.2d 659 (1942); State v. Bray, 52 Wn. App. 30, 34, 756 P.2d 1332 (1988)); see also State v. Nicholas, 55 Wn. App. 261, 272, 776 P.2d 1385 (1989). Here, the information properly includes the relevant part of the alternative set forth in RCW 9A.72.110(1)(d), but does not include the other alternatives set forth in RCW 9A.72.110(1)(a) through (c). Understandably, Mr. Chino does not allege the information is deficient for omitting the remaining alternatives. Williamson, 84 Wn. App. at 42. Rather, he challenges the inclusion of uncharged alternatives within the `to convict' instruction.

Instruction No. 6 sets forth an uncharged statutory alternative, inducing the witness to absent himself or herself from legal proceedings. RCW 9A.72.110(c). And the instruction includes part, but not all, relevant provisions of RCW 9A.72.110(d). In this connection, the information alleges, among other things, Mr. Chino attempted to induce Ms. Salinas `to not give truthful or complete information relevant to a criminal investigation.' CP at 47; see also RCW 9A.72.110(d) (in part). That specific allegation is absent from Instruction No. 6.

Where the information alleges solely one statutory alternative means of committing a crime, it is error for the trial court to instruct the jury on uncharged alternatives, regardless of the strength of the trial evidence. Severns, 13 Wn.2d at 548; Williamson, 84 Wn. App. at 42; Nicholas, 55 Wn. App. at 272-73; Bray, 52 Wn. App. at 34. `One cannot be tried for an uncharged offense.' Bray, 52 Wn. App. at 34 (citing State v. Brown, 45 Wn. App. 571, 576, 726 P.2d 60 (1986)).

Here, it was error to instruct the jury on an alternative means not alleged in the information. Williamson, 84 Wn. App. at 42. Because the instructional error favored the prevailing party, it is presumed prejudicial unless it affirmatively appears the error was harmless. Bray, 52 Wn. App. at 34-35.

Even so, the error may be harmless if other instructions clearly and specifically define the charged crime. Severns, 13 Wn.2d at 549; Nicholas, 55 Wn. App. at 273. Here, no instructions define the alternative means. It therefore remains possible that the jury convicted Mr. Chino on the basis of the uncharged alternative. Accordingly, the error was not harmless. Reversal and remand for a new trial on the intimidation charge is necessary. In light of this conclusion, it is unnecessary to separately discuss whether it was error to fail to include an instruction on unanimity.

B. Instruction No. 10

The issue is whether Instruction No. 10 is constitutionally defective because it does not include the statutory exception for first and second degree assault.

Ordinarily, it is a gross misdemeanor for a restrained person to knowingly violate a protection order. RCW 26.50.110(1). But it is a class C felony for the restrained person to commit an assault that is a violation of a protection order if the assault `does not amount to an assault in the first or second degree.' RCW 26.50.110(4).

Here, the information alleged Mr. Chino `intentionally assaulted Candace Salinas in a manner that does not amount to assault in the first or second degree.' CP at 47. But Instruction No. 10, the relevant `to convict' instruction, informed the jury that the State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that `the defendant intentionally assaulted' Ms. Salinas. CP at 33. Mr. Chino contends Instruction No. 10 unconstitutionally omitted an essential element of the crime by failing to include the statutory exception for first and second degree assault.

The Supreme Court very recently held the first and second degree assault exception `does not function as an essential element of felony violation of a no-contact order but rather serves to explain that all assaults committed in violation of a no-contact order will be penalized as felonies.' State v. Ward, 148 Wn.2d 803, 813, 64 P.3d 640 (2003) (citing RCW 26.50.110(4)). And the Ward court further held a charging document omitting the first and second degree assault exceptions did not omit an essential element of the crime of felony violation of a no contact order. Id. The Supreme Court affirmed a Division One opinion holding the first and second degree assault exceptions are not essential elements for purposes of an information alleging assault in violation of a no contact order. State v. Ward, 108 Wn. App. 621, 626-27, 32 P.3d 1007 (2001), aff'd, 148 Wn.2d 803, 64 P.3d 640 (2003). The State relies on Ward. By analogy, Ward supports the proposition that the first and second degree assault exception is not a necessary element for purposes of a `to convict' instruction alleging assault in violation of a protection order. See Ward, 148 Wn.2d at 813. Consequently, Mr. Chino's argument fails.

Accordingly, we reverse in part and affirm in part.

A majority of the panel having determined that only the foregoing portion of this opinion will be printed in the Washington Appellate Reports and that the remainder, having no precedential value, shall be filed for public record pursuant to RCW 2.06.040, it is so ordered.

SWEENEY and KURTZ, JJ., concur.

C. Evidence of Mr. Chino's Drug Use and Incarceration

The issue is whether the trial court erred in allowing testimony from the complaining witness regarding Mr. Chino's drug use and incarceration. In resolving this issue, we necessarily discuss (1) whether the trial court erred in overruling Mr. Chino's relevancy objection, and (2) whether the trial court erred when it denied Mr. Chino's motion for a mistrial. Next, we discuss whether the trial court erred in overruling Mr. Chino's objection to Ms. Salinas's comment about him being in jail.

We review the trial court's evidentiary rulings for an abuse of discretion. State v. C.J., 148 Wn.2d 672, 686, 63 P.3d 765 (2003); State v. Darden, 145 Wn.2d 612, 619, 41 P.3d 1189 (2002). `A trial court abuses its discretion only when its decision is manifestly unreasonable or is based on untenable reasons or grounds.' C.J., 148 Wn.2d at 686 (citing State v. Stenson, 132 Wn.2d 668, 701, 940 P.2d 1239 (1997)). `Alternatively, the Court considers whether any reasonable judge would rule as the trial judge did.' State v. Thang, 145 Wn.2d 630, 642, 41 P.3d 1159 (2002) (citing State v. Nelson, 108 Wn.2d 491, 504-05, 740 P.2d 835 (1987)). The rules of evidence guide the trial court's range of discretion in determining evidence admissibility. See State v. Atsbeha, 142 Wn.2d 904, 917, 16 P.3d 626 (2001) (noting relevant inquiry was whether challenged testimony was admissible under the rules of evidence).

Similarly, we review a trial court's ruling on a mistrial motion for an abuse of discretion. State v. Rodriguez, 146 Wn.2d 260, 269, 45 P.3d 541 (2002). An appellate court will overturn a trial court's denial of a motion for mistrial solely where there is a substantial likelihood the error motivating the mistrial motion materially affected the jury verdict. Id. at 269-70.

Mr. Chino objected on relevancy grounds when Ms. Salinas testified regarding why Mr. Chino hit her as follows, `Well, the only thing I could think of is that he was on drugs.' RP at 112. The trial court did not immediately explain the basis for its ruling. The next day, Mr. Chino renewed his objection in a mistrial motion contending that use or non-use of drugs was not a relevant issue, that the testimony was without foundation, and, even if the testimony was relevant, it was unfairly prejudicial under ER 403. The trial court denied the motion reasoning the testimony went to Ms. Salinas's belief that Mr. Chino was intoxicated, and not to whether Mr. Chino `was a bad person . . . because he uses drugs.' RP at 141.

`All relevant evidence is admissible.' Hayes v. Wieber Enters., Inc., 105 Wn. App. 611, 617, 20 P.3d 496 (2001) (citing ER 402; Medcalf v. Dep't of Licensing, 83 Wn. App. 8, 16, 920 P.2d 228 (1996), aff'd, 133 Wn.2d 290, 944 P.2d 1014 (1997)). "Relevant evidence' is `evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence." Hayes, 105 Wn. App. at 617 (quoting ER 401; Medcalf, 83 Wn. App. at 16). `Evidence tending to establish a party's theory, or to qualify or disprove the testimony of an adversary, is relevant evidence.' Hayes, 105 Wn. App. at 617 (citing Lamborn v. Phillips Pac. Chem. Co., 89 Wn.2d 701, 706, 575 P.2d 215 (1978); Maicke v. RDH, Inc., 37 Wn. App. 750, 752, 683 P.2d 227 (1984)).

Although Ms. Salinas indicated a subjective belief that Mr. Chino hit her because he was on drugs, the testimony was apparently speculative, and therefore not probative of actual drug use or intoxication. Even if the testimony was probative of Ms. Salinas's subjective belief, that belief was not probative of any element of the charged crimes. In other words, the intimidation allegation was not tied in any way to alleged drug use. Neither was the allegation of assault in violation of a protective order. Ms. Salinas's testimony as to the protection order, the actual assault and her injuries, and the photograph of those injuries amply supported the allegations. The drug use comment was little more than a spontaneous and gratuitous swipe at Mr. Chino's character. Accordingly, the trial court erred in not sustaining Mr. Chino's relevancy objection.

The trial court's error in admitting Ms. Salinas's drug use outburst was not of constitutional magnitude. See State v. Everybodytalksabout, 145 Wn.2d 456, 468-69, 39 P.3d 294 (2002) (discussing erroneous admission of ER 404(b) evidence). A non-constitutional error is reversible if there is a reasonable probability the error materially affected the trial's outcome. Everbodytalksabout, 145 Wn.2d at 469; State v. Bourgeois, 133 Wn.2d 389, 403, 945 P.2d 1120 (1997). `The error is harmless if the evidence is of minor significance compared to the overall evidence as a whole.'

Everbodytalksabout, 145 Wn.2d at 469 (citing Bourgeois, 133 Wn.2d at 403). Here, Ms. Salinas's statement was inconsequential when viewed against the entire trial record. Her statement was fleeting, the State let the matter drop, and it did not renew the allegation in closing argument. The State focused instead on an alleged argument between Mr. Chino and Ms. Salinas that preceded the assault. Finally, Ms. Salinas's unchallenged testimony, the testimony of the responding officer, and the photographs of Ms. Salinas's injuries were compelling evidence of Mr. Chino's guilt. There is no reasonable probability Ms. Salinas's drug-use outburst affected the verdict. Accordingly, the error was harmless.

Similar reasoning applies to the trial court's denial of Mr. Chino's mistrial motion. Given the unchallenged evidence in the record, there is no substantial likelihood the drug-use outburst affected the jury verdict. Rodriguez, 146 Wn.2d at 269-70. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in denying Mr. Chino's motion.

Mr. Chino objected when Ms. Salinas commented Mr. Chino was in jail. Mr. Chino did not state a basis for the objection, which the trial court immediately overruled. It is not an abuse of discretion for a trial court to overrule an objection made without an adequate legal basis. State v. Ames, 89 Wn. App. 702, 706-07, 950 P.2d 514 (1998).

On its own initiative, the trial court renewed the issue and indicated it would sustain a properly framed objection and a request for a curative instruction. Mr. Chino declined, reasoning it was not worth drawing further attention to the matter in front of the jury. By foregoing the trial court's invitation to strike the offending testimony, Mr. Chino waived his earlier objection. See Rodriguez, 146 Wn.2d at 271 (noting a defendant may waive an error by failing to request a curative instruction). Nevertheless, the trial court indicated on the record the testimony was non-responsive and therefore improper. Assuming without deciding Mr. Chino preserved the issue for appeal, the jail comment was inconsequential and therefore harmless given the unchallenged evidence of guilt. Bourgeois, 133 Wn.2d at 403.

D. Trial Court Interjections

The issue is whether the trial court committed reversible error when it interjected an objection to defense counsel's line of questions to Officer Church to the extent Mr. Chino was deprived of his Sixth Amendment right to a fair trial.

`Trial court judges are forbidden from commenting upon the evidence presented at trial.' State v. Deal, 128 Wn.2d 693, 703, 911 P.2d 996 (1996) (citing Const. art. IV, sec. 16). `An impermissible comment is one which conveys to the jury a judge's personal attitudes toward the merits of the case or allows the jury to infer from what the judge said or did not say that the judge personally believed the testimony in question.' State v. Swan, 114 Wn.2d 613, 657, 790 P.2d 610 (1990).

Here, defense counsel asked Officer Church, `You would agree with me that when somebody is telling a story and not looking you in the eye sometimes it is because they are lying to you?' RP at 190. After Officer Church answered, `On occasion,' the trial court interjected its own objection, `Bad question. You are not capable of nor is the witness in making — you can ask the question but nobody can make that call.' RP at 190. The trial court interrupted again when defense counsel asked a similar question. When asked by defense counsel if the officer `can talk about his suspicions,' the trial court responded, `No. He cannot comment on apparent signs of whether a person is capable of telling the truth or not.' RP at 190. Counsel completed his line of questions by getting the officer to admit `[t]here were times' Ms. Salinas did not look him in the eye. RP at 191.

In order to guard against giving an impression of bias, the trial court must show restraint when tempted to raise its own objections; therefore, we do not approve of the trial court's interjections in this case. Nevertheless, the trial court's interruptions were not comments on the merits of the case or the veracity of the police officer. Here, the trial court admonished defense counsel he could not elicit testimony speculating on whether eye contact was probative of a person telling the truth. But the comments did not convey the trial court's personal belief as to the merits of Mr. Chino's case. As such, although the trial court's comments were troublesome, they did not amount to constitutional error. And given the strong evidence of guilt, there is no reasonable probability the trial court's interjections affected the verdict.

E. Cumulative Error

The issue is whether cumulative non-reversible errors deprived Mr. Chino of a fair trial. As noted, reversible error exists in connection with the witness intimidation charge; therefore, this discussion pertains solely to Mr. Chino's conviction for assault in violation of a protection order.

It is well-settled that an accumulation of discrete harmless errors may ultimately warrant reversal where `the cumulative effect of those errors materially affected the outcome.' State v. Johnson, 90 Wn. App. 54, 74, 950 P.2d 981 (1998). `The application of that doctrine is limited to instances when there have been several trial errors that standing alone may not be sufficient to justify reversal but when combined may deny a defendant a fair trial.' State v. Greiff, 141 Wn.2d 910, 929, 10 P.3d 390 (2000).

Ms. Salinas's non-responsive speculative answer relating Mr. Chino's drug use to her complaints was harmless error. Additionally, Mr. Chino waived his earlier objection to Ms. Salinas's jail statement. Nevertheless, that testimony was also harmless error.

The challenged statements were prejudicial mainly to Mr. Chino's credibility. Credibility was more an issue in connection with the witness intimidation and theft charges, which relied almost entirely on Ms. Salinas's testimony. As discussed, reversal and a new trial are necessary for the intimidation conviction; therefore, no need exists to consider whether Ms. Salinas's improper testimony affected that verdict. Notably, the jury acquitted Mr. Chino on an additional theft charge likely finding Ms. Salinas lacking in credibility on her allegation that Mr. Chino stole a ring and necklace. On the other hand, credibility was a minor factor in connection with the assault charge.

We could also characterize the trial court's interjections during testimony as harmless error. But the trial court's objections did not comment on the merits of Mr. Chino's defense or on the veracity of witnesses. The record contains overwhelming evidence Ms. Salinas suffered several injuries to her face and neck as a result of an assault. Ms. Salinas identified Mr. Chino as her attacker and her testimony on that point was never effectively challenged. It cannot be said Ms. Salinas's improper remarks regarding drug use and jail time materially affected the outcome on the alleged assault in violation of a protection order. Overall, we conclude this record does not support a finding of cumulative error in connection with the charge of assault in violation of a protection order.

F. Same Criminal Conduct

In light of our decision reversing Mr. Chino's intimidation conviction, we need not fully discuss or decide the presented same criminal conduct issue because the current sentencing must be vacated. In passing, we note while it is possible for an assault to further an act of intimidation, or for an act of intimidation to further a subsequent assault, the facts of this case do not support either theory. Logic dictates Mr. Chino's subsequent intimidation of Ms. Salinas did not further the preceding assault. See State v. Tili, 139 Wn.2d 107, 122, 985 P.2d 365 (1999), aff'd, 148 Wn.2d 350, 60 P.3d 1192 (2003); State v. Vike, 125 Wn.2d 407, 410, 885 P.2d 824 (1994). Moreover, the intent required for the two crimes is dissimilar.

Reversed in part, affirmed in part.