Summary
In Carter, we stated that "in order to be held liable as an accomplice it must be shown that the defendant `knowingly and intentionally' participated `to some substantial measure' in `a common understanding,' the goal of which was the commission of `a common criminal objective.'"
Summary of this case from State v. WoodOpinion
No. 309-78
Opinion Filed April 8, 1980
1. Criminal Law — Accessories and Principals — Elements
Defendant charged as a principal could be convicted as an accomplice to the commission of the charged crime, on proof that by counseling, hiring or otherwise procuring he caused the offense to be committed.
2. Criminal Law — Accessories and Principals — Particular Crimes
There was insufficient evidence to allow jury to conclude that defendant was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of being an accomplice to the receipt of stolen property where defendant's son called undercover officer on the phone and offered to sell a $125 saw, officer went to defendant's ex-wife's apartment and met defendant and his son, the three went to another apartment and met two men, defendant's son asked one of the two men for the saw and went to get it from another part of the apartment, it would not work and the men fixed it, defendant only looking on and offering advice, saw was fixed and demonstrated and sold for $45 and one of the men gave defendant $10 of the purchase money, defendant offered to sell officer fishing equipment located in a closet of the apartment and told officer they would be getting a load of saws if he wished more, and three months later defendant met officer and stated the saw was stolen when asked if it was by officer and further stated he got $10 out of the sale of the saw, and defendant testified at trial that he found out only after the sale that the saw was stolen and did not know why one of the men had given him $10; evidence was more than sufficient to show defendant believed the goods stolen, but did not show he substantially participated in the unlawful receipt of the saw. 13 V.S.A. § 2561.
3. Criminal Law — Accessories and Principals — Particular Crimes
Aiding or abetting in the unlawful receipt of stolen property knowing it was obtained by theft must be proven to convict one of being an accomplice to the crime of receipt of stolen property. 13 V.S.A. § 2561.
4. Criminal Law — Accessories and Principals — Elements
To be found guilty of being an accomplice, it must be shown that one knowingly and intentionally participated in some substantial measure in a common understanding, the goal of which was the commission of a common criminal objective. 13 V.S.A. § 2561.
5. Evidence — Burden of Proof — Crimes Generally
A superabundance of evidence on one element of a crime does not make up for failing in burden of proving other essential elements.
6. Criminal Law — Accessories and Principals — Elements
Guilt as an accomplice can be established by presence at the scene of a crime where such presence is by preconcert with the design to encourage, incite or render assistance should it be necessary, but mere propinquity to and acquiescence in the commission of a crime does not automatically make one an accomplice.
7. Criminal Law — Accessories and Principals — Particular Crimes
The casual facilitator of a sale of stolen property, who exercises no dominion or control over the item, cannot be said to have received or possessed it, and without a showing of receipt or possession one is not guilty of being an accomplice in the receipt of stolen property. 13 V.S.A. § 2561.
Appeal from conviction of being an accomplice to the receipt of stolen property. District Court, Unit No. 2, Chittenden Circuit, Bryan, J., presiding. Reversed; acquittal ordered.
Mark J. Keller, Chittenden County State's Attorney, and Norman R. Blais, Chief Deputy State's Attorney, Burlington, for Plaintiff.
James L. Morse, Defender General, and William A. Nelson, Appellate Defender, Montpelier, for Defendant.
Present: Barney, C.J., Daley, Billings and Hill, JJ., and Costes, District Judge, Specially Assigned
Defendant appeals from his conviction on an amended information charging him with receiving stolen property with a value in excess of one hundred dollars, to wit, one McCulloch chain saw, knowing said property to have been stolen, in violation of 13 V.S.A. § 2561.
Trial by jury commenced on July 24, 1978, the State proceeding on the theory that defendant was an accomplice to the commission of the crime charged. At the close of the State's case, and again at the close of the presentation of all the evidence, defendant moved for judgments of acquittal. V.R.Cr.P. 29. Each time his motion was denied by the trial court.
Although the information charged defendant as a principal, he could be convicted on proof that " `by counseling, hiring or otherwise procuring' [he] caused the offense in question to be committed." State v. Sears, 130 Vt. 379, 381-82, 296 A.2d 218, 219-20 (1972).
The focal issue on appeal is whether there was sufficient evidence to allow the jury to conclude that the defendant was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of the offense charged. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, and excluding the effect of modifying evidence, State v. Ballou, 127 Vt. 1, 3, 238 A.2d 658, 660 (1968), we hold that there was not.
Defendant also raises on appeal for the first time the claim that the trial court erred in instructing the jury as to the essential elements of the crime charged. In support of this claim, defendant relies on State v. Audette, 128 Vt. 374, 378, 264 A.2d 786, 789 (1970), and State v. Morrill, 127 Vt. 506, 511-12, 253 A.2d 142, 145-46 (1969), for the proposition that a trial judge is under a duty to charge correctly as to the essential elements of the offense, and that an erroneous charge is reviewable by this Court regardless of objection. The State challenges the applicability of the cases cited by the defendant, and argues that the issue is not properly before this Court, since defendant interposed no objection to the trial court's charge. See V.R.Cr.P. 30; State v. Bushey, 137 Vt. 155, 159, 400 A.2d 993, 996 (1979). Whether the charge was in fact erroneous, or whether this case presents a situation where this Court will review a jury charge absent an objection, are questions we need not decide today in light of our disposition of defendant's sufficiency of the evidence claim.
The record discloses that on February 26, 1978, the defendant's son, Harry Carter, contacted James Dobson, an undercover police officer with the Burlington Police Department, and offered to sell to the latter a chain saw. A meeting was arranged, and officer Dobson drove to the apartment of the defendant's ex-wife on Willow Street in Burlington, where he met Harry and the defendant. The three men then travelled, in the officer's car, to an apartment on Peru Street in Burlington, where they met two other men, one of whom was referred to as Bill.
On arrival at the Peru Street apartment, the men went to the kitchen, whereupon Harry asked Bill for the saw. Following Bill's instructions, Harry went to another location within the apartment to get the contraband, while the others remained in the kitchen. Returning with the saw, Harry attempted to demonstrate it, but the pull cord used to start the engine broke. Both Harry and Bill endeavored to repair the saw, while the defendant looked on and offered suggestions as to proper repair. At no time did the defendant become physically involved in the mending process.
Once the chain saw was repaired Harry demonstrated its efficacy by sawing half the way through the leg of the kitchen table. Satisfied with the operation of the saw, officer Dobson negotiated with Bill over the price, finally arriving at the mutually satisfactory figure of forty-five dollars, as compared to its fair market value of one hundred and twenty-five dollars. The officer gave the agreed upon amount to Bill, who then, without comment or explanation, handed ten dollars to the defendant.
Upon consummation of the transaction, the men engaged in further conversation, during the course of which the defendant offered to sell to the officer some fishing equipment which was located in a closet at the apartment. The defendant also informed Dobson that should he be interested in more chain saws "they would be getting in a load of them." Shortly thereafter, the defendant, Harry, and the officer returned to the Willow Street apartment.
Three months after the chain saw transaction, officer Dobson again had the occasion to meet the defendant. At this later meeting, Dobson queried of the defendant whether the chain saw he had purchased was "hotter than a bastard." The defendant answered in the affirmative. Dobson also asked him whether he had gotten anything out of the deal, and the defendant replied, "yes, ten dollars." At trial, the defendant testified that he did not know the chain saw was stolen at the time of the sale, but found out later. He also stated that he did not know why Bill handed him the ten dollars, except possibly because he was standing in a position closest to Bill at the time the money changed hands.
We find it difficult to see how the foregoing facts support the conclusion that the defendant was an accomplice to the crime charged. Since the substantive crime charged was receiving stolen property, the State bore the burden of proving that the defendant aided or abetted in the unlawful receipt of stolen property, knowing that the property was obtained by theft. See State v. Guppy, 129 Vt. 591, 594-96, 285 A.2d 717, 719-20 (1971); State v. Alpert, 88 Vt. 191, 202-04, 92 A. 32, 33-34 (1914); State v. Bannister, 79 Vt. 524, 527, 65 A. 586, 586 (1907).
The State argues that the cumulative weight of the evidence of the defendant accepting the ten dollars, his statement about acquiring more chain saws, his advice regarding repair of the saw, the discrepancy between the sale price of the saw and its fair market value, and his admission three months subsequent to the sale that the saw was stolen provided a sufficient basis on which "the jury would be justified in finding beyond a reasonable doubt that the [defendant]" was guilty. It is well established, however, that in order to be held liable as an accomplice it must be shown that the defendant "knowingly and intentionally" participated "to some substantial measure" in "a common understanding," the goal of which was the commission of "a common criminal objective." State v. Sears, supra, 130 Vt. at 382, 296 A.2d at 220; State v. Orlandi, 106 Vt. 165, 171, 170 A. 908, 910-11 (1934). Accord, State v. Mecier, 126 Vt. 260, 262, 227 A.2d 298, 299-300 (1967); State v. Barr, 126 Vt. 112, 122, 223 A.2d 462, 469-70 (1966).
The evidence adduced at trial does not show that the defendant participated to some substantial measure in the unlawful receipt of stolen property. State v. Sears, supra, 130 Vt. at 382, 296 A.2d at 220. It was incumbent on the State to prove that the defendant "in some way . . . procured or incited or encouraged" the illicit obtainment of the pilferred chain saw. State v. Orlandi, supra, 106 Vt. at 171, 170 A. at 910. This the State could have done by showing that the defendant assisted or counseled in the taking or maintenance of possession, actual or constructive, of the stolen property. State v. Longway, 137 Vt. 165, 167, 400 A.2d 1002, 1003 (1979); State v. Ballou, supra, 127 Vt. at 6, 238 A.2d at 662. But the State's evidence is deficient in this regard. There is scant evidence, if any at all, that the defendant assisted in bringing the saw within the "care, management, [or] physical control" of the alleged criminal combination, or that he somehow procured access to the "immediate physical possession [or] control" of the contraband for the benefit of the coterie, State v. Ballou, supra, or that he had any independent control or influence over the chain saw, or his alleged confederates, by which he could have gained access to, or assured the delivery of, the stolen article. See United States v. Jones, 308 F.2d 26, 30-31 (2d Cir. 1962) (en banc) (Waterman, J.).
Furthermore, while we agree with the State that its evidence was more than sufficient to show that the defendant believed the goods were stolen, State v. Alpert, supra, 88 Vt. at 202-04, 92 A. at 33-34, a superabundance of evidence on one element of a crime will not suffice to excuse the State's burden of proof as to the other essential elements. Insofar as there was any evidence that arguably was probative of assistance in the receipt or continued possession of the saw, it was the acceptance of ten dollars, a statement as to future receipt of more chain saws, and the giving of oral advice as to chain saw repair. But this evidence was ambiguous and equivocal, and was not sufficient to satisfy the State's burden of proof as to the essential element of receipt.
In the absence of evidence that the defendant procured or incited or encouraged the illicit receipt of the stolen property, his mere "presence at the scene of the crime is not alone sufficient to establish participation." State v. Orlandi, supra, 106 Vt. at 171, 170 A. at 910. And, although accomplice liability can be established by presence at the scene of the crime "where such presence is by preconcert with the design to encourage, incite, or, if it should become necessary, to render assistance," the State failed to show that the defendant's presence was pursuant to a prior agreement, or that he was at the scene in order to aid in the receipt of the property. Id. Mere propinquity to, and acquiescence in, the commission of a crime does not automatically make one an accomplice.
If the State's evidence showed any participation on the part of the defendant, it was facilitation of the sale of the stolen property, not facilitation of its receipt or continued possession. But the casual facilitator of a sale who exercises no dominion or control over the contraband cannot be said to have received or possessed it. United States v. Jones, supra, 308 F.2d at 30. And without a showing of receipt or possession, one cannot be held answerable for the crime of receiving stolen property.
The judgment of conviction is reversed, the sentence striken, and the entry of judgment of acquittal is ordered.