Summary
In Caldwell, the defendant was convicted of unarmed robbery at a motel based on the testimony of accomplices who met with the defendant at a restaurant immediately prior to the accomplices committing the actual robbery.
Summary of this case from State v. RileyOpinion
Argued July 12, 1965
Affirmed September 22, 1965
Appeal from Circuit Court, Multnomah County.
DEAN BRYSON, Judge.
Irvin D. Smith, Portland, argued the cause and filed a brief for appellant.
George M. Joseph, Deputy District Attorney, Portland, argued the cause for respondent. With him on the brief were George Van Hoomissen, District Attorney, Portland, and Lewis B. Hampton, Deputy District Attorney, Portland.
AFFIRMED.
A jury found defendants Eric and Cindy Caldwell guilty of unarmed robbery. Defendant Ernest Sardella was the admitted robber; Caldwells were convicted as participants who helped plan the robbery. Only Eric Caldwell appeals. He claims there was insufficient corroboration of the testimony of the accomplices, Sardella and his wife, to sustain a conviction as required by ORS 136.550. The trial court refused to direct an acquittal on this ground. The court's refusal is the basis of this appeal. The question is a close one and requires a review of the evidence. It will be helpful to first relate the evidence as given by the accomplices and then to mention the independent evidence that must be relied on to provide corroboration.
The victim of the robbery, a man named Hobbs, was the owner of a motel in Portland. Cindy Caldwell had visited Hobbs' apartment at the motel on previous occasions as a prostitute. On the night of the robbery, Cindy Caldwell, by telephone, arranged for defendant Sardella's wife, Linda, to visit Hobbs for the same purpose. Shortly after she arrived at Hobbs' apartment, Sardella entered and by threat of violence compelled Hobbs to disgorge money. Sardella also took from Hobbs' finger a diamond ring. Both Sardella and his wife fled the scene. Sardella was arrested the next evening by an arrangement we will describe later. He, along with the appealing defendant Eric Caldwell and Cindy Caldwell, was indicted. Linda Sardella was not, although it is conceded that she was, of course, a participant in the crime.
The testimony of the two Sardellas reveals that Linda Sardella and Cindy Caldwell had met in Great Falls, Montana. Sometime after the meeting Mrs. Caldwell returned to Portland. It was claimed that she had promised that if the Sardellas would come to Portland she and Caldwell would be able to get Sardella a job. In the latter part of December, 1963, Linda Sardella called Cindy Caldwell in Portland and asked her to send money to enable the Sardellas to come to Portland. Mrs. Caldwell did. Sardellas arrived at the Caldwells' apartment in Portland on the evening of December 30, 1963. They were broke.
Both Sardellas testified that the two Caldwells suggested to them the possibility of robbing Hobbs and helped plan the robbery. They stated that the planning took place while the four had dinner at the Caldwells' apartment and that later in the evening the two women left to go elsewhere. It was agreed that the two women would meet the two men later in the evening at a restaurant called "Tiny's" located near the motel owned by Hobbs.
Defendant Sardella testified that he and Caldwell soon left the apartment, stopped at various bars and eventually went to the bar at Tiny's Restaurant and waited for the women. After the women arrived, it is claimed, that the four went to a booth where the final plans were completed. Linda Sardella left the restaurant in a taxi at about 1 a.m. on December 31. Sardella followed in his car. He claimed that he parked his car in a parking lot near the motel and that Caldwells were in their car at the same parking lot. After the robbery both Sardellas fled to their car. They swore that they then followed the Caldwells to the latters' apartment, where the money loot was divided and that Caldwell promised to sell the diamond ring the next day. Sardellas testified that they stayed all night with Caldwells. The next evening Sardella accompanied Eric Caldwell to a restaurant where police officers arrested Sardella and found about $60 and the diamond ring on his person.
The testimony of other independent witnesses to which we must look to find corroboration is as follows:
The victim Hobbs testified that his tryst with Linda Sardella was arranged by telephone calls he received from Mrs. Caldwell. He also testified that after the robbery he received a call from Mrs. Caldwell expressing concern as to what had happened. Although the Sardellas testified that Caldwell was present when these calls were made, there is no independent evidence to verify their claims that Eric Caldwell had any connection with the calls.
The evidence which makes this case unusual was related by police detectives. One detective stated that at about 12:30 a.m. on December 31, he received a call from a man who identified himself as Eric Caldwell. According to the detective, Caldwell told him that he, Caldwell, was at Tiny's Restaurant; that Caldwell knew a robbery was being planned but he did not know who was to be robbed nor where it was to take place; that Caldwell was supposed to accompany the robber but did not want to become involved. The detectives said that Caldwell asked them to come to the restaurant and arrest the proposed robber before the event could occur. The detective testified that he and another detective started to Tiny's Restaurant but were delayed in their arrival by about one-half hour and that when they arrived Caldwell was gone.
Another detective testified that at about 5:30 p.m. on the evening of December 31, he received a call from Caldwell in which Caldwell told him he would have the robber, with the loot on his person, in Caldwell's company at a restaurant located on East Broadway in Portland at about 6:30 p.m. of the same evening. The detectives proceeded to the restaurant where they found Caldwell and Sardella. The latter was arrested with the result before mentioned. Caldwell was not arrested until about two weeks later.
A waitress at Tiny's Restaurant testified that she remembered that Caldwell and Sardella (she later identified them as the two men she had remembered as serving) came to the restaurant on the night in question and sat at the bar. She served them. Later she observed the two women join the two men and that the four of them then occupied a booth. She did not recall having seen Caldwell at the restaurant before. The waitress also testified that Caldwell requested that she call a taxi, which she did. She later observed Mrs. Sardella leave. She saw Sardella and the two Caldwells leave after Mrs. Sardella had gone.
A taxi driver testified that pursuant to a call, he took a woman, identified as Mrs. Sardella, from Tiny's Restaurant to Hobbs' motel at about 1 a.m. on December 31.
This is the substance of all of the relevant independent testimony.
ORS 136.550 requires that the corroboration must be "* * * other evidence that tends to connect the defendant with the commission of the crime." The corroborative evidence must be independent of any of the testimony of the accomplices. If the corroboration must be supplemented by testimony by the accomplices in order to connect the defendant with the crime it is insufficient. State v. Brake, 1921, 99 Or. 310, 195 P. 583; State v. Reynolds, 1939, 160 Or. 445, 86 P.2d 413. Intimate association before or after the crime may be sufficient. State v. Clipston, 1964, 237 Or. 634, 392 P.2d 772. However, as pointed out in both Brake and Clipston the association must place defendant and the accomplices "* * * together at a place under circumstances not likely to have occurred unless there had been concert between them * * *." State v. Townsend, 1890, 19 Or. 213, 215, 23 P. 968. The corroborating evidence may be circumstantial. It is sufficient for jury consideration if there is some evidence, however slight, tending to connect the defendant with the crime. State v. Rosser, 1939, 162 Or. 293, 342, 86 P.2d 441, 87 P.2d 783, 91 P.2d 295.
The only corroborative evidence here other than Hobbs' testimony about the execution of the robbery, is that which discloses the association of the four people at Tiny's Restaurant immediately before the robbery. The evidence that the people met there; that the restaurant was near the motel; that Caldwell had not been seen there before; that he asked the waitress to call a taxi; that a taxi did arrive and take Mrs. Sardella to the motel; that Caldwell called the police and acknowledged that a robbery was being planned; that the four people left at approximately the same time and that Caldwell did not wait for the police could have permitted the jury to infer that the four people met there by a prearranged plan and that the association was in furtherance of a plan to rob.
Upon a motion for an order of acquittal we must consider the evidence and the inferences to be drawn therefrom that would be most favorable to the state. State v. Duggan, 1955, 215 Or. 151, 333 P.2d 907. Having done so, we think the evidence was sufficient for the jury to weigh. The judgment must be affirmed.