Opinion
No. 4349-1.
April 11, 1977.
[1] Larceny — Receipt of Stolen Goods — Instructions — Comment on Evidence. Proof that property found in a defendant's possession was recently stolen is relevant evidence in his larceny prosecution but such evidence is a factual matter and any instruction regarding its weight or effect constitutes an impermissible comment on the evidence in violation of Const. art. 4, § 16.
[2] Larceny — Receipt of Stolen Goods — Instructions — Burden of Proof. An instruction which permits a conviction for larceny upon finding possession of stolen property and slight corroborative evidence of inculpatory circumstances "tending to show guilt" does not meet the requirement that guilt be established beyond a reasonable doubt.
Criminal Law — Review — Harmless Error — Cumulative Effect.
Nature of Action: Prosecution for larceny based on the defendant's receipt and sale of stolen goods.
Superior Court: An instruction was given permitting a conviction upon finding possession of stolen goods coupled with "slight corroborative evidence of other inculpatory circumstances tending to show guilt." Following a verdict of guilty, the Superior Court for King County, No. 70920, Horton Smith, J., entered a judgment and sentence on December 11, 1975.
Court of Appeals: The court holds that the instruction given below constitutes an impermissible comment on the evidence and an erroneous statement of the State's burden of proof, and that such error requires the reversal of the trial court judgment when considered with the prosecution's improper attempts to present evidence of other crimes and misconduct.
Kempton, Savage Gossard and Anthony Savage, for appellant. Christopher T. Bayley, Prosecuting Attorney, and Jack Meyerson, Deputy, for respondent.
At jury trial, Michael Budinich was convicted of grand larceny for allegedly fencing sonar devices stolen by the purchasing agent of the manufacturer of the equipment. This was Budinich's second trial on the charge. The first had ended in a mistrial because of a hung jury. The critical issue at trial was whether Budinich knew that the units were stolen or whether he believed that he was legitimately selling them for the purchasing agent.
Budinich concedes that there was substantial evidence produced at trial to support his conviction. We agree. He contends, however, that accumulated errors, provoked by an overzealous prosecution, deprived him of a fair trial. We agree.
Budinich's principal claim of error concerns the giving of instruction No. 7 to which he took exception. The instruction was:
Where a person is accused of larceny, proof of recent possession of property alleged to have been stolen is not of itself sufficient to justify a conviction of larceny.
The possession of recently stolen property when possession of such property is coupled with slight corroborative evidence of other inculpatory circumstances tending to show guilt is sufficient to convict.
The prosecution persuaded the trial judge that the rationale of State v. Portee, 25 Wn.2d 246, 170 P.2d 326 (1946) compelled his giving the instruction. The wording of the instruction closely follows that of a headnote in the Washington report of the case. It is an accurate and appropriate statement of the law where, as in Portee, the issue is a challenge to the sufficiency of the State's evidence. State v. Hatch, 4 Wn. App. 691, 483 P.2d 864 (1971). But it is not an appropriate instruction for the guidance of the jury in its function as trier of the issues of fact. [1] The fact that property possessed was recently stolen is relevant and material circumstantial evidence. Its significance is an appropriate subject for argument by counsel, but it is a factual matter which, by express constitutional mandate, may not be commented upon by a trial judge. Const. art. 4, § 16. The danger inherent in judicial comment upon an evidentiary matter is well illustrated by instruction No. 7. The reference to " other inculpatory circumstances tending to show guilt" (italics ours) could have been understood by the jurors to mean that the judge considered possession of recently stolen property to be an "inculpatory" circumstance as a matter of law. But recently stolen property may have been acquired innocently.
[2] A further fundamental defect in the instruction is that it negates the prosecution's burden of proving guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. By an appropriate instruction, the jury was told that the State's burden was to prove Budinich's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. But by instruction No. 7, the jury was inconsistently told that they could convict if they found possession, which Budinich admitted, coupled with "slight corroborative evidence of other inculpatory circumstances tending to show guilt." (Italics ours.) Evidence which merely "tends" to show guilt is not necessarily evidence which establishes guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. As a matter of law, possession coupled with slight corroborative evidence of other inculpatory circumstances tending to show guilt is sufficient to meet a challenge, but the trier of fact must find that the fact of possession and slight corroborative evidence of other inculpatory circumstances establishes guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
[3] The proof of Budinich's guilt was persuasive. Had there been no other error of significance, we would affirm his conviction on the familiar ground that inconsistency in the instructions was not so prejudicial as to deny Budinich a fair trial. However, the record reveals that the prosecutor's zeal impelled him to persistently attack Budinich's character by attempting to present evidence of other crimes and acts of misconduct. Although the trial judge sustained some of Budinich's objections, we are satisfied that the cumulative result of the prosecutor's conduct denied Budinich a fair trial.
Reversed.
FARRIS, C.J., and SWANSON, J., concur.
Petition for rehearing denied August 30, 1977.
Review by Supreme Court pending March 3, 1978.