Opinion
December 12, 1927.
1. SEARCH WARRANT: Application: Statement of Conclusion: Probable Cause. An allegation in the application for a search warrant that "in a certain frame dwelling house belonging to Daniel and occupied by Henry Boyer in which intoxicating liquor is being stored and kept there is also being used and kept a still . . . used and fit for use in the unlawful manufacture and production of intoxicating liquor" is not a mere conclusion of law, but a statement of an ultimate fact, and as such embodies an issuable, constitutional and traversable fact essential to the statement of a cause of action; and, supplemented by testimony taken before the justice of the peace to whom the application is made (as is authorized by statute: Sec. 25, Laws 1923, p. 244), is ample to sustain a finding of probable cause, and to authorize the issuance of a search warrant.
2. ____: Probable Cause: Determination from Application or Testimony. Under the statute (Sec. 25, Laws 1923, p. 244), the judge or justice of the peace may determine the existence of probable cause to believe that intoxicating liquor is being manufactured or kept, from an application, stating directly and positively that intoxicating liquor is being manufactured and a still is being kept and used in a place definitely described, or from the testimony of witnesses who appear before the officer to whom the application is made, or by both such application and testimony; and if the application otherwise conforms to the statute and the constitutional requirements, a finding of probable cause may be made, either from such an application alone or supplemented by testimony, which will authorize the issuance of a search warrant, which in turn will authorize the officer to search the premises described and to seize the contraband and the person committing the unlawful act.
3. ____: ____: Impeachment. The finding of probable cause by a judge issuing a search warrant cannot be impeached by showing that the facts on which he relied were not true. To impeach the warrant the lack of probable cause must appear from the face of the record.
4. VALID STATUTE: Title. The title to the Prohibition Act of 1923 (Laws 1923, pp. 236-247) does not include more than one subject, and the act does not violate Section 28 of Article 4 of the Constitution. And being in harmony with the Constitution of Missouri, it is immaterial whether it conforms to the organic law of some other state.
Corpus Juris-Cyc. References: Criminal Law, 16 C.J., Section 1110, p. 570, n. 90. Intoxicating Liquors, 33 C.J., Section 371, p. 675, n. 2; p. 676, n. 6; Section 372, p. 677, n. 15. Statutes, 36 Cyc., p. 1051, n. 27.
Appeal from Washington Circuit Court. — Hon E.M. Dearing, Judge.
AFFIRMED.
Charles H. Richeson for appellant.
(1) Search warrants based on hearsay or belief are void, and probable cause does not exist for their issuance under such circumstances. State v. Huckabe, 269 S.W. 691; State v. Smith, 262 S.W. 65; State v. Owens, 259 S.W. 100; State v. Lock, 259 S.W. 116; State v. Tunnell, 302 Mo. 433. (2) No conviction for crime can be sustained when the person instituting or making the complaint had no actual knowledge of the commission of the crime. State v. Meadows, 106 Mo. App. 604; State v. Dildine, 269 S.W. 653; R.S. 1919, sec. 5058. (3) The statute on which the prosecution herein was based, found in the Laws 1923, at pages 236 to 247, comprising Sections 1 to 29, and approved April 3, 1923, is unconstitutional and void, for the reason that the title to said act contains, embraces and relates to more than one subject, namely, "An act to provide for the exercise of the police powers of the State, by and through prohibiting the manufacture, possession, transportation, sale and disposition of intoxicating liquors; and defining soft drink bars." Sec. 28, Art. 4, Mo. Constitution; State v. Hurley, 258 Mo. 275; State v. Sloan, 258 Mo. 305; State v. Crites, 209 S.W. 863; Booth v. Scott, 205 S.W. 633. (4) Section 25 of the above act is unconstitutional and void and in violation of Section 1 of Article 14 of the 14th Amendment of the Constitution of the United States, in that "no State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of the citizens of the United States," in this, that said Section 25 provides that only the Attorney-General of Missouri, the prosecuting attorney of any county, or any prohibition enforcement officer is empowered to make application for search warrant under the provisions of the act, denying to any private citizen of this State the right to institute such proceedings. (5) And said Section 25 of said act is in violation of Section 10 of Article 2 of the Constitution of Missouri, in that the provisions of said section are not open to a private citizen in instituting an application for a search warrant in violation of the act, and as applicable to this section the courts of justice are not open to every person. Art. 2, Section 10, Constitution of Missouri.
North T. Gentry, Attorney-General, and H.O. Harrawood, Special Assistant Attorney-General, for respondent.
(1) The application and search warrant are in proper form. Sec. 25, Laws 1923, p. 244; State v. Cobb, 273 S.W. 736; State v. Perry, 267 S.W. 828; State v. Shelton, 284 S.W. 434; State v. Halbrook, 279 S.W. 395. They do not violate Section 11, Article 2, Constitution of Missouri. State v. Halbrook, supra; State v. Shelton, supra. Searches and seizures are constitutional when made under a valid search warrant. State v. Lock, 295 S.W. 117. (a) The provision as to testifying against one's self contained in Section 23, Article 2, Constitution of Missouri, does not go to the suppression of evidence secured by lawful search and seizure. State v. Owens, 259 S.W. 103. (b) Section 22, Article 2, Constitution of Missouri, relating to right of defendant to meet his accused face to face, does not apply to application for the issuance of search warrant, as such proceeding is not for purpose of determining guilt or innocence of accused, but to meet requirements of Section 11 of Article 2, Constitution, relating to search and seizure. (2) The Act of 1923 is constitutional. It contains but one subject. State v. Mullinix, 301 Mo. 385; State v. Wright, 280 S.W. 703; State ex rel. v. Gordon, 261 Mo. 632; State v. Elmer, 267 S.W. 934; Asel v. City of Jefferson, 287 Mo. 203; State v. Miller, 45 Mo. 495; State v. Tallo, 274 S.W. 467. (3) Section 25 is not in violation of Section 1 of the 14th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. State v. Tallo, supra; Hicks v. Simonsen, 270 S.W. 322. (4) Section 25 is not in violation of Section 10 of Article 2 of the Constitution of Missouri. Hicks v. Simonsen, 270 S.W. 324; Landis v. Campbell, 79 Mo. 433.
The appellant was charged by information in two counts in the Circuit Court of Washington County, (1) with manufacturing moonshine whiskey, and (2) with operating a still in the manufacture of intoxicating liquor, to-wit, hootch and moonshine whiskey. There was a trial to a jury and, under the instruction of the court that the appellant could be found guilty on one count only, a verdict was returned of not guilty on the first count and guilty on the second count and the punishment fixed at two years' imprisonment in the penitentiary. From this judgment he appeals.
Prior to the filing of the information the prosecuting attorney filed with a justice of the peace of Washington County a verified application for a search warrant which, after hearing testimony on the allegations made in the application, was by the justice issued and directed to the sheriff of said county. The latter, accompanied by deputies acting under said warrant, searched the dwelling of the appellant and found therein a still, a fifty-gallon barrel full of corn mash, and a fifteen-gallon keg about half full of whiskey. The still, whiskey and some of the mash were offered in evidence. The sheriff testified that he had the liquor analyzed and that it tested about fifty-two to fifty-four per cent of alcohol. The sheriff took possession of the liquor, mash and containers. While the search was in progress the appellant stated to the officers that he had been in the business fourteen years and this was the first time he had been caught.
The appellant filed a motion to quash the search warrant and suppress the testimony which, after hearing evidence thereon, was by the court overruled. After waiving arraignment and entering a plea of not guilty the appellant made formal objection to the introduction of any testimony on the grounds that the information charged no offense and that the appellant's constitutional rights were violated. The objections were by the court overruled.
The relevant portions of the statute (Sec. 25, Laws 1923, p. 244), concerning the issuance of a search warrant are as follows:
"The Attorney-General of the State of Missouri, or the prosecuting attorney of any county, or any prohibition enforcement officer, is hereby empowered to file in the circuit court, criminal court, court of criminal correction, or any other court having criminal jurisdiction, in the county, or before the judge thereof in vacation, or justice of the peace, an application for a search warrant, which application shall be by petition setting forth substantially the facts upon which the same is based, describing the place to be searched and the thing or things to be seized as nearly as may be, which petition shall be verified by the oath of the officer filing the same. If it shall appear to the satisfaction of the court in which said petition is filed, or the judge thereof in vacation, or justice of the peace before whom said petition shall be filed, either from the facts set forth in said petition or from evidence heard thereon, that there is probable cause to believe that intoxicating liquor is being unlawfully manufactured, sold, stored or kept in any building, structure, or at any place described in said petition, within said county or transported, as in this article defined, contrary to the provisions of this act or of any of the provisions of Article 7, Chapter 52, R.S. 1919, or acts amendatory thereof, or that thereat or therein is being used or kept any still, doubler, worm, worm tub, mash, mash tub, fermenting tub, vessel, fixture or equipment, or any part or parts thereof used or fit for use in the unlawful manufacture or production of intoxicating liquor, it shall be the duty of such court or such officer before which or whom said petition was filed, to issue or cause to be issued a search warrant thereon, which search warrant shall substantially recite the facts set forth in said petition."
The application for a search warrant, omitting formal allegations and the prayer, is as follows:
"W.A. Cooper, Prosecuting Attorney within and for the County of Washington, in the State of Missouri, upon his oath respectfully states and shows that in the hereinafter described buildings and structures, and at and upon the hereinafter described premises and place in said county and state, to-wit: A three-room frame dwelling situated on lots 11 and 12, block No. 29 in the Town of Mineral Point, Washington County, Missouri, belonging to Daniel Boyer, and occupied by one Henry Boyer, in which intoxicating liquor is being unlawfully manufactured, sold, stored and kept; that thereat and therein is also being used and kept a still, worm, worm tub, mash, mash tubs, fermenting tubs, vessels, fixtures and equipment, and parts thereof, used and fit for use in the unlawful manufacture and production of intoxicating liquor."
The jurat of the prosecuting attorney is as follows:
"W.A. Cooper, Prosecuting Attorney aforesaid, being duly sworn, upon his oath states that the matters and things set forth and alleged in the foregoing petition are true in substance and in fact."
I. It is contended that the search warrant was issued upon an application insufficient in form in that it stated no such facts as are required by the statute to authorize the action of the justice of the peace. This contention relies for its support upon the assumption that the empowering averment of the application is a mere conclusion and hence requires the allegation Search of other and further facts than are contained in Warrant: its terms to authorize judicial action. Application.
The matter first requiring consideration is as to the nature of the allegation made in the application that "in a certain frame dwelling house belonging to Daniel and occupied by Henry Boyer in which intoxicating liquor is being unlawfully stored and kept there is also being used and kept a still (and other instrumentalities connected therewith, naming them), used and fit for use in the unlawful manufacture and production of intoxicating liquor." This allegation properly analyzed cannot be classified as a conclusion of law, but rather as the averment of an ultimate fact, and as such embodying an issuable, constitutive or traversable fact essential to the statement of the cause of action (Musser v. Musser, 281 Mo. l.c. 664). Faint and often seemingly indistinguishable as is the line of demarcation between conclusions of law and conclusions of fact we find no difficulty in determining that the averment herein belongs to the latter class. The possession of intoxicating liquor or a still for use in the manufacture of the same is an unequivocal statement of a violation of the law. Such an averment, supplemented by testimony taken by the officer before whom the application is made, as is authorized by the statute (Section 25, supra), is ample to sustain a finding of probable cause and as a consequence the legal propriety of the justice in issuing the search warrant. Measured by the rules of good pleading there is no more reason for setting forth the evidence in a petition for a search warrant than in any other action. The purpose of an application for a search warrant is to subject to search any property which is being used unlawfully in the commission of a crime, provided always that the legal formalities necessary to the valid issuance of the writ have been complied with.
The constitutional provision defining the requisites to the issuance of a search warrant are, in effect, that the place to be searched or the person or thing to be seized must be described as nearly as may be, and that probable cause therefor must be shown, supported by oath or affirmation reduced to writing. [Sec. 11, Art. 2, Const. Mo.] These requisites have been fully complied with in this case. In addition to this compliance with the constitutional requirement, the justice of the peace, under the authority of the statute (Sec. 25, Laws 1923, p. 244), which authorizes him in determining the existence of a probable cause to take testimony in regard thereto, proceeded before issuing the warrant to hear testimony. After so doing he found reasonable and probable cause for the issuance of the warrant and so ordered. If, in addition to the reasons stated, it be necessary to cite precedents to sustain the conclusions reached, we find them in our own rulings. In a well-considered opinion by WHITE, J. (State v. Stevens, 292 S.W. 36), it was insisted by the appellant that the application for a search warrant, which was as general in its terms as that at bar, did not state a cause of action authorizing the issuance of the warrant and that the justice did not take testimony to ascertain if there was probable cause for its issuance. We held, despite the failure of the justice to hear testimony, where the application stated directly that intoxicating liquor was being manufactured, kept and sold and that a still and other instrumentalities for distilling liquor were there kept and used, that this was a compliance with the statute (Sec. 25), which requires that an application for a search warrant shall "substantially set forth the facts upon which the same is based, describing the place to be searched and the thing or things to be seized as nearly as may be; and the judge or justice before whom the application is filed, if he find . . . either from the facts set forth in the petition or from evidence heard thereon, that there is probable cause to believe, etc., he may issue the warrant. The case at bar may be distinguished from that of the State v. Lock, 302 Mo. 400, 259 S.W. 116, in that the application for the warrant in that case was not direct but was based on information and belief. Here, as in the Stevens case, the application states directly and positively that the liquor was unlawfully kept and the still used in the manufacture of same. We held to a like effect as to a general statement in an application for a search warrant in State v. Halbrook. 311 Mo. 664, 279 S.W. 395. The rule as to this character of pleading is different in the Federal courts under a statute more restrictive than that of Missouri. We likewise held in the Stevens case that where an application for a search warrant stated directly that intoxicating liquor was at a place named, it was not error to exclude evidence that the applicant for the warrant had no personal knowledge of the fact. In State v. Hammer, 292 S.W. 60, and in State v. Richardson, 292 S.W. 61, we held that it was not a condition precedent to the filing of an application for a search warrant for liquor, that the prosecuting attorney have personal knowledge of the facts stated in the application. In harmony with these rulings, if an application for a search warrant is within the requirements of the Constitution and sufficiently conforms to the statute, when considered alone or supplemented by testimony, a finding of probable cause may be made which will authorize the issuance of the warrant.
It was also held in the Stevens case that a finding of probable cause by a judge issuing a search warrant cannot be impeached by showing that the evidence on which he relied was not true, but that the lack of probable cause must appear from the face of the record. In State v. Marshall, 297 S.W. (Mo.) 63, in which the opinion was written by WHITE, J., a general allegation like that employed in the Stevens case and that at bar, supplemented by credible testimony, taken by the court, was held sufficient to authorize a finding of probable cause and to authorize the issuance of the warrant. Under that state of facts a trial court will not be held in error in refusing to permit an appellant to offer evidence for the purpose of controverting the facts set out in the application for the search warrant. We have so ruled, not once, but a number of times. [State v. Halbrook, supra; State v. Cobb, 273 S.W. (Mo.) l.c. 738; State v. Gooch, 314 Mo. l.c. 659; State v. Shelton, 314 Mo. 333.]
II. The validity of the statute (Laws 1923, pp. 236-247) is assailed in that it embodies more than one subject as expressed in its title in violation of Section 28, Article 4, Constitution of Missouri. It was held in State v. Tallo, 308 Mo. Title of 584, that Section 9 of said statute, regulating the Act. sale of soft drinks, is germane to the general subject of the statute and hence did not render the latter inimical to the above constitutional provision. Sections 6 and 7 also have reference to the sale of soft drinks. These sections, while not expressly designated, must form the burden of appellant's objection; their purpose being the same as that of Section 9 they may for a like reason to that stated in the Tallo case, be held to not render the statute invalid as in violation of the Constitution. In discussing the constitutional validity of the statute we are, as we have often held, concerned only with the organic law of our own State.
Other matters urged as error by the appellant have not been preserved in a manner to authorize a review. The judgment is affirmed. Blair, J., concurs; White, P.J., concurs in the result.