Opinion
No. 13288-1-I.
August 1, 1984.
[1] Criminal Law — Trial — Taking Case From Jury — Sufficiency of Evidence — In General. Evidence is sufficient to support a conviction if any rational trier of fact, viewing the evidence most favorably to the State, could have found guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
[2] Burglary — Criminal Intent Within Building — Inference — Attempted Burglary. In a prosecution for attempted burglary, an intent to commit a crime within the building may be inferred if the defendant's conduct and the surrounding facts and circumstances plainly indicate such an intent as a matter of logical probability.
[3] Indictment and Information — Specificity — Bill of Particulars — Necessity. A criminal defendant waives any challenges to the lack of specificity of an information by not requesting a bill of particulars.
[4] Burglary — Criminal Intent Within Building — Identification in Findings and Conclusions. In a burglary prosecution without a jury, the trial court's findings of fact and conclusions of law need not specify the crime which the defendant intended to commit while in the building.
Nature of Action: A juvenile who was charged with attempted second degree burglary admitted that he had broken a basement window and had intended to enter the house.
Superior Court: The Superior Court for King County, No. 83-8-01589-0, Donald D. Haley, J., entered an adjudication of guilty on May 31, 1983.
Court of Appeals: Holding that there was sufficient evidence of the defendant's intent to commit a crime in the house and that the findings and conclusions were not required to specify the crime the defendant intended to commit in the house, the court affirms the judgment.
Jonathan S. Cole of Washington Appellate Defender Association, for appellant.
Norm Maleng, Prosecuting Attorney, and Cindy K. Smith, Deputy, for respondent.
Richard L. Bergeron appeals his juvenile court conviction for attempted second degree burglary, alleging that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction and that the failure to specify the crime or crimes he intended to commit, in the information and the findings of fact and conclusions of law, was prejudicial error. We affirm.
On April 17, 1983, at about 2:45 a.m., Bernice Andrews was awakened in her home by a noise. She noticed the flashing lights from police cars at a nearby house but found nothing wrong after she checked the upstairs portion of her home. As she was about to return to bed, she heard a crash in her basement and immediately called the police.
The police arrived within minutes and discovered a large hole in her basement window. The window had been opened and was out of its aluminum track. The police cordoned off a perimeter around the neighborhood and notified the canine unit. A tracking dog discovered Mr. Bergeron hiding in a neighboring backyard.
It is undisputed that in a statement given to the police, Mr. Bergeron admitted: "I picked up a rock and broke open a basement window. I slid the window open. I was going to go into the house, but I took off . . ." No fingerprints were found inside Ms. Andrews' home and no burglar tools were found in the area.
Mr. Bergeron was found guilty at a fact-finding hearing on May 16, 1983. The trial court did not initially enter written findings of fact and conclusions of law; however, it entered findings and conclusions on January 10, 1984. These findings and conclusions did not specify the crime or crimes that Mr. Bergeron intended to commit inside Ms. Andrews' home.
[1] The standard of review for sufficiency of the evidence is whether:
after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt."
State v. Green, 94 Wn.2d 216, 221, 616 P.2d 628 (1980), quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 61 L.Ed.2d 560, 99 S.Ct. 2781 (1979). The essential elements of an attempt are: "with intent to commit a specific crime," one "does any act which is a substantial step toward the commission of that crime." RCW 9A.28.020(1). The essential elements of second degree burglary are: "with intent to commit a crime against a person or property therein," one "enters or remains unlawfully in a building other than a vehicle." RCW 9A.52.030(1).
Mr. Bergeron concedes that the evidence established that he attempted to enter Ms. Andrews' home. However, he contends that there was no evidence that he intended to commit a crime against a person or property therein. He argues that although intent may be inferred from the fact of entry, it may not be inferred from an attempted entry, citing State v. Ogden, 21 Wn. App. 44, 584 P.2d 957 (1978), review denied, 91 Wn.2d 1013 (1979).
[2] Intent may be inferred from all the facts and circumstances surrounding the commission of an act or acts. State v. Lewis, 69 Wn.2d 120, 123, 417 P.2d 618 (1966), citing State v. Willis, 67 Wn.2d 681, 685, 409 P.2d 669 (1966). This rule is applicable in cases of attempted crimes as well as in cases where the crime has been consummated. State v. Lewis, supra at 123, citing State v. Leach, 36 Wn.2d 641, 646, 219 P.2d 972 (1950). Although intent may not be inferred from conduct that is patently equivocal, it may be inferred from conduct that plainly indicates such intent as a matter of logical probability. State v. Lewis, supra at 124.
Mr. Bergeron's conduct was not patently equivocal; it plainly indicated his criminal intent as a matter of logical probability. He broke a basement window of a residence at 2:45 a.m., was going to enter the residence and then fled from the police. We hold that, from this conduct, any rational trier of fact could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that he intended to commit a crime against a person or property inside the home.
Mr. Bergeron relies on State v. Ogden, supra. The issue in that case was whether an inference instruction, based on RCW 9A.52.040, may be given in an attempted burglary case. The court held that an inference instruction may not be given for two reasons: (1) the language of RCW 9A.52.040 does not authorize such an instruction in the case of an attempted entry, and (2) there was no evidence that the defendants had entered or remained unlawfully in the building; therefore, an instruction was improper.
RCW 9A.52.040 provides:
"In any prosecution for burglary, any person who enters or remains unlawfully in a building may be inferred to have acted with intent to commit a crime against a person or property therein, unless such entering or remaining shall be explained by evidence satisfactory to the trier of fact to have been made without such criminal intent."
The court in Ogden did not hold that evidence of an attempted entry, alone, is insufficient to support a conviction for attempted burglary. It did not hold that a trier of fact may not infer intent from all the facts and circumstances surrounding the attempted entry. The court held only that an inference instruction, based on RCW 9A.52.040, is improper. RCW 9A.52.040 provides only that, if a person enters or remains unlawfully in a building, intent to commit a crime may be inferred; it does not provide that, without entry, intent may not be inferred. We find that the holding in State v. Ogden does not preclude the inference of intent in this case.
Finally, Mr. Bergeron contends that the failure to specify, in the information or the findings of fact and conclusions of law, the crime or crimes he intended to commit requires reversal under State v. Johnson, 100 Wn.2d 607, 674 P.2d 145 (1983).
[3, 4] There is no indication in the record that Mr. Bergeron requested a bill of particulars; therefore, he has waived any claim of error regarding the failure to specify the crime or crimes in the information. State v. Johnson, supra at 622-23. Also, the court in Johnson did not require that the trial court specify the crime or crimes in its findings of fact and conclusions of law. Rather, the court held that the trial court must specify and define the crime or crimes in the jury instructions. The crime or crimes must be specified and defined for the jury because: (1) unless the crime is defined, the jury may convict for intent to commit an act that the jury believes to be a crime, but actually is not, and (2) unless the crimes are specified, the jury may speculate as to any and all criminal acts that it might imagine. State v. Johnson, supra at 624. Mr. Bergeron's case was tried to the court. Thus, there is no concern about a jury. We hold that the trial court did not err in failing to specify the crime or crimes that Mr. Bergeron intended to commit in its findings of fact and conclusions of law.
Judgment affirmed.
CORBETT, A.C.J., and WILLIAMS, J., concur.
Review granted by Supreme Court November 16, 1984.