Opinion
No. 40653.
October 7, 1957.
1. Insurance — constitutional law — provisions of statute creating a method of fixing uniform commission rates to be paid local agents in Mississippi — improper delegation of legislative authority and therefore unconstitutional and void.
Provisions of statute to the effect that Insurance Commission should annually obtain written opinion from every stock fire insurance company authorized to do business in State as to amount of commission company should pay its local agents and advise rating bureau as to majority opinion which would fix agent's rate of commissions was improper delegation of legislative authority and therefore unconstitutional and void. Secs. 1, 2, 33, Const. 1890; Sec. 5825, Code 1942.
2. Legislature — cannot delegate power to make law — may delegate power to determine facts on which the law makes its own action depend.
The traditional theory is that the Legislature cannot delegate power to make law, but may delegate power to determine facts on which the law makes its own action depend.
3. Administrative law — delegation of legislative power or functions to an administrative agency — limitations.
Legislative power or functions may be delegated to an administrative agency only in limited sense that the statute must set forth the legislative decision and must prescribe adequate standards or rules for agency's guidance, and agency cannot be vested with an arbitrary and uncontrolled discretion. Secs. 1, 2, 33, Const. 1890.
4. Administrative law — same — same.
Legislative functions may be delegated to administrative agencies by Acts of Legislature if the latter prescribe limits within which the administrative grantees are to operate but there should be a reasonably clear standard by which the discretion granted to the agency must be governed. Secs. 1, 2, 33, Const. 1890.
5. Constitutional law — insurance — provisions of statute creating a method of fixing uniform commission rates to be paid local agents in Mississippi — provided no criterion to serve as standard for measuring power of Insurance Commission assuming Commission had some voice in process.
Under statute requiring that Insurance Commission secure written opinions of stock fire insurance companies doing business in State as to amount of commissions, that majority opinion should fix the rate of commission to be paid local agents, and that rate of commissions should be uniform as to classes of risks, uniformity provision provided no criterion to serve as standard for measuring powers of Commission even assuming Insurance Commission had some voice in process. Secs. 1, 2, 33, Const. 1890; Sec. 5825, Code 1942.
6. Administrative law — a standard upon an administrative agency is a constitutional requirement and its presence or absence is a judicial question.
A standard or rein upon an administrative agency is a constitutional requirement, and its presence or absence is a judicial question. Secs. 1, 2, 33, Const. 1890.
7. Administrative law — constitutional law — delegation of legislative power to administrative agency — limitations.
Where Legislature delegates power to administrative agency, Legislature must, with such clarity as is reasonably practical, delineate the general policy, the public agency which is to apply it, and the boundaries of this delegated power. Secs. 1, 2, 33, Const. 1890.
8. Constitutional law — provisions of statute creating a method of fixing uniform commission rates to be paid local agents in Mississippi — improper delegation of legislative authority where statute failed to provide adequate standards for guidance of administrative agency.
Under statute requiring that Insurance Commission should annually obtain written opinion from every stock fire insurance company authorized to do business in State as to amount of commissions company should pay to local agents and advise rating bureau as to majority opinion which majority opinion would fix the rate of commission to be paid local agents, assuming some power to fix agents' commission is delegated to Commission, nevertheless the statute constitutes an improper delegation of legislative authority because it fails to provide adequate standards for the guidance of the administrative agency to which such authority is delegated. Secs. 1, 2, 33, Const. 1890; Sec. 5825, Code 1942.
9. Constitutional law — provisions of statute creating a method of fixing uniform commission rates to be paid local agents in Mississippi — improper delegation of legislative power to private groups and not to a public agency.
Although the power of a State to regulate the insurance business extends to the reasonable regulation of the compensation paid agents and brokers, statute, requiring that Insurance Commission should annually secure written opinions of stock fire insurance companies doing business in State as to amount of commissions and that majority opinion should fix the rate of commissions to be paid local agents, was unconstitutional and invalid for the further reason that statute delegates nothing but a ministerial duty to the Commission, and constitutes an improper delegation of legislative authority to private groups and not to public agency, and does not even authorize Commission to approve or disapprove of the commissions as so fixed. Secs. 1, 2, 33, Const. 1890; Sec. 5825, Code 1942.
10. Constitutional law — delegation of legislative power to private groups in connection with administrative agencies — limitations.
The delegation of legislative power to determine rights and duties to private groups can exist only in a limited sense where the functions of the private group are advisory in nature, and where the private group conforms to the power and rules of the public agency. Secs. 1, 2, 33, Const. 1890.
Headnotes as revised by Ethridge, J.
APPEAL from the Circuit Court of Hinds County; LEON F. HENDRICK, Judge.
Joe T. Patterson, Atty. Gen., A.B. McCraw, Thos. H. Watkins, Jackson, for appellant.
I. Introductory basic principles. City of New York Ins. Co. v. Greenwood International Co., 170 Miss. 644, 155 So. 346; Gully v. Lumbermen's Mut. Casualty Co., 176 Miss. 388, 168 So. 609.
A. Courts in order to carry out the legislative intent or purge the legislative purpose of absurdity or unjust inequality will construe statutes contrary to or by changing the literal language thereof. Zeigler v. Zeigler, 174 Miss. 302, 164 So. 768; Quitman County v. Turner, 196 Miss. 746, 18 So.2d 122; Mississippi Cottonseed Products Co. v. Stone, 184 Miss. 409, 184 So. 428.
B. There is a strong presumption that a statute is constitutional and Courts will so interpret it if possible. A Court will refuse to give a statute a literal construction if such construction would render it unconstitutional. If the constitutionality of a statute is in doubt, it must be upheld. State v. J.J. Newman Lbr. Co., 103 Miss. 263, 60 So. 215; Lewis v. State, 201 Miss. 48, 28 So.2d 122; Lewis v. Simpson, 176 Miss. 123, 167 So. 780; Superior Oil v. Berry, 216 Miss. 664, 63 So.2d 115; Ivy v. Robertson, 220 Miss. 364, 70 So.2d 862; Teche Lines v. Danforth, 195 Miss. 226, 12 So.2d 784; Craig v. Mills, 203 Miss. 692, 33 So.2d 801; Quinn v. City of McComb, 212 Miss. 730, 55 So.2d 479; California Co. v. State Oil Gas Board, 200 Miss. 849, 27 So.2d 542; Gentry v. Town of Booneville, 199 Miss. 1, 24 So.2d 88; Coleman v. Trunkline Gas Co., 218 Miss. 285, 61 So.2d 276, 63 So.2d 73; Mai v. State, 152 Miss. 225, 119 So. 177; Hinds County v. Johnson, 133 Miss. 591, 98 So. 95; Miller v. State, 130 Miss. 564, 94 So. 706; Johnson v. Reeves Co., 112 Miss. 227, 72 So. 925; State v. Roell, 192 Miss. 873, 7 So.2d 867.
C. The fact that the constitutionality of a statute has been long acquiesced and the statute treated as valid, as well as the fact that great injury would result from invalidating it, strengthens the usual presumption of constitutionality. Life Casualty Ins. Co. v. McCray, 78 L.Ed. 987; City of Tulsa v. Southwestern Bell Tel. Co., 75 F.2d 343.
II. Section 5825, Mississippi Code 1942, does not violate the Constitution of the State of Mississippi or of the United States by depriving insurance companies of liberty of contract. State v. J.J. Newman Lbr. Co., 102 Miss. 802, 59 So. 923; Walters v. Blackledge, 220 Miss. 485, 71 So.2d 433; General Acc. Fire Life Assur. Co. v. Walker, 99 Miss. 409, 55 So. 51; State v. Alley, 96 Miss. 720, 51 So. 476; U.S.F. G. Co. v. Parsons, 154 Miss. 587, 112 So. 469; New York Life Ins. Co. v. Boling, 177 Miss. 172, 169 So. 883; O'Gorman Young v. Hartford Fire Ins. Co., 75 L.Ed. 324, 72 A.L.R. 1163; La Tourette v. McMaster, 63 L.Ed. 362; Osborne v. Ozlin, 29 F. Supp. 71; German Alliance Ins. Co. v. Lewis, 56 L.Ed. 1011.
III. Section 5825, Mississippi Code 1942, is not unconstitutional as denying appellee equal protection of the law because the same is inapplicable to mutual insurance companies.
A. Appellee has failed to prove that it has actually been injured by the fact that mutual insurance companies are exempted from the regulation of Section 5825. Miller v. Lamar Life Ins. Co., 158 Miss. 753, 131 So. 282; New Orleans M. C. RR. Co. v. State, 110 Miss. 290, 70 So. 355; Gully v. Lumbermen's Mut. Casualty Co., supra; Dunn v. Love, 172 Miss. 342, 155 So. 331, 92 A.L.R. 1323; Adams v. Board of Suprs. Union County, 177 Miss. 403, 170 So. 684; Hess v. Mullaney, 213 F.2d 635; 16 C.J.S., Sec. 76 p. 226.
B. The classification is not discriminatory, but is based upon reasonable differences between the business of stock fire insurance companies and the business of mutual fire insurance companies. Craig v. Mills, 203 Miss. 692, 33 So.2d 801; Coleman v. Trunkline Gas Co., supra; Miller v. C. G. RR. Co., 154 Miss. 317, 127 So. 784; Huggins v. Home Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 107 Miss. 650, 65 So. 646; State v. Brown Service Funeral Co. (Ala.), 182 So. 18; Henderson v. McMaster, 88 S.E. 645; German Alliance Ins. Co. v. Lewis, supra; Aetna Ins. Co. v. Hyde, 34 F.2d 185; Hoopeston Canning Co. v. Cullen, 87 L.Ed. 777.
IV. Section 5825, Mississippi Code 1942, is not unconstitutional as an improper delegation of legislative authority.
A. That the basic and immediately effective legislative enactment was the requirement of uniformity in commissions paid to agents by stock fire insurance companies; that the exact amount of such agents' commissions necessarily would vary from time to time and was to be fixed annually by the Commission by applying a definite "measuring rod" or "formula," which said measuring rod or formula was prescribed by the Legislature, i.e., the concensus of opinion of what was a reasonable agent's commission for that year of all companies affected, as ascertained by the Commission. Williams v. Cammack, 27 Miss. 209; Alcorn v. Hamer, 38 Miss. 652; Gully v. Wilmut Gas Oil Co., 174 Miss. 794, 165 So. 620; Martin v. Board of Suprs., 181 Miss. 363, 178 So. 315; Schulherr v. Bordeaux, 64 Miss. 59, 8 So. 201; Barnes v. Board of Suprs., 51 Miss. 305; United States v. Rock Royal Co-Operative, 83 L.Ed. 1446; Currin v. Wallace, 83 L.Ed. 441; Tatum v. Wheeless, 180 Miss. 800, 178 So. 95; Baughn v. Gorrell Riley, 224 S.W.2d 436; Metropolitan Water Dist. of Southern California v. Whitsett, 10 P.2d 751; Ex parte Laswell, 36 P.2d 678; St. Louis, Etc., RR. Co. v. Taylor, 210 U.S. 281, 52 L.Ed. 1061.
B. That the basic and immediately effective legislative enactment was uniformity of agents' commissions and the fixing of such commissions to be paid agents by all stock fire insurance companies, which necessarily varied from time to time, was vested in the Commission, being delegated to the Commission by the Legislature, which at the same time gave the Commission a criteria or standard to govern it in so fixing such amounts; but that there was implied discretion in the Commission to fix the exact amount of such annual rates and even to depart from the concensus of opinion of the companies if such concensus of opinion was unreasonable, arbitrary, unjust or absurd. State v. County School Board (Miss.), 181 So. 313; White v. National Oil Line Ins. Co., 203 Miss. 752, 34 So.2d 234; Hutchins Mut. Ins. Co. v. Hazan, 105 F.2d 53.
V. Section 5825, Code 1942, does not violate either the Mississippi Anti-Trust Laws or the Federal Anti-Trust Laws; and even if it did so violate Anti-Trust Laws, appellee here could not defend a criminal action for violation of the statute on this ground. Aetna v. Robertson, 126 Miss. 387, 88 So. 883; United States v. Southeastern Underwriters, 88 L.Ed. 1440; Parker v. Brown, 87 L.Ed. 315; Geddes v. Anaconda Cooper Mining Co., 65 L.Ed. 425; United States v. Cooper Corporation, 85 L.Ed. 1071; Vitagraph v. Grobaski, 46 F.2d 813; Witmark Sons v. Pastime Amusement Co., 298 Fed. 470; West Fifty-Second Theater Co. v. Tyler, 178 F.2d 128; Johns v. Associated Aviation Underwriters, 203 F.2d 208; 58 C.J.S. 1162.
VI. Appellee here cannot defend this criminal action by attacking the constitutionality of Section 5825, Mississippi Code of 1942, in that such a defense constitutes collateral attack on the decision or order of the Insurance Commission fixing twenty-five percent as the uniform commission to be paid agents for the year 1956. Appellee did not exhaust its administrative remedies including the remedy of appeal provided by Section 5829. Gulf S.I. RR. Co. v. Adams, 85 Miss. 772, 38 So. 348; Caruthers v. Panola County, 205 Miss. 403, 38 So.2d 902; Western Union v. Kennedy, 110 Miss. 73, 69 So. 674; New Orleans M. C. RR. Co. v. State, 110 Miss. 290, 70 So. 355; Power v. Robertson, 130 Miss. 188, 93 So. 769; Yakus v. United States, 88 L.Ed. 834; Falbo v. United States, 88 L.Ed. 305.
Lipscomb, Ray Barksdale, Jackson, for appellee.
I. Appellant's motion to advance this cause on the docket of this Court. Gully v. Lumbermen's Mut. Casualty Co., 176 Miss. 388, 168 So. 609; State v. Cummings, 203 Miss. 583, 35 So.2d 636; O'Gorman Young v. Hartford Fire Ins. Co., 75 L.Ed. 324, 51 S.Ct. 130; Rideout v. Mars, 99 Miss. 199, 54 So. 801; Connecticut General Life Ins. Co. v. Johnson, 303 U.S. 77, 82 L.Ed. 673, 58 S.Ct. 436; Northwestern Natl. Ins. Co. v. Lee, 284 U.S. 590, 76 L.Ed. 509, 52 S.Ct. 139, 49 F.2d 274; Quaker City Cab Co. v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 277 U.S. 389, 72 L.Ed. 927, 48 S.Ct. 553.
II. Section 5825, Code 1942, is an unconstitutional delegation of legislative power to the stock fire insurance companies themselves. Commercial Standard Ins. Co. v. Board of Ins. Comrs. of Texas, 34 S.W.2d 343; Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection Ins. Co. v. Harrison, 301 U.S. 459, 81 L.Ed. 1223, 57 S.Ct. 838; Williams v. Cammack, 27 Miss. 209; Alcorn v. Hamer, 38 Miss. 652; Gully v. Wilmut Gas Oil Co., 174 Miss. 794, 165 So. 620; Martin v. Board of Suprs., 181 Miss. 363, 178 So. 315; Schulherr v. Bordeaux, 64 Miss. 59, 8 So. 201; Barnes v. Board of Suprs., 51 Miss. 305; Tatum v. Wheeless, 180 Miss. 800, 178 So. 95; United States v. Rock Royal Co-Operative, 83 L.Ed. 1446; Currin v. Wallace, 83 L.Ed. 441; Baughn v. Gorrell Riley, 224 S.W.2d 436; Metropolitan Water Dist. of Southern California v. Whitsett, 10 P.2d 751; Ex parte Laswell, 36 P.2d 678; Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 79 L.Ed. 1570, 55 S.Ct. 837; State Board of Dry Cleaners v. Thrift-D-Lux Cleaners, Inc., 254 P.2d 29; St. Louis, Etc., RR. Co. v. Taylor, 210 U.S. 281, 52 L.Ed. 1061, 28 S.Ct. 616; Anderson v. Greenville Coal Co., 265 S.W. 472; Johnston Cemetery Assn. v. Parker, 59 N.Y.S. 821; State v. County School Board, 181 So. 313; White v. National Old Line Ins. Co., 34 So.2d 243; Hutchines Mutual Ins. Co. of District of Columbia v. Hazen, 105 F.2d 53.
III. The statute is applicable to stock fire insurance companies only, and is, therefore, discriminatory, and denies to stock fire insurance companies the equal protection of the law guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article 3, Section 14, of the Mississippi Constitution of 1890. New Orleans M. C. Ry. Co. v. State, 110 Miss. 290, 70 So. 355; Gully v. Lumbermen's Mut. Casualty Co., supra; Dunn v. Love, 172 Miss. 342, 155 So. 331; Adams v. Board of Suprs., 179 Miss. 403, 170 So. 684; Hess v. Mullaney, 213 F.2d 635; Hartford Steam Boiler Co. v. Harrison, 301 U.S. 459, 81 L.Ed. 1223; Craig v. Mills, 33 So.2d 801; Coleman v. Trunk Line Gas Co., 61 So.2d 276; Miller v. C. G. Ry. Co., 75 L.Ed. 861; Huggins v. Home Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 65 So. 646; O'Gorman Young v. Hartford Fire Ins. Co., 75 L.Ed. 324; German Alliance Ins. Co. v. Lewis, 58 L.Ed. 1011; Aetna Ins. Co. v. Hyde, 34 F.2d 185, 74 L.Ed. 881; State v. Brown Service Funeral Co., 182 So. 18; Hoopeston Canning Co. v. Cullen, 87 L.Ed. 777; Henderson v. McMaster, 88 S.E. 645.
IV. The statute is unconstitutional as interfering with the liberty of contract guaranteed by both the State and Federal Constitutions. Albritton v. City of Winona, 181 Miss. 75, 178 So. 799; State v. J.J. Newman Lbr. Co., 102 Miss. 802, 59 So. 923; Walters v. Blackledge, 220 Miss. 485, 71 So.2d 433; U.S.F. G. Co. v. Parsons, 154 Miss. 587, 122 So. 544; General Acc. Fire Life Assur. Co. v. Walker, 99 Miss. 409, 55 So. 51; New York Life Ins. Co. v. Boling, 177 Miss. 172, 169 So. 882; State v. Alley, 96 Miss. 720, 51 So. 467; La Tourette v. McMaster, 63 L.Ed. 362; Osborne v. Ozlin, 29 F. Supp. 71, 84 L.Ed. 1074; German Alliance Ins. Co. v. Lewis, supra; Saucier v. Life Casualty Ins. Co. of Tenn., 198 So. 625; Northwestern Natl. Ins. Co. v. Pink, Supt. of Ins., 288 N.Y. 359, 43 N.E.2d 442; Department of Ins. v. Schoonover, 72 N.E.2d 747; Moore v. Grillis, 39 So.2d 505; Town of McCool v. Blaine, 11 So.2d 801.
V. Under the statute, the Legislature delegates to the stock fire insurance companies the power to vitiate the Anti-Trust Laws of the State of Mississippi and of the United States.
A. Federal Anti-Trust Laws. Schwegmann Bros. v. Calvert Distillers Corp., 95 L.Ed. 1035; American Hospital Life Ins. Co. v. Federal Trade Comm., 243 F.2d 719; Parker v. Brown, 87 L.Ed. 315; United States v. McKesson Robbins Co., 100 L.Ed. 1209.
B. State Anti-Trust Laws. Aetna Ins. Co. v. Robertson, 126 Miss. 387, 88 So. 883; Potomac Fire Ins. Co. v. State, 18 S.W.2d 929; Commercial Standard Ins. Co. v. Board of Ins. Comrs. of Texas, 34 S.W.2d 343.
VI. Exhaustion of administrative remedies. Mississippi Ins. Comm. v. Ins. Co. of North America, 203 Miss. 533, 36 So.2d 165; G. S.I. RR. Co. v. Adams, 85 Miss. 772, 38 So. 348; Western Union v. Kennedy, 110 Miss. 73, 69 So. 674; New Orleans, M. C. RR. Co. v. State, 110 Miss. 290, 70 So. 355; Caruthers v. Panola County, 205 Miss. 403, 38 So.2d 902; Power v. Robertson, 130 Miss. 188, 93 So. 769; Yakus v. United States, 88 L.Ed. 834; Falbo v. United States, 88 L.Ed. 305; Lighter v. United States, 334 U.S. 742; Emspak v. United States, 349 U.S. 190, 99 L.Ed. 997, 75 S.Ct. 687; McGowan v. State, 184 Miss. 96, 185 So. 826.
This case involves a unique question, one of first impression, at least as to the industry involved. It is concerned with the constitutional validity of a statute delegating to the majority of a private group of stock fire insurance companies the determination of the uniform rate or amount of commissions to be received by their local insurance agents.
This proceeding arises from an admitted violation by appellee, Allstate Insurance Company, of some of the provisions of Mississippi Code of 1942, Sec. 5825. The first part of that statute gives the Insurance Commission the power to reduce insurance premium rates charged by stock fire insurance companies where they make a profit exceeding what is fair and reasonable. The last two sentences of Section 5825, which are those here in issue, create a method of fixing uniform commission rates to be paid local agents in Mississippi of stock fire insurance companies doing business in the state:
"The Insurance Commission shall, on the first day of November and annually thereafter address a written communication to every stock fire insurance company authorized to do business in Mississippi and secure its written opinion as to the amount of commissions the authorized stock fire insurance company in this state should pay local agents. The Insurance Commission shall then compile this information and shall advise the rating bureau as to the majority opinion, which majority opinion shall fix the amount or rate of the commissions to be paid local agents in this State; which amount or rate of commissions to be paid said local agents shall be kept at all times uniform as to the classes of risks throughout the State, in order that the profits of said stock fire insurance companies doing business in this State may be accurately ascertained, and which amount or rate of commissions shall apply to companies which under their customary and established plan of operation compensate agents in whole or in part on a commission basis."
The quoted provision was first enacted in Laws 1924, Ch. 188, Sec. 10. It was re-enacted in Miss. Code 1930, Sec. 5311 and Laws 1938, Ch. 196.
On September 29, 1956, the Insurance Commissioner filed in the County Court of the First Judicial District of Hinds County an affidavit charging that appellee company was guilty of a misdemeanor in the violation of Code Section 5825. See Code of 1942, Sec. 5830. The affidavit charged that on September 11, 1956, Allstate contracted with Willoughby to serve as its local agent to write fire and extended coverage insurance, at a commission of 15% on the first year's premiums and 6 1/2% on renewal premiums; that Allstate, through this agent, sold to Bush a fire insurance policy on Bush's dwelling in Jackson; and that Allstate paid its agent a 15% commission, although the Insurance Commission, acting pursuant to Code Section 5825, had fixed the uniform amount of commission on such policies at 25%.
Counsel for the State and appellee stipulated the facts. Allstate is authorized to do business in Mississippi, and is a member of the State Rating Bureau. On September 6, 1956, it applied for a 15% downward deviation from the fire and extended coverage rates promulgated by the State Rating Bureau, and the application was accepted by the Insurance Commissioner. On September 11, Allstate contracted with Willoughby to write fire and extended coverage insurance at a commission of 15% on first-year premiums and 6 1/2% on renewal premiums. The stipulation admitted the sale of the policy and payment of the 15% commission as charged in the affidavit.
Pursuant to Section 5825, the rate of commissions to be paid local agents of stock fire insurance companies had been fixed at 25% for the year 1956. Such rate was in force and effect at the time of the transaction complained of. In addition to paying the commissions stated above, Allstate furnishes its local agents office space, telephone, and other utility services, and prepares all policies issued at the expense of Allstate and without any expense to such agents. Practically all other stock fire insurance companies in Mississippi have local agents who provide their own office space and other expenses. Allstate writes fire insurance in forty-five states other than Mississippi and in the District of Columbia. In all it pays its local agents on a basis of 15% of the first-year premiums and 6 1/2% on renewals. It was stipulated that the savings effected by Allstate through economy in operations, including commissions, are passed on to its policyholders through reduced premium rates. Writing fire insurance in Mississippi are 291 foreign stock companies, 2 domestic stock companies, 50 foreign mutual companies, and 6 domestic mutual insurance companies.
Allstate admitted the truth of the allegations in the affidavit, but contended that the quoted part of Section 5825 providing a method of fixing the rate of commissions for local insurance agents is unconstitutional. The County Court held that Code Section 5825, insofar as it attempted to fix commissions of agents, is unconstitutional. The Circuit Court affirmed the judgment for defendant, on the ground that the statute was an invalid delegation of legislative power to private companies and without any standards. The State again appealed to this Court, under the authority of Code Section 1153, which authorizes the State to appeal from a judgment actually acquitting defendant where a question of law has been decided adversely to the State, but precludes any retrial.
(Hn 1) We have concluded that the last two sentences of Code Section 5825 are unconstitutional and invalid for two reasons: (1) Assuming some power to fix agents' commission rates is delegated to the Commission, nevertheless the statute constitutes an improper delegation of legislative authority because it fails to provide adequate standards for the guidance of the administrative agency to which such authority is delegated; and (2) the statute delegates nothing but a ministerial duty to the Commission, and constitutes an improper delegation of legislative authority to private groups and not to a public agency.
First. Mississippi Constitution Section 33 provides, "The legislative power of this state shall be vested in a legislature which shall consist of a senate and a house of representatives." Section 1 divides the powers of the government into three distinct departments, and Section 2 states that no person belonging to one of the department shall exercise any power properly belonging to either of the others.
(Hn 2) The traditional theory is that the legislature cannot delegate power to make law, but may delegate power to determine facts on which the law makes its own action depend. Clark v. State, 169 Miss. 369, 152 So. 820 (1934); Abbott v. State, 106 Miss. 340, 63 So. 667 (1913). (Hn 3) Legislative power or functions may be delegated to an administrative agency only in the limited sense that the statute must set forth the legislative decision and must prescribe adequate standards or rules for the agency's guidance. It cannot be vested with an arbitrary and uncontrolled discretion. 73 C.J.S., Public Administrative Bodies and Procedures, Sec. 29. (Hn 4) In other words, constitutional theory legitimizes the the situation by taking the position that constitutional provisions do not force upon the legislature and courts a monopoly of legislating and adjudicating; and that these functions in a restricted manner may be delegated to executive or administrative agencies by the acts of the legislature if the latter prescribe limits within which the administrative grantees are to operate. The principal doctrines involved are those respecting the separation and delegation of powers, and both of these lead to the practical field of adequacy of legislative standards. That term is used to embrace statements of objective, policy or purpose, as well as definitions, specifications, requisites and limitations. In other words there should be a reasonable clear standard by which the discretion granted to the agency must be governed. Clark v. State, supra; Davis, Administrative Law (1951), Secs. 10-18; 42 Am. Jur., Public Administrative Law, Secs. 42-52.
(Hn 5) The pertinent part of Code Section 5825 does not fix any standard by which the Insurance Commission would be governed in fixing or regulating the commissions of local agents. It simply requires that the Commission secure the written opinions of stock fire insurance companies doing business in Mississippi as to the amount of commissions; and that the "majority opinion" shall fix the amount or rate of the commissions to be paid local agents. It says that the rate of commissions shall be uniform as to the classes of risks throughout the state. But uniformity provides no criterion to serve as a standard for measuring the powers of the Commission, assuming the Insurance Commission has some voice in this process.
(Hn 6) A standard or rein upon an administrative agency is a constitutional requirement, and its presence or absence is a judicial question. In the actual delegation is there found a standard, and is it sufficient? Forkosch, Administrative Law (1956), Sec. 81. (Hn 7) The constitution does not demand the impossible or the impractical, but it requires that the legislature, with such clarity as is reasonably practical, delineate the general policy, the public agency which is to apply it, and the boundaries of this delegated power. Forkosch, Sec. 83.
(Hn 8) Assuming that the Commission has some implied power in administering the act, what that power is is nebulous. The statute fails to establish any standard or boundary within which the Commission could operate, and to comply with constitutional requirements with reference to a practical standard for the administrative agency. So the part of Section 5825 dealing with agent's commissions is invalid as constituting an improper delegation of legislative authority, because it fails to provide adequate standards for the guidance of the delegatee of the power.
(Hn 9) Second. There is another reason why the statute is invalid as an improper delegation of legislative power. It lodges the power to initiate and to determine agents' commissions or rates exclusively in private groups, the stock fire insurance companies authorized to do business in Mississippi, and delegates the power to fix such commissions to private insurance companies without any power in the Commission to modify or revise them. After the Commission secures the written opinion of the companies, the act requires it to compile this information and to advise the Rating Bureau as "to the majority opinion, which majority opinion shall fix the amount or rate of the commissions to be paid local agents in this state . . ." In other words, the Commission has only a ministerial duty in fixing agents' commissions. It polls the insurance companies, obtains what the act calls the "majority opinion", by which apparently is meant the consensus of opinion of the companies, and this consensus "shall" constitute the rate of agents' commissions. So a majority of the companies fix the commissions and all are bound by it.
The power of a state to regulate the insurance business extends to the reasonable regulation of the compensation paid agents and brokers. O'Gorman and Young v. Hartford Fire Insurance Company, 282 U.S. 251, 51 S.Ct. 130, 75 L.Ed. 324, 72 A.L.R. 1163 (1931); 1 Richards on Insurance (5th ed. 1952), Sec. 53; 44 C.J.S., Insurance, Sec. 85; 19 Appleman, Insurance Law and Practice (1946), Sec. 10421. But here neither the legislature nor a public agency undertakes to regulate the commissions of insurance agents. It attempts to delegate that power, without establishing any standards or boundaries, not to an administrative agency of the state, but to a majority of the stock fire insurance companies themselves. This cannot be done consistent with constitutional requirements.
Perhaps the best recent survey of this problem is in an annotation in 3 A.L.R. 2d 188 (1949), "Delegation of Legislative Power to Nongovernmental Agencies as Regards Prices, Wages and Hours." Analyzing the problem, that note says:
"There are two types of statutes presenting the problem of delegation of legislative power to nongovernmental agencies in the situation discussed herein: statutes which empower an administrative agency to promulgate the legislation involved but give private groups, to a greater or lesser extent, the right to participate in the legislative process; and those which may be viewed as delegating legislative authority directly to private groups, individuals, or corporations.
"As to statutes of the first kind — under which the administrative agency is to promulgate legislation but with the participation of private groups — a distinction is drawn in the cases between the statutes which give such private groups power to initiate the legislation subsequently to be promulgated by the administrative body and those which contemplate the approval by the private group of legislation initiated by the administrative agency before it is promulgated by the agency. While statutes under which the appropriate administrative agency is without power to act upon its own initiative and can act only upon the initiative of certain private groups have been invalidated as an improper delegation of legislative authority to such groups, statutes under which administrative action was to take effect only upon approval of such groups have been held not to be subject to the same objection. Yet in both situations a private group of persons affected by prospective administrative legislation may prevent such legislation, in the first situation by remaining inactive, and in the latter by refusing approval. Of course, no objections on the grounds considered herein exist against statutes under which private groups may propose legislation to administrative agencies which are empowered also to act upon their own initiative. . . .
"Statutes which lodge the power to initiate administrative legislation on prices, wages, or hours exclusively in private groups and limit the power of the appropriate administrative agency to approval or disapproval of such legislation, in some instances even without authorizing them to modify or revise it, have been held invalid as an improper delegation of legislative power in a number of cases." Chester C. Fosgate Co. v. Kirkland, 19 F. Supp. 152 (1937; DC Fla.); Hollingsworth v. State Barber Examiners, 217 Ind. 373, 28 N.E.2d 64 (1940); Maryland Co-op. Milk Producers v. Miller, 170 Md. 81, 182 A. 432 (1935); Van Winkle v. Fred Meyer, Inc., 151 Or. 455, 42 P.2d 1140 (1935); La Forge v. Ellis, 175 Or. 545, 154 P.2d 844 (1945); Revne v. Trade Commission, 192 P.2d 563, 3 A.L.R. 2d 169 (1948 Utah); Gibson Auto Co. v. Finnegan, 217 Wis. 401, 259 N.W. 420 (1935); Henneman v. Finnegan, 217 Wis. 414, 259 N.W. 425 (1935).
Code Section 5825, which appears to be the only act of its type in the nation, not only lodges the power to initiate the rates of agents' commissions exclusively in private groups. It also gives a majority of the private groups the power to fix the rates, and does not even authorize the Insurance Commission to approve or disapprove of the commissions as so fixed.
(Hn 10) Although the Commission must compile the rates voted upon by the companies, it has no discretion but to put them into effect. Hence in fact the delegation of legislative power under Section 5825 is directly to a majority of the stock fire insurance companies themselves. The delegation of the legislative power to determine private rights and duties to private groups can exist only in a limited sense where the functions of the private group are advisory in nature, and where the private group conforms to the power and rules of the public agency. In Schechter Poultry Corp. v. U.S., 295 U.S. 495, 537, 55 S.Ct. 837, 846, 79 L.Ed. 1570 (1935), Chief Justice Hughes said: "But would it be seriously contended that Congress could delegate its legislative authority to trade or industrial associations or groups so as to empower them to enact the laws they deem to be wise and beneficient for the rehabilitation and expansion of their trade or industries? Could trade or industrial associations or groups be constituted legislative bodies for that purpose because such associations or groups are familiar with the problems of their enterprises? And could an effort of that sort be made valid by such a preface of generalities as to permissible aims as we find in section 1 of title 1? The answer is obvious. Such a delegation of legislative power is unknown to our law, and is utterly inconsistent with the constitutional prerogatives and duties of Congress."
On the other hand where the industry committee is advisory and its regulations are not binding and can be ignored, and a public administrative official controls and directs all phases of the overall procedure, an act has been upheld. Opp Cotton Mills Inc., v. Administration, 312 U.S. 126, 61 S.Ct. 524, 85 L.Ed. 624 (1941); Forkosch, Sec. 85. See also Davis Administrative Law (1951), Sec. 21; 16 C.J.S., Constitutional Law, Sec, 137; 11 Am. Jur., Constitutional Law, Sec. 221.
Perhaps the leading case on the question of improper delegations to private groups is Carter v. Carter Coal Co., 298 U.S. 238, 56 S.Ct. 855, 873, 80 L.Ed. 1160 (1936). The Federal Bituminous Conservation Act of 1935 provided that whenever the maximum daily and weekly hours and minimum wages of labor are agreed upon by the producers of more than two-thirds of the annual national tonnage production and the representatives of more than one-half of the mine workers employed, such maximum hours and minimum wages of labor shall be accepted by all the Code members, shall be filed with the labor board and shall be binding as the minimum wages and maximum hours for the industry. The court held the act invalid, partly because it was an improper delegation of legislative power to private groups: "The power conferred upon the majority is, in effect, the power to regulate the affairs of an unwilling minority. This is legislative delegation in its most obnoxious form; for it is not even delegation to an official or an official body, presumptively disinterested, but to private persons whose interests may be and often are adverse to the interests of others in the same business." See also Anno., 3 A.L.R. 2d 199-201.
Tatum v. Wheeless, 180 Miss. 800, 829, 178 So. 95 (1938) is not in point. Appellant attacked the validity of the unemployment compensation act. It was upheld as being based upon the police power of the state. The act authorized its suspension for not more than six months if the governor found that the Federal Social Security Act has been amended or repealed, or declared unconstitutional by the Federal Supreme Court. This was held not to be an improper delegation of legislative power. The legislature simply fixed the conditions under which the act could operate, and then delegated to the governor the determination of the question of fact upon which the operation was to be suspended. See also Jaffe, Law Making by Private Groups, 51 Harv. L. Rev. 201 (1937); Note, 32 Col. L. Rev. 80 (1932); Note, 37 Col. L. Rev. 447 (1937); Hale, Our Equivocal Constitutional Guaranties, 39 Col. L. Rev. 563 ((1939); Dubinsky, Delegation of Power to Private Groups in Missouri, 26 Wn. Univ. L.Q. 540 (1941); Ray, Delegation of Power in Texas to Agencies Other Than State Administrative Bodies, 16 Tex. L. Rev. 494 (1938); Davis, Administrative Law (1951), Sec. 21; Forkosch, Administrative Law (1956), Sec. 85.
In summary, for both of the stated reasons the last two sentences of Code Section 5825 are unconstitutional and invalid because they are improper delegations of legislative power. It is not necessary to pass upon the other points argued by appellee.
Affirmed.
All Justices concur.