Summary
In State ex rel. Shipley v. Walker, 230 Md. 133, 186 A.2d 472 (1962), the personal injury plaintiff appealed from a judgment entered on a directed verdict in favor of the owner of an automobile operated at the time of the accident by the owner's newly licensed, sixteen year old stepson.
Summary of this case from Toscano v. SpriggsOpinion
[No. 73, September Term, 1962.]
Decided December 6, 1962.
AUTOMOBILES — Rebuttable Presumption Of Agency Arising From Ownership — Agency Not Shown In Instant Case. The presumption of agency arising from the ownership of an automobile is rebuttable, and the mere fact that the owner has given permission to the driver to use his car is not enough to make him liable. Where a sixteen-year-old driver was operating his stepfather's automobile with the latter's permission, and at the time of the accident herein involved he was practicing driving on a private road at some distance from the direct route to his home, it was held that the driver was engaged on a mission of his own, serving no purpose of the owner, that the uncontradicted evidence established a departure as distinguished from a mere deviation, and that the driver was not the agent or servant of the owner at the time of the accident. Nor was the owner liable on the theory that the driver was known to be an incompetent one; there was nothing to indicate that the driver, while somewhat inexperienced, was not ordinarily a careful and qualified driver, and he had obtained a regular license. The driver also had filed a certificate of financial responsibility which relieved the parent or guardian signing the application from liability for imputed negligence. pp. 136-137
REMITTITUR — Granting Or Refusal Of, Largely Discretionary With Trial Court — Granting Of, In This Case, Held To Be No Abuse Of Discretion. The granting or the refusal of a remittitur order is largely discretionary with the trial court, and the granting or the refusal of a new trial, conditional or otherwise, is not reviewable on appeal except under extraordinary circumstances. This Court found no abuse of discretion upon the trial court's part in granting a remittitur in the instant automobile negligence case upon a finding that the verdict was excessive, the Court noting also that it has held that the plaintiffs' acceptance of the lesser amount is a bar to review. pp. 137-138
AUTOMOBILES — Striking Plaintiffs' Decedent — Primary Negligence For Jury — Lack Of Proper Control — Failure To See Decedent As Soon As Driver Should Have. Where the evidence permitted an inference that the driver of the automobile which struck the decedent in the instant case did not have his car under proper control in rounding a "blind" bend in the road and did not see the object as soon as he should have, and it appeared from his own testimony that the driver tried to pull his wheels out of a rut to avoid striking the object, instead of applying his brakes, probably accounting for the distance the car travelled with the body under it, this Court held that the evidence of primary negligence was legally sufficient to permit the jury properly to find that the driver should have seen the decedent before he did, and that he reasonably could have done more than he did to avoid the accident. p. 138
EVIDENCE — Automobile Accident Case — Photostatic Copy Of Hospital Record Held Admissible, And Produced By Doctor In Charge At Time — Copies Of Statement Given By Defendant-Driver To Police And Police Report Properly Put In Evidence Through Investigating Officer. p. 138
INSTRUCTIONS TO JURY — Automobile Accident Case — No Error In Refusing Emergency Instruction, Which Was In Effect Request For Directed Verdict Based Upon "Uncontradicted Facts" — Defendant Received As Much As, Or More Than, He Was Entitled To Under Facts When Court Left To Jury Question Of Emergency And Of Unavoidable Accident — No Error In Instructions Granted As To Damages. pp. 138-139
J.E.B.
Decided December 6, 1962.
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Anne Arundel County (DUCKETT, J.).
Action by the State of Maryland, to the Use of Foster L. Shipley, Sr., and Nancy Shipley, surviving parents of Rockford L. Shipley, deceased, and by Foster L. Shipley, Sr., Administrator of the estate of the decedent, against Norman Richard Tyler, the driver of an automobile, and James Samuel Walker, its owner, for the death of the decedent as a result of being struck by the automobile. From a judgment entered upon a directed verdict in favor of the owner and a judgment against the driver entered after a remittitur was filed reducing one of the jury's verdicts against him, the equitable plaintiffs appeal, and from the judgment against him, the driver cross-appeals.
Affirmed, costs to be divided and paid equally by the parties.
The cause was argued before BRUNE, C.J., and HENDERSON, HAMMOND, HORNEY and SYBERT, JJ.
James R. White and A. David Gomborov, with whom were Joseph L. Cymek, Bernard L. Silbert, J. Seymour Sureff and Silbert Gomborov on the brief, for the appellants and cross-appellees.
John Demyan, Jr., and Thomas J. Wohlgemuth, with whom were Smith, Wohlgemuth Westcott on the brief, for the appellees and cross-appellant.
These cross-appeals are from judgments entered in actions filed by the parents and administrator of a deceased boy against the driver of an automobile and its owner. The appellants contend that the trial court erred in granting a directed verdict in favor of the owner, Walker, and in granting a remittitur upon a finding that the verdict against the driver, Tyler, was excessive. The appellees and cross-appellant contend that the evidence was legally insufficient to support a verdict against either of them, that the court erred in several of its rulings on evidence, and in refusing certain requested instructions.
The facts in the case are virtually undisputed. On October 1, 1959, Tyler, aged 16, was operating a 1955 Plymouth sedan owned by his stepfather, Walker, with the latter's permission. Tyler had obtained his regular driver's license about a month before. He drove from his home in Anne Arundel County to school, and from school to Baltimore, after the morning session, to exchange a pair of tennis shoes that his mother had purchased for him. He was accompanied by his two brothers and the decedent, Rocky Shipley, aged 14, whom he had picked up near Glen Burnie on the Ritchie Highway. Returning from Baltimore, he dropped Rocky at Rocky's home since Rocky had not had his lunch. He told Rocky he was going home. But instead of returning to his own home, Tyler turned into Primrose Lane to practice driving in sand. Primrose Lane is an unpaved, deadend, private road leading from Old Stagg Road over property owned by a Mr. Dicus, about a block distant from Rocky's house. Primrose Lane is about a block in length, and has a sharp bend, obscured by brush. Tyler made several practice runs up and down Primrose Lane. As he came around the bend on one of these runs he saw an object in the road which proved to be Rocky. He tried to avoid striking Rocky, but failed to do so.
We think it is clear that Tyler was not the agent or servant of Walker at the time of the accident. The presumption of agency arising from ownership is rebuttable. Hoerr v. Hanline, 219 Md. 413, 420, Miller v. Shegogue, 221 Md. 292, 294. The mere fact that the owner has given permission to the driver to use his car is not enough to make him liable. Pollock v. Watts, 142 Md. 403. In practicing driving on a private road at some distance from the direct route to his home, we think Tyler was engaged on a mission of his own, serving no purpose of the owner, even if we assume that the mission of exchanging the shoes was in the parental interest of the stepfather. The authorities on the question of departure from the course of employment or agency, as distinguished from a mere deviation, are summed up in the cases of Trucking Storage, Inc. v. Durkin, 183 Md. 584, and Fowser Fast Freight v. Simmont, 196 Md. 584. We think the uncontradicted evidence here establishes a departure. Nor do we find merit in the argument that the stepfather could be liable on the theory that Tyler was known to be an incompetent driver. Granting that he was somewhat inexperienced, there is nothing to indicate that he was not ordinarily a careful and qualified driver, and the evidence is uncontradicted that he had obtained a regular license. Cf. Rounds, Admr. v. Phillips, 166 Md. 151, and Whitelock v. Dennis, 139 Md. 557. The record also shows, as an admitted fact, that Tyler had filed a certificate of Financial Responsibility. Under Code (1957), Art. 66 1/2, § 93(c), this relieves the parent or guardian signing his application from liability for imputed negligence.
Little need be said as to the claim that the court erred in ordering a remittitur upon finding that the verdict in the administrator's suit was excessive. The granting or refusal of such an order is largely discretionary with the trial court. Mezzanotte Constr. Co. v. Gibons, 219 Md. 178, 183, Leizear v. Butler, 226 Md. 171, 178 and cases cited. See also State v. Gray, 227 Md. 318 and Snyder v. Cearfoss, 186 Md. 360. It is well settled that the granting or refusal of a new trial, conditional or otherwise, is not reviewable except under extraordinary circumstances. We find no abuse of discretion in the instant case. Moreover, we have held, in accord with the great weight of authority, that the plaintiffs' acceptance of the lesser amount is a bar to review. Turner v. Wash. Sanitary Comm., 221 Md. 494, 504 et seq.
The cross-appellant strongly contends that there was no legally sufficient evidence of primary negligence. It is true that from Tyler's deposition, read in evidence because he was in the military service at the time of trial, it would appear that he came around the bend in a dirt road at only 15 to 20 miles per hour, saw an object in the road and was unable to avoid striking it. However, the police officer who investigated the accident testified that it was 45 feet from the place where the road "straightened" and "came out of the turn" to the point of impact, and that the car travelled 66 feet from the point of impact to the point where it came to rest with the body of the boy underneath. We think the evidence permits an inference that the driver did not have his car under proper control in rounding a "blind" bend in the road, and did not see the object as soon as he should. Moreover, it appears from his own testimony that he tried to pull his wheels out of the rut in order to avoid striking the object, instead of applying his brakes, and this probably accounts for the distance the car travelled with the body under it. This is not a case where a child suddenly darts in front of an automobile, as in Flyer v. Del Borrell, 227 Md. 545, and Brantner v. Watkins, 227 Md. 626. It is a case where the jury might properly find that the driver should have seen the injured boy before he did, and could reasonably have done more than he did to have avoided the accident. Dorough v. Lockman, 224 Md. 168, 172 and cases cited.
The cross-appellant raises several points of evidence that are without merit. The copy of the hospital record, being a photostat, was admissible under Code (1957), Art. 35, § 59, and was produced by Dr. Shipley, who was in charge at the time. Copies of the statement given by Tyler to the police and the police report, were likewise properly put in evidence through the investigating officer.
We find no error in the refusal of an emergency instruction by the court, which was, in effect, a request for a directed verdict based on "the uncontradicted facts". The court did grant two prayers leaving to the jury the question of emergency and also of unavoidable accident. This was as much, or more, than the defendants were entitled to under the facts of the case. We also find no error in the instructions granted as to damages. Cf. State v. Board of Comm'rs of Prince George's Co., 207 Md. 91, 107.
Judgments affirmed, costs to be divided and paid equally by the parties.