Summary
holding evidence, which consisted of claimant's testimony and medical records of treating physician, legally sufficient to support jury's findings on compensable injuries sustained by Appellee to his lumbar and spine and in the form of cervical root lesions
Summary of this case from Charter Oak Fire Ins. Co. v. SwaniganOpinion
No. 08-03-00436-CV.
February 17, 2005. Rehearing Overruled March 16, 2005.
Appeal from the 327th District Court, El Paso County, Linda Y. Chew, J.
Bradley D. McClellan, Office of Atty. Gen., Austin, for Appellant.
Robert E. Riojas, El Paso, for Appellee.
Before Panel No. 4 BARAJAS, C.J., LARSEN, and McCLURE, JJ.
OPINION
This is a workers' compensation case arising out of a vehicle accident involving Hector Escalante. After exhausting his administrative remedies in the Texas Workers' Compensation Commission (TWCC), Escalante appealed the adverse determination in district court. The jury found in favor of Escalante on three of four issues, and the trial court entered judgment reversing in part the determination of the TWCC. The State Office of Risk Management (SORM) appeals. Finding no error, we affirm.
FACTUAL SUMMARY
On August 9, 2000, Escalante was leaving a work-related awards ceremony on his way to a job site when he was involved in a motor vehicle accident. He was struck by a truck as he drove out of the parking lot. The truck dragged his car some forty feet into the street, spun him around, and tore off the front of the car. Escalante refused medical attention at the scene and was later taken back to work by a coworker. Admittedly, he had no bruises, scratches, or bleeding.
After the accident, Escalante complained of having unrelenting headaches and pain in his neck, shoulder, ankle, and back. He also complained of blurred vision but he did not receive medical attention until August 16 when he visited Dr. Michael Boone with whom he already had a follow-up visit for a previous injury. Escalante notified the doctor of his new injury and reported his symptoms.
Escalante's previous injury stemmed from an incident in May 1999 when he lifted a file server as part of his work duties and injured his back and the tendon in his left leg. He did not see a doctor until October 1999. He took a leave of absence in April 2000 and returned in June with a full medical release. At the time of the auto accident, Escalante was still being treated for a bruised tendon and was wearing a walking boot to relieve the stress on it.
Dr. Boone ordered x-rays and an MRI of the spine. The MRI results revealed that Escalante had a herniated bulge from disks protruding at two levels in his neck and spine. Escalante was sent for an evaluation of his neck in October 2000. He was referred to physical therapy due to a diagnosis of lumbar radiculopathy and cervical neuropathy. Escalante also received electronic differential stimulation and epidural injections for pain in his neck and lower back. Dr. Boone diagnosed him as having cervical and lumbosacral root lesions and utilized the cervical epidurals to relieve pain.
Escalante returned to work in mid-December 2000. His medical restrictions included no bending, stooping, crawling, or lifting more than twenty pounds. He returned to the same position he held before the accident but was working the help desk. Escalante continued working until February 22, 2001 when his employer sent him home because he could not perform the essential physical job functions for his position. He was offered a demotion by the department for less pay. At this time, Escalante was still receiving therapy for his neck, back, and leg. He was ultimately dismissed from his job on March 29, 2002.
By the time of trial, Escalante had deteriorating vision in his right eye, headaches, numbness and weakness in his arms, and pain in his neck and back. He had never received treatment for a neck condition before the auto accident nor had he suffered from blurred vision. He admitted previous problems with his back, including a herniated disk in his lower back and sciatica pain in 1988-1989. He also had lateral laminectomy surgery in 1991, but had received no treatment for back problems between this surgery and the lifting injury in May 1999.
Escalante filed a workers' compensation claim. He began receiving benefits for the lifting injury in March 2001. He was told that since he could not receive benefits on two claims at once, he would be paid on his old injury until he reached maximum medical improvement, and then he would be paid for his new injury. Escalante stopped receiving payments for his old injury but payments for his new injury never began.
A contested case hearing was held on April 22, 2002. The hearing officer determined that Escalante's compensable injury did not include recovery for injury to the lumbar spine, ethnoid sinusitis, cervical root lesions, neuroforaminal narrowing of C5-6 and C6-7, headaches, and/or blurred vision. The appeals commission affirmed the decision, and Escalante sought review in district court. The jury returned a verdict in favor of Escalante on injury to his lumbar spine and formation of cervical root lesions. It also decided that Escalante's injury in the car accident was the producing cause of his disability from February 23, 2001 to April 22, 2002.
LEGAL SUFFICIENCY
In Point of Error No. One, SORM argues that Escalante failed to present legally sufficient or necessary expert evidence on the extent of his injuries. In Point of Error No. Seven, it claims that Escalante failed to produce legally sufficient evidence of disability.
Standard of Review
In considering a no evidence point, we consider only the evidence and inferences tending to support the jury's findings and disregard all evidence and inferences to the contrary. See Weirich v. Weirich, 833 S.W.2d 942, 945 (Tex. 1992); Pool v. Ford Motor Co., 715 S.W.2d 629, 634-35 (Tex. 1986); Garza v. Alviar, 395 S.W.2d 821, 823 (Tex. 1965); Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center v. Apodaca, 876 S.W.2d 402, 411-12 (Tex.App.-El Paso 1994, writ denied). If more than a scintilla of evidence supports the questioned finding, the "no evidence" point fails. See Tseo v. Midland Am. Bank, 893 S.W.2d 23, 25 (Tex.App.-El Paso 1994, writ denied); Hallmark v. Hand, 885 S.W.2d 471, 474 (Tex.App.-El Paso 1994, writ denied).
Challenged Findings
The jury found that the compensable injury sustained by Escalante on August 9, 2000(1) extended to include a compensable injury to his lumbar spine; (2) extended to include a compensable injury in the form of cervical root lesions; (3) did not extend to include a compensable injury in the form of blurred vision; (4) was a producing cause of disability; and (5) the disability existed from February 23, 2001 to April 22, 2002. SORM challenges the jury's findings of injury to the lumbar spine and the cervical root lesions as well as the disability findings.
Necessity of Expert Testimony?
The Workers' Compensation Act defines a compensable injury as "damage or harm to the physical structure of the body." Tex. Lab. Code Ann. § 401.011(26) (Vernon Supp. 2004-05). As a matter of law, pain alone cannot be considered damage to the body. Saldana v. Houston General Ins. Co., 610 S.W.2d 807, 811 (Tex.Civ.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1980, writ ref'd n.r.e.). However, the aggravation of a pre-existing condition is a compensable injury for purposes of the Act. See Peterson v. Continental Cas. Co., 997 S.W.2d 893, 895 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, no pet.); Cooper v. St. Paul Fire Marine Ins. Co., 985 S.W.2d 614, 616-18 (Tex.App.-Amarillo 1999, no pet.).
SORM complains that Escalante's injuries resulted in no visible changes to his body such that Escalante had to present expert medical evidence on his injuries since they were not those that a layman could reasonably understand. It directs us to four cases in support of this proposition. First, it draws upon Hawkins v. Safety Casualty Co., 146 Tex. 381, 207 S.W.2d 370, 373 (1948) for its holding that where a claimant suffered injury to the joints of his knee, shoulder, and spine, the severity and true character were to be revealed only by the most minute, technical, and scientific examinations by medical experts. Id. at 373. Hawkins was a workers' compensation suit in which the trial court instructed a verdict for the insurance company on the sole ground that the claimant had failed to raise a fact issue as to good cause for not filing his claim within statutory guidelines. Id. at 371. In other words, the court was examining whether the claimant had used due diligence in filing his claim. Id. at 372. It does not stand for the proposition that Escalante had to offer medical evidence to show the extent of his injuries.
Next, SORM relies upon Broders v. Heise, 924 S.W.2d 148, 152 (Tex. 1996) for its holding that given the increasingly specialized and technical nature of medicine, there is no validity to the notion that every licensed medical doctor should automatically be qualified to testify as an expert on every medical question. But Broders involved the question of whether a witness was qualified to testify as an expert on a particular issue. A doctor is not qualified as an expert merely because he is a medical doctor. Id. at 152. Dr. Boone, as Escalante's treating orthpaedic surgeon, does not fall within the Broders analysis.
Third, SORM contends that Escalante relied upon conclusory medical reports which were not business records and did not prove causation. It cites Burroughs Wellcome Co. v. Crye, 907 S.W.2d 497, 500 (Tex. 1995) for the premise that in order to constitute evidence of causation, an expert opinion must rest on reasonable medical probability. There, the court concluded that when an expert's opinion is based on assumed facts that vary materially from the actual, undisputed facts, the opinion is without probative value and cannot support a verdict. Id. at 499-500; see Schaefer v. Texas Employers' Ins. Ass'n, 612 S.W.2d 199, 202-05 (Tex. 1980) (reviewing substance of medical expert's testimony and holding that this testimony constituted no evidence of causation, as it was based on assumptions, possibility, speculation, and surmise). Here, SORM has never contended that Dr. Boone's opinion was based on facts that vary materially from those established by the evidence. Consequently, Burroughs is distinguishable.
Finally, SORM references Barraza v. Eureka Co., 25 S.W.3d 225, 230 (Tex.App.-El Paso 2000, pet. denied). There, the plaintiff sued her employer claiming that she suffered injury to her hands and wrists as a result of repetitive movements during the continual use of manual machines. Id. at 227. The expert, an industrial engineer, summarized the testimony of several employees as to the injuries they had received and concluded that the company's continual use of the manual machines constituted negligence which was the proximate cause of the plaintiff's injury. Id. The court determined that as an engineer, the expert was not qualified to render a medical opinion. Here, Dr. Boone's opinions were made in his capacity as a treating medical doctor and from his own observations and examinations of Escalante.
We conclude that the evidence is legally sufficient to sustain the jury's findings on compensable injuries sustained by Escalante to his lumbar spine and in the form of cervical root lesions. It is not necessary to present expert medical testimony in order to establish a compensable new injury. Peterson, 997 S.W.2d at 896 n. 3. Lay opinion testimony may be sufficient to raise a fact issue. Id.; see National Farmers Union Property and Cas. Co. v. Degollado, 844 S.W.2d 892, 897 (Tex.App.-Austin 1992, writ denied) (stating competent lay opinion testimony may be sufficient to establish the extent of incapacity or disability). Escalante offered his medical records and his own testimony. He was not required to present additional expert medical testimony. See Peterson, 997 S.W.2d at 896 n. 3. The jury could have reasonably determined that Escalante suffered an aggravation of his prior back injury as well as a new injury to his neck. Point of Error No. One is overruled.
"Disability"
"Disability" is defined as "the inability because of a compensable injury to obtain and retain employment at wages equivalent to the preinjury wage." Tex.Lab. Code Ann. § 401.011(16). Proof of the duration and extent of a disability resulting from an injury is, like the assessment of damages in a personal injury action, at best an estimate which must be determined by a jury from all the pertinent facts before it. Reina v. General Acc. Fire and Life Assur. Corp., Ltd., 611 S.W.2d 415, 416 (Tex. 1981), citing Texas Employers' Insurance Ass'n v. Washington, 437 S.W.2d 340 (Tex.Civ.App.-Dallas 1969, writ ref'd n.r.e.); Transport Insurance Co. v. Garcia, 580 S.W.2d 96 (Tex.Civ.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1979, writ ref'd n.r.e.). A jury may reasonably infer permanent disability from circumstantial evidence produced by lay witnesses. Id. at 417. This is true even if the evidence is contradicted by the testimony of medical experts. Id., citing Travelers Insurance Co. v. Wade, 373 S.W.2d 881 (Tex.Civ.App.-Dallas 1963, writ ref'd n.r.e.). The issue of disability may be established by the worker alone. Id., citing Insurance Company of Texas v. Anderson, 272 S.W.2d 772 (Tex.Civ.App.-Waco 1954, writ ref'd n.r.e.).
In viewing the evidence through the proper prism, we conclude the jury could have reasonably determined that Escalante's injuries from the auto accident resulted in his disability from February 23, 2001 to April 22, 2002. The duration and extent of a disability is best left to the determination of the jury. See Reina, 611 S.W.2d at 416. Further, the disability can be established solely by testimony from the worker. See id. at 417. We overrule Point of Error No. Seven.
EVIDENTIARY ERROR
In five points of error, SORM complains of evidentiary error. The admission and exclusion of evidence is committed to the trial court's sound discretion. Gee v. Liberty Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 765 S.W.2d 394, 396 (Tex. 1989). A trial court abuses its discretion when it acts without regard for any guiding rules or principles. Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 241-42 (Tex. 1985).
Admission of Evidence Not Offered in TWCC Proceedings
In Point of Error No. Two, SORM complains that the trial court failed to determine whether good cause existed to admit evidence that was not offered in proceedings conducted before the TWCC. The Labor Code provides:
A party who fails to disclose information known to the party or documents that are in the party's possession, custody, or control at the time disclosure is required by Sections 410.158-410.160 may not introduce the evidence at any subsequent proceeding before the commission or in court on the claim unless good cause is shown for not having disclosed the information or documents under those sections.
Tex.Lab. Code Ann. § 410.161 (Vernon 1996). When an appeals panel decision is appealed to the trial court, the trial court reviews it under a modified de novo standard. Peterson, 997 S.W.2d at 895, citing Texas Workers' Compensation Comm'n v. Garcia, 893 S.W.2d 504, 530 (Tex. 1995). The proceeding is reviewed de novo since new evidence (other than what the hearing officer was presented with) is admissible at trial. Id., citing Garcia, 893 S.W.2d at 530.
SORM takes issue with the following documents which were not introduced at the contested case hearing but which were admitted during the trial below: (1) the February 28, 2002 MRI and (2) the late 2002 and 2003 assertions by Dr. Boone. SORM appears to argue that any and all evidence not offered at the hearing must be excluded at a subsequent trial. Section 410.161 does not provide that a party who fails to disclose information at the hearing may not introduce the evidence at a subsequent proceeding; the statute requires a party to disclose information known to the party or documents in the party's possession, custody, or control at the time the disclosure was required. Tex.Lab. Code Ann. § 410.161. Any late 2002 or 2003 reports or letters by Dr. Boone would not have been known to Escalante at the time of the hearing nor in his possession, custody, or control at that time. See Tex.Lab. Code Ann. § 410.161.
Escalante admitted that he did not introduce the MRI report at the contested hearing and that the report may have been in existence at the time of the hearing. But he explained that he did not receive the report until a day or two after the hearing. Not only did he not have it in his possession at the time of the hearing, he was not even aware of it until after the hearing. The trial court could well have found that the reports were admissible under Section 410.161. Finding no abuse of discretion, we overrule Point of Error No. Two.
Exclusion of Dr. Pollet's Report
In Point of Error No. Three, SORM complains that the medical examination performed by its chosen doctor was excluded although it was authenticated and admitted during the administrative proceedings. In Point of Error No. Four, it argues that Escalante opened the door to its admission by offering exhibits which referenced Dr. Pollet's report and by eliciting testimony from the case adjuster who was questioned about the report.
All facts and evidence contained within the administrative record are admissible to the extent allowed under the Rules of Evidence. Tex.Lab. Code Ann. § 410.306(b). Dr. Pollet's report was included in the Commission's record. However, our procedural rules provide:
(a) Exclusion of Evidence and Exceptions. A party who fails to make, amend, or supplement a discovery response in a timely manner may not introduce in evidence the material or information that was not timely disclosed, or offer the testimony of a witness (other than a named party) who was not timely identified, unless the court finds that:
(1) there was good cause for the failure to timely make, amend, or supplement the discovery response; or
(2) the failure to timely make, amend, or supplement the discovery response will not unfairly surprise or unfairly prejudice the other parties.
(b) Burden of Establishing Exception. The burden of establishing good cause or the lack of unfair surprise or unfair prejudice is on the party seeking to introduce the evidence or call the witness. A finding of good cause or of the lack of unfair surprise or unfair prejudice must be supported by the record.
Tex.R.Civ.P. 193.6(a), (b). The trial court has discretion to determine whether or not a party calling an unidentified witness has met its burden of showing good cause. Morris v. Short, 902 S.W.2d 566, 570 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1995, writ denied); see also American Home Assurance Co. v. Lara, 967 S.W.2d 907 (Tex.App.-El Paso 1998, pet. denied) (no attempt to show good cause). In fact, the Texas Supreme Court has held that an unidentified witness could not testify, even though his deposition had been taken. See Sharp v. Broadway Nat. Bank, 784 S.W.2d 669, 671 (Tex. 1990). Further, Rule 194.2(e) requires disclosure of "the name, address, and telephone number of persons having knowledge of relevant facts, and a brief statement of each identified person's connection with the case." Tex.R.Civ.P. 194.2(e).
The trial court excluded the report since SORM failed to designate Dr. Pollet as a person with relevant knowledge or as an expert. The trial court found that the failure would unfairly surprise or prejudice Escalante since he was not given an opportunity to cross-examine or depose Dr. Pollet, and SORM offered no explanation for not designating Pollet as a person with relevant knowledge. See Tex.R.Civ.P. 193.3(a). Point of Error No. Three is overruled.
SORM next argues that Escalante opened the door to the admission of the report. On appeal, it contends that the ruling unduly restricted cross-examination. Cross-examination is a safeguard essential to a fair trial and a cornerstone in the quest for truth; longstanding principles of our jurisprudence recognize the right and necessity of full and complete cross-examination. Davidson v. Great National Life Insurance Co., 737 S.W.2d 312, 313 (Tex. 1987). The right to cross examine a witness is a substantial one, and it is error to so restrict it as to prevent the cross-examining party from going fully into all matters connected with the examination in chief. Id., citing Texas Employers Insurance Ass'n v. Garza, 308 S.W.2d 521, 527 (Tex.Civ.App.-Amarillo 1957, writ ref'd n.r.e.). Due process requires an opportunity to confront and cross-examine adverse witnesses. Id., citing Goldberg v. Kelly, 397 U.S. 254, 268, 90 S.Ct. 1011, 1020, 25 L.Ed.2d 287 (1970); Baltierra v. State, 586 S.W.2d 553, 556 (Tex.Crim.App. 1979). It is proper to allow a party to be fully cross-examined as to previous injuries, claims and actions to show that his present physical condition is not the result of the injury presently sued for, but was caused in whole or in part by an earlier or subsequent injury or a pre-existing condition. Bonham v. Baldeschwiler, 533 S.W.2d 144, 148 (Tex.Civ.App.-Corpus Christi 1976, writ ref'd n.r.e.), citing Robertson v. Southwestern Bell Telephone Co., 403 S.W.2d 459, 468 (Tex.Civ.App.-Tyler 1966, no writ).
SORM maintains that two of Escalante's exhibits referred to independent medical exams by Dr. Pollet. We have thoroughly reviewed the voluminous medical reports and have found Dr. Pollet's examination mentioned four times:
• December 27, 2002 — Notes by Dr. Boone reflect "Dr. Richards and I both reported 16% and Dr. Pollet's [sic] reports 10%, so I do not know how this is going to be resolved."
• August 21, 2001 — Notes by Dr. Boone reflect "Dr. Pollet saw the patient for an IME, was given 10 percent low back impairment in relation to the 1999 injury."
This report appears in the record twice and is included as two of the four references we have discovered.
• June 20, 2001 — Notes by Dr. Boone reflect "[Escalante] has an independent medical exam with Dr. Pollet sometime soon."
Escalante also introduced portions of the deposition testimony of Joseph De Palma. De Palma worked for SORM and served as an adjuster for Escalante's claim. After Escalante's tender, SORM offered other portions of the deposition, including the following exchange:
QUESTION:There was a subsequent attempt by your office to better understand the nature of Mr. Escalante's accident in April of 2002 when you retained a physician to perform an independent medical exam. Do you recall that?
We cannot ascertain whether the date referenced is merely erroneous or whether Dr. Pollet had also been employed to examine Escalante with regard to the lifting injury as early as June 2001 as Dr. Boone's notes reflect.
ANSWER:No, I would not recall anything that was not within that division.
QUESTION:Okay. In the course of your work as an adjuster have you retained physicians to perform independent medical exams on employees?
ANSWER:Yes, I have.
SORM explained that the only independent medical exam was performed by Dr. Pollet and argued that Escalante had "opened the door" its admission. The trial court disagreed, as do we.
The brief references to Dr. Pollet made by Dr. Boone in passim do not rise to the level of opening the door for the admission of Pollet's report. The comments do no more than mention his eventual examination and reveal a disagreement of the impairment rating for the lifting injury. Dr. Boone does not analyze, challenge, discredit, or otherwise opine concerning the report or the method of examination. And SORM had a full opportunity to cross-examine Escalante. Bonham, 533 S.W.2d at 148. He was thoroughly questioned regarding his previous work-related injury and other prior ailments including scoliosis, intraocular pressure, sinus problems, and chronic back pain. Finding no abuse of discretion, we overrule Point of Error No. Four.
Admission of Business Records
In Point of Error No. Five, SORM contends that the trial court erred in admitting reports of Dr. Boone which were not prepared in the regular course of business and did not meet the business records hearsay exception. The business records hearsay exception provides:
A memorandum, report, record, or data compilation, in any form, of acts, events, conditions, opinions, or diagnoses, made at or near the time by, or from information transmitted by, a person with knowledge, if kept in the course of a regularly conducted business activity, and if it was the regular practice of that business activity to make the memorandum, report, record, or data compilation, all as shown by the testimony of the custodian or other qualified witness, or by affidavit that complies with Rule 902(10), unless the source of information or the method or circumstances of preparation indicate lack of trustworthiness. `Business' as used in this paragraph includes any and every kind of regular organized activity whether conducted for profit or not.
SORM argues that the documents were developed months and years after the incident and contained no explanation of conclusory statements nor how they met the business record requirement. It also asserts that the reports contain no explanation of the doctor's training, experience, or ability to come to such conclusions, no causal connections, and merely recite the "magic words."
In support of this argument, SORM directs us to Hooper v. Torres, 790 S.W.2d 757, 759-760 (Tex.App.-El Paso 1990, writ denied). There, this court considered whether the trial court erred in excluding a major portion of a doctor's report. Id. at 759. It examined whether the report was a business record and thus an exception to the hearsay rule. Id. at 760. An employee of El Paso Orthopedic Surgery Group had testified that the letter in question contained the signature of the doctor, that he was licensed to practice medicine in Texas and was board certified as an orthopedic specialist, that the letter was the type of record made in the ordinary course of business, and that someone with knowledge of the events recorded made a record at or about the time the events occurred. Id. The court found guidance in Texas Employer's Insurance Association v. Sauceda, 636 S.W.2d 494 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 1982, no writ). In Sauceda, the insurance carrier contended that the trial court erred in excluding a doctor's letter offered to prove that the claimant's loss of use of his ankle was less than total. Id. at 496. The claimant argued that the record had not been properly authenticated as a business record. Id. at 497. The court opined that its examination of the letter led it to believe that the letter was prepared in response to a request by a representative of the insurance carrier and that in the absence of the doctor's remaining records, the court was unable to ascertain the purpose for the letter. Id. at 499. If the letter were written solely in response to a request by the carrier, it did not qualify as a routine entry in the claimant's medical history. Id. The court concluded that the letter was not evidence of a routine entry made in the regular course of the doctor's business since on its face, the letter was an attempt to convey an opinion elicited by an outside interested source. Id. Thus, Hooper held that most of the report was a summary of notes made by other doctors and that the trial court did not err in excluding a portion of the report which was not based upon entries made by the doctor or employees of his surgery group. Hooper, 790 S.W.2d at 760. SORM does not contend that any of the objectionable documents contained entries which were not made by Dr. Boone. Hooper, 790 S.W.2d at 760. Nor does it suggest that the reports were written solely in response to a request by the insurance carrier or that the evaluation would not have been done otherwise. See Sauceda, 636 S.W.2d at 499. Point of Error No. Five is overruled.
Decision from the Contested Case Hearing
In Point of Error No. Six, SORM complains that the decision of the administrative judge arising from the contested hearing should have been admitted as a public record. The Rules of Evidence provide:
Records, reports, statements, or data compilations, in any form, of public offices or agencies setting forth:
(A) the activities of the office or agency;
(B) matters observed pursuant to duty imposed by law as to which matters there was a duty to report, excluding in criminal cases matters observed by police officers and other law enforcement personnel; or
(C) in civil cases as to any party and in criminal cases as against the state, factual findings resulting from an investigation made pursuant to authority granted by law;
unless the sources of information or other circumstances indicate lack of trustworthiness.
Tex.R.Evid. 803(8). "Hearsay included within hearsay is not excluded under the hearsay rule if each part of the combined statements conforms with an exception to the hearsay rule provided in these rules." Tex.R.Evid. 805.
Two provisions of the workers' compensation statute govern the admissibility of the Commission's decisions in jury trials. The first requires a trial court to "inform" the jury of the appeals panel decision in its charge to the jury. See Tex.Lab. Code Ann. § 410.304(a). The second allows admission of "[a]ll facts and evidence" contained in the Commission's record "to the extent allowed under the Texas Rules of Civil Evidence." Tex. Lab. Code Ann. § 410.306(b). The Texas Supreme Court has interpreted this provision to mean the Commission's record is admissible in a jury trial to the extent allowed by the rules of evidence. See Garcia, 893 S.W.2d at 515 n. 11; accord ESIS, Inc. v. Johnson, 908 S.W.2d 554, 560 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 1995, writ denied). The record includes the written opinion of the appeals panel. See ESIS, 908 S.W.2d at 560.
However, evidence heard by the agency is not per se admissible at trial in the district court. Mary Lee Foundation v. Texas Employment Com'n, 817 S.W.2d 725, 727 (Tex.App.-Texarkana 1991, writ denied). Whether the evidence is admissible depends upon its own merits under the general rules of evidence. Id.; see Halsell v. Texas Water Commission, 380 S.W.2d 1 (Tex.Civ.App.-Austin 1964, writ ref'd n.r.e.); Texas Liquor Control Board v. Taylor, 338 S.W.2d 321 (Tex.Civ.App.-Waco 1960, no writ); Kavanagh v. Holcombe, 312 S.W.2d 399 (Tex.Civ.App.-Houston 1958, writ ref'd n.r.e.); Miller v. Tarry, 191 S.W.2d 501 (Tex.Civ.App.-Austin 1945, writ ref'd n.r.e.). The public records exception to the hearsay rule does not mean that ex parte statements, hearsay, conclusions, and opinions contained within such records are automatically admissible. Mary Lee Foundation, 817 S.W.2d at 728, citing Wright v. Lewis, 777 S.W.2d 520 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 1989, writ denied).
By way of pretrial motion, Escalante sought to in limine the decision, opinion, or finding of the TWCC's contested case hearing officer or benefit review officer. At a pretrial conference, counsel for Escalante argued that the decision of the appeals panel was admissible but that no authority suggested that documents contained within the Commission file were automatically admissible. He specifically objected to the contested case hearing officer's decision on the basis of hearsay. The court granted the requested relief. At trial, SORM made an offer of proof — Defendant's Exhibit 18 — of a certified copy of the entire administrative hearing file "to show — this just goes to the objection on the documents that have been offered and admitted subsequent to the hearing." The exhibit was not offered into evidence, nor was the trial court asked to rule upon its admissibility. And while the decision of the hearing officer at the contested case hearing is included within the hundreds of pages which comprise Exhibit 18, the seven page decision was not offered separately. On appeal, SORM limits its complaint to the exclusion of this singular document.
The granting or overruling of a motion in limine is not in and of itself error. Rodarte v. Cox, 828 S.W.2d 65 (Tex.App.-Tyler 1991, writ denied); Bifano v. Young, 665 S.W.2d 536 (Tex.Civ.App.-Corpus Christi 1983, writ ref'd n.r.e.). It simply requires a litigant to approach the bench before pursuing a line of questioning or referencing particular documents. A judgment will not be reversed unless the evidence is in fact offered. Acord v. General Motors Corp., 669 S.W.2d 111 (Tex. 1984); Hartford Accident and Indemnity, Co. v. McCardell, 369 S.W.2d 331 (Tex. 1963). Moreover, where evidence is tendered, only a portion of which is admissible, and an appropriate and specific objection is sustained, it is the burden of the party offering it to separate the admissible from inadmissible testimony. Hurtado v. Texas Employers' Insurance Association, 574 S.W.2d 536 (Tex. 1978). If the burden of segregation is not met by the tendering party, the trial court does not err in excluding it in its entirety, and a point of error challenging the exclusion will not be preserved. Perry v. Texas Municipal Power Agency, 667 S.W.2d 259 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1984, writ ref'd n.r.e.). We overrule Point of Error No. Six. Having overruled all issues for review, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
LARSEN, J., not participating.