Opinion
Docket No. 49627.
Decided March 4, 1981. Leave to appeal applied for.
Draugelis, Ashton Scully (by Richard T. Haynes), for plaintiff.
Turner, Mead, Wilson Turner, for defendant.
Before: V.J. BRENNAN, P.J., and N.J. KAUFMAN and M.J. KELLY, JJ.
I
The statement of concise facts and proceedings which follows is extracted verbatim from plaintiff-appellant's brief and has been accepted by defendants-appellees:
"This litigation arises from an automobile accident wherein ROBERT DE PREZ and PATRICIA DE PREZ filed a Complaint against Defendant, ROBERT BIRMINGHAM, alleging negligence in the operation of a motor vehicle in which Mr. and Mrs. DePrez were passengers and which was owned by ROBERT DE PREZ. That case was filed and docketed as Oakland Circuit Court Case No. 74-109-060 and was assigned to Judge William B. Hampton.
"The DePrez vehicle was insured under a policy of automobile insurance issued to ROBERT DE PREZ by STATE FARM MUTUAL AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE COMPANY (State Farm).
"The policy of insurance issued to ROBERT DE PREZ contained a provision excluding liability coverage to any insured or any member of the family of an insured residing in the same household. Subsequent to filing the initial negligence action, State Farm filed a declaratory judgment action in the Circuit Court designated as Oakland County Circuit Court, docket no. 74-113-801 requesting that the court declare the rights of the parties to the insurance contract and uphold the policy exclusion heretofore mentioned. Following a Motion for Summary Judgment, both parties having submitted Briefs, Judge William Hampton, on November 20, 1974, entered an Order for Judgment in favor of the Plaintiff, State Farm, upholding the policy exclusion and releasing the Plaintiff in that action from tendering a defense or providing liability coverage in the negligence cause of action. In arriving at his decision to uphold the aforesaid policy exclusion, Judge Hampton based his decision on the Court of Appeals decision of Weisburg v DAIIE, 36 Mich. App. 513 (1971), which upheld an identical policy exclusion. No appeal was taken.
"On December 26, 1978 the Supreme Court handed down its decision in the case of State Farm Mutual Automobile Ins Co v Sivey, 404 Mich. 51 (1978). The Sivey decision held the aforementioned policy exclusion against public policy and, as a result, overruled the Weisburg decision.
"Over four years later, based on that change of decisional law, the Defendant in the negligence action and one of the Defendants in this action, ROBERT BIRMINGHAM, filed a Motion to Set Aside or Vacate Declaratory Judgment. The means by which the Defendant sought to set aside the existing declaratory judgment was pursuant to GCR 528.3(5). Following oral argument, Judge Hilda Gage entered an Order dated January 22, 1980 granting the Defendant's motion and obligating State Farm to defend the still pending negligence action and provide liability coverage to the Defendant, ROBERT BIRMINGHAM. The Plaintiff herein appeals from the Order Setting Aside the Declaratory Judgment."
II
The parties likewise agree that there is one issue presented, and that is whether the trial judge erred by vacating in 1979 a declaratory judgment previously entered in 1974, from which no appeal was taken, on the grounds of a change in decisional law handed down by the Michigan Supreme Court in 1978. The Supreme Court decision was expressly grounded on public policy considerations, and the trial court, in following the public policy considerations, relied specifically on equitable grounds for its decision.
III
GCR 1963, 528.3(5) provides in pertinent part:
"On motion and upon such terms as are just, the court may relieve a party or his legal representative from a final judgment, order or proceeding for the following reasons:
* * *
"(5) The judgment has been satisfied, released, or discharged, or a prior judgment upon which it is based has been reversed or otherwise vacated, or it is no longer equitable that the judgment should have prospective application * * *."
In State Farm Mutual Automobile Ins Co v Sivey, 404 Mich. 51; 272 N.W.2d 555 (1978), the Supreme Court overruled Weisburg v Detroit Automobile Inter-Ins Exchange, 36 Mich. App. 513; 194 N.W.2d 193 (1971), and held that an insurance policy exclusion denying coverage for bodily injury to any named insured or bodily injury or property damage caused intentionally by or at the direction of the insured was against public policy because its operation prevented coverage required by the motor vehicle financial responsibility law, MCL 257.520(b); MSA 9.2220(b). Weisburg, Sivey, and the instant case share the common fact pattern of a named insured being injured while a passenger in his own motor vehicle but driven by another individual at the time. In each case, the insurance company was granted a declaratory or summary judgment. The issue here is whether the 1974 circuit court declaratory judgment in plaintiff's favor, decided under Weisburg, may be vacated, after Sivey, under GCR 1963, 528.3(5).
In granting the defendants' motion to vacate the declaratory judgment order, the trial court stated that it had no authority to hold the Sivey decision retroactive but held that Sivey did apply to the pending case of DePrez v Birmingham, Oakland County Circuit Court case no 74-109-060-NI. The trial court noted that "the only bar to State Farm being required to defend in that case is the declaratory judgment which was entered in this case". The trial court was persuaded that this was "a situation in which the Court should exercise its discretion and set aside the judgment" under GCR 1963, 528.3(5). We further note that a trial court's determination on a motion to set aside a prior judgment is "a discretionary decision, one which will not be disturbed on appeal absent a clear showing of an abuse of discretion". Lark v The Detroit Edison Co, 99 Mich. App. 280, 282; 297 N.W.2d 653 (1980), citing O'Neill v O'Neill, 65 Mich. App. 332, 336; 237 N.W.2d 315 (1975), and Freeman v Remley, 23 Mich. App. 441, 448; 178 N.W.2d 816 (1970).
In Michigan, declaratory judgments are expressly given the force and effect of final judgments. GCR 1963, 521.5. However, this rule does not of itself lead to the conclusion that the instant declaratory judgment may not be modified under the terms of the court rule. In Lubben v Selective Service System Local Board No 27, 453 F.2d 645, 651 (CA 1, 1972), the Court interpreted a Federal rule (FR Civ P 60[b][5]) identical to our own. The Lubben Court noted that a court of equity's inherent power to modify injunctions was, by application of the Federal rule, now available to govern proposed modifications to prior judgments:
We note and reject the plaintiff's argument that our ruling will provide a basis by which to avoid the appellate process for failing to make a prior appeal. This case should not serve as precedent encouraging appeals from final judgments, based solely upon later case law development. Relief under GCR 1963, 528.3(5) is to be granted only where "extraordinary circumstances make it necessary to achieve justice". Banner v Banner, 45 Mich. App. 148, 153; 206 N.W.2d 234 (1973), 3 Honigman Hawkins, Michigan Court Rules Annotated (2d ed), p 188. The instant case differs from most such cases in that the very opinion relied upon to grant the declaratory judgment was overruled as contrary to public policy. Also, litigation arising from the facts at issue in the declaratory judgment was pending on the date Sivey was decided. As we view it, these circumstances make the present case sufficiently extraordinary so as to warrant relief under the rule.
"In United States v Swift Co, 286 U.S. 106, 52 S.Ct. 460, 76 L Ed 999 (1932), the Court held that it was the inherent right of a court of equity to modify an injunction in adaptation to changed circumstances which rendered the injunction an instrument of wrong. The clause of Rule 60(b)(5) allowing for relief from the inequitable prospective application of a judgment was designed primarily to incorporate that inherent power, and the clause should be used in light of the Swift decision."
See also System Federation No 91 R Employees' Dep't, AFL-CIO v Wright, 364 U.S. 642; 81 S.Ct. 368; 5 L.Ed.2d 349 (1961).
We perceive no abuse of discretion in the lower court's order setting aside the earlier declaratory judgment. To permit State Farm to avoid its contractual obligations would serve only to make the declaratory judgment a vehicle to shield clear legal precedent invalidating the policy exclusion. Further, the continuing controversy between Robert and Patricia DePrez and Robert Birmingham, from which the plaintiff's potential liability arose, gives the declaratory judgment a prospective application not present in most cases. Finally, State Farm has not shown that it would be prejudiced by having to defend the principal action. Under these circumstances, we agree with the trial court that it would be inequitable to continue to enforce the prior declaratory judgment.
In Spalding v Spalding, 355 Mich. 382, 384-385; 94 N.W.2d 810 (1959), the Supreme Court proposed the following definition of an abuse of discretion:
"Where, as here, the exercise of discretion turns upon a factual determination made by the trier of the facts, an abuse of discretion involves far more than a difference in judicial opinion between the trial and appellate courts. The term discretion itself involves the idea of choice, of an exercise of the will, of a determination made between competing considerations. In order to have an `abuse' in reaching such determination, the result must be so palpably and grossly violative of fact and logic that it evidences not the exercise of will be perversity of will, not the exercise of judgment but defiance thereof, not the exercise of reason but rather of passion or bias."
Affirmed.