Opinion
No. 30158
Decided March 21, 1945.
Mandamus — Writ not issued to control discretion, when — Action of administrative agency presumed exercise of sound judgment — Workmen's compensation — Violation of specific safety requirement — Writ not issued to require payment of additional compensation — Context of safety requirement susceptible of such interpretation — That difference of opinion may exist whether undisputed facts constitute violation.
1. Mandamus will not lie to control discretion unless it be clearly shown that the refusal to perform the desired act is an abuse of such discretion.
2. The action of an administrative officer or board within the limits of the jurisdiction conferred by law is presumed, in the absence of proof to the contrary, to be valid and to have been done in good faith and in the exercise of sound judgment.
3. A writ of mandamus will not issue to require the Industrial Commission to allow a claim for additional compensation for the death of a workman claimed to have been caused by his employer's violation of a specific safety requirement, even though the undisputed facts show that the death of the decedent occurred while in the course of employment, where the context of the specific safety requirement, the violation of which is charged, is susceptible of such interpretation that a justifiable difference of opinion may exist as to whether there was, under the facts, a violation of such requirement.
IN MANDAMUS.
This is an action in mandamus originating in this court to require the Industrial Commission to make an additional award to the relatrix and to her son, Paul W. Wilms, Jr., as dependents of Paul W. Wilms, because of the latter's death which she claims resulted from the violation of a specific, safety requirement by his employer, The O. H. Dickman Fish Company, at Cincinnati, on May 4, 1940.
The relatrix in her petition alleged that Paul W. Wilms was fatally injured in the course of his employment, while operating a hydraulic elevator between the second and third floors of the building occupied by the fish company on East Second street, when a barrel, which was resting on the platform floor of the elevator car, came in contact with the beam which supported the third floor of the building at the shaftway, as a result of which the elevator car platform supporting Wilms gave way and he fell to the bottom of the elevator shaft, sustaining injuries causing his death within an hour after the accident.
The relatrix further alleged that she and her son, as dependents and surviving next of kin of Paul W. Wilms, were, on July 6, 1940, awarded workmen's compensation on account of the death of Paul W. Wilms, in the sum of $4,992; that specific safety requirement bulletin No. 110 of the Industrial Commission, covering the construction, operation and maintenance of elevators, provides in part that "all power freight elevators having a lifting capacity exceeding 3,000 pounds * * * shall be constructed with steel or wrought-iron suspension frames"; that the frame which supported the elevator car involved in this accident was constructed of wood; and that the hydraulic machinery of the elevator had a lifting capacity of more than 5,000 pounds.
Relatrix further alleged that on October 17, 1940, she, on behalf of herself and her infant son as dependents of Paul W. Wilms, filed with the commission an application for an additional award under Section 35, Article II of the Constitution, setting forth the fact that the death of Paul W. Wilms was caused by the failure of his employer to comply with the aforementioned safety requirement relating to suspension frames of power freight elevators; and that there was no conflict in the evidence relating to the suspension frames which supported the platform of the car of the elevator, or with regard to the lifting capacity of the hydraulic machinery thereof, or with regard to the aforesaid requirement as to the elevator in question.
Relatrix further alleged that after several hearings and after an order had been made by the commission allowing the additional award, it vacated that order on August 24, 1944, for the stated reason that "the proof shows that the decedent's injuries and subsequent death were not caused by the employer's violation of any specific safety requirement"; and that since her claim was supported by uncontradicted evidence, the commission has committed an obvious and flagrant abuse of discretion in disallowing her application.
The commission filed an answer admitting most of the material facts set out in relatrix's petition, but denying that the proof showed decedent's injuries and subsequent death were caused by the employer's violation of any specific requirement, and that the commission abused its discretion in denying relatrix's application for an additional award.
By stipulation of counsel, the case was heard on the pleadings and record of the proceedings before the Industrial Commission in the claim of relatrix.
Mr. Floyd Anderson, for relatrix.
Mr. Thomas J. Herbert and Mr. Hugh S. Jenkins, attorneys general, Mr. Robert E. Hall and Mr. C.G.L. Yearick, for respondents.
The commission denied relatrix's application for additional compensation on the ground that her decedent's death was not caused by the violation of a specific safety requirement. No appeal can be taken from tile disallowance of a claim by the commission in this type of case. Section 35, Article II of the Constitution, provides, in part, as follows:
"Such board [Industrial Commission] shall have full power and authority to hear and determine whether or not an injury, disease or death resulted because of the failure of the employer to comply with any specific requirement for tile protection of the lives, health or safety of employees, enacted by the General Assembly or in the form of an order adopted by such board, and its decision shall be final."
The relatrix now seeks to circumvent this obstacle and to secure indirectly a review of the action of the commission in disallowing her claim, by bringing and prosecuting this action. To do so, however, and to invoke the jurisdiction of this court, the relatrix recognizes that it is incumbent upon her to charge in her petition, as she does, and to establish by evidence, the fact that the Industrial Commission, in disallowing her claim, committed not merely an error in law but an abuse of discretion. It is well settled that mandamus will not lie to control discretion unless it be clearly shown that the refusal to perform the desired act is an abuse of such discretion. 25 Ohio Jurisprudence, 1003, Section 28 et seq.; State, ex rel. Greenward Really Co., v. Zangerle, Aud., 135 Ohio St. 533, 21 N.E.2d 662; State, ex rel. Christman, v. Skinner, Dir., 127 Ohio St. 55, 186 N.E. 738; State, ex rel. Weaver, v. Board of Trustees of Ohio State University, 126 Ohio St. 290, 185 N.E. 196; State, ex rel. Coen, v. Industrial Commission, 126 Ohio St. 550, 186 N.E. 398; Board of Education of Sycamore v. State, ex rel. Wickham, 80 Ohio St. 133, 88 N.E. 412. On the theory that the commission has abused its discretion, relatrix seeks a peremptory writ commanding the commission, not to hear and determine, but to allow her claim.
The only seriously controverted issue before the commission was the interpretation and application of paragraph 3 of the 1924 safety code, relating to elevator cars, adopted by the commission, as found in its bulletin No. 110, at page 181, which is as follows: "All power freight elevators having a lifting capacity exceeding 3,000 pounds, a normal car speed exceeding 75 feet per minute, or a platform area exceeding 40 square feet, shall be constructed with steel or wrought-iron suspension frames."
It is admitted that the capacity of the lifting machinery of the elevator was in excess of 5,000 pounds, but there is some dispute as to whether the elevator was, within the meaning of the safety code, equipped with steel or wrought-iron suspension frames. The relatrix claimed before the commission that the safety requirement related to the lifting capacity of the hydraulic machinery which operated the elevator car. On the other hand, the commission took the view that although the capacity of the hydraulic machinery was in excess of 5,000 pounds, the safety requirement relating to suspension frames was not applicable because the load capacity of the elevator itself was only 2,000 pounds; and that since the elevator at the time of the accident was carrying less than 2,000 pounds, could not move more than 65 feet per minute and had a platform area of only 23.55 square feet, as disclosed by the undisputed evidence, there was no safety requirement violation. The only question before this court is whether the commission was guilty of an abuse of discretion, in taking the view which it did as above stated.
In the consideration of this question, it must be kept in mind that the term "abuse of discretion" means more than an error of law or error of judgment (Black's Law Dictionary [2 Ed.], 11). It means "a discretion exercised to an end or purpose not justified by, and clearly against reason and evidence" (Bouvier's Law Dictionary). Where the court does not exercise a discretion in the sense of being discreet, circumspect, prudent, and exercising cautious judgment, there is an abuse of discretion ( Murrary v. Buell, 74 Wis. 14, 41 N.W. 1010). The term has been defined as "a view or action that no conscientious judge, acting intelligently, could have honestly taken." Long v. George, 296 Mass. 574, 579, 7 N.E.2d 149, 151. For other definitions see State v. Ferranto, 112 Ohio St. 667, 676, 677, 148 N.E. 362.
The safety requirement in question relates expressly to "all power freight elevators." It takes into consideration speed of operation and size of platform, but does not refer specifically to the power by which the elevator car is moved. No other section of the safety code relates to the load which elevators shall be permitted to carry, a matter of greatest concern in the safe operation of an elevator. There was evidence before the commission to the effect that in any elevator specification the contract load, maximum carrying capacity, rated lifting capacity, lifting capacity and capacity, are exactly the same figure expressed in pounds; that they are used interchangeably in the elevator industry; and that both in the code and as used by men in their work, these terms are synonymous.
The commission's record discloses also that the lifting power of the elevator machinery of any elevator is always a variable factor, depending upon the type of power and motors used; that it is a self-evident fact that such lifting power must always be greater than the elevator's load in order to move the weight of the elevator in addition to the load and still have a margin of surplus power; and that routine elevator inspection does not take into consideration the lifting power of the elevator machinery.
At the time the commission finally rejected relatrix's claim, it had before it as a part of its record, a portion of the opinion of Judge Matthews of the Court of Appeals of the First Appellate District in the case of Wilms, Admx., v. Klein, 38 Ohio Law Abs., 45, 49 N.E.2d 76, which was a wrongful death action brought by the relatrix in the instant case, against the owners of the building where. Paul W. Wilms was working when killed, and involved the same facts as those before the commission on the allowance of relatrix's claim for additional compensation. In that case, the plainttiff predicated her petition and right to recover upon the violation of the same safety requirement. There was a verdict for the plaintiff, and the trial court overruled defendants' motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict. The Court of Appeals reversed that judgment and remanded the cause with instruction to render final judgment for the defendants. A motion to certify was overruled by this court on January 27, 1943, case No. 29408. The Court of Appeals took the view that from the evidence in that case the elevator was equipped with steel frames and, in the course of the opinion, Judge Matthews, speaking for the court, said:
"(2) Next it is urged that the defendants failed to comply with the provisions of bulletin No. 110 promulgated by the Industrial Commission of Ohio under authority conferred on it by Section 871-22, General Code. This bulletin required that 'all freight elevators having a lifting capacity exceeding 3,000 pounds, a normal car speed exceeding 75 feet per minute, or a platform area exceeding 40 square feet, shall be constructed with steel or wrought-iron suspension frames.'
"Now the word 'frame' without qualifying or limiting modifier would be broad enough to include metal cross pieces under and supporting the floor of this elevator. The difficulty in giving it so broad a meaning is that the Industrial Commission did not use the term without qualification. It does not require that the elevator be supported by metal frames. The requirement is that there should be suspension frames. That means that the frames referred to should be above the elevator and the elevator be attached to them from below. As we construe the evidence, this elevator was so equipped. There was no failure of any part from which the floor was suspended. Furthermore, the floor was suspended from metal rods on the sides which were attached to a metal cable by which the floor or cab was raised or lowered in the elevator shaft. The metal rods were joined together in some fashion by metal chains located under the floor. There is no claim of any defect in any of these metal parts. It was the floor that yielded to the pressure and tore loose from the suspending apparatus. If the bulletin should be construed to require a metal perimeter for elevator floors and that this elevator floor was not so constructed, the plaintiff's case is not helped, because it is clear that the outer timbers into which the floor boards were fitted and by which they were supported did not fail. It was the boards of the floor that failed. So that even though the bulletin should be construed to require a metal perimeter, its violation had no causal relation to this accident."
The commission's referee, who heard the relatrix's claim and made his report to the commission, quoted the specific safety requirement in question, and said:
"The evidence shows that the elevator in question in this case had a capacity of 2,000 pounds, traveled about 65 feet per minute, had a platform area of 23.55 square feet. Therefore, this section does not apply."
A writ of mandamus will not issue to require the Industrial Commission to allow a claim for additional compensation for the death of a workman claimed to have been caused by his employer's violation of a specific safety requirement, even though the undisputed facts show that the death of the decedent occurred while in the course of employment, where the context of the specific safety requirement, the violation of which is charged, is susceptible of such interpretation that an honest difference of opinion may exist as to whether there was, under the facts, a violation of such requirement.
In view of the evident bona fide difference of opinion as to the interpretation of the safety requirement in question, and in view of the record which the Industrial Commission had before it, as above indicated, this court cannot say that the commission abused its discretion in adopting its interpretation of such safety requirement, and in denying relatrix's claim.
The peremptory writ of mandamus will be denied.
Writ denied.
ZIMMERMAN, BELL, WILLIAMS, TURNER and MATTHIAS, JJ., concur.