Opinion
No. 10936.
July 6, 1972.
Moise Berger, Maricopa County Atty. by William H. McLean, and Don A. Fendon, Deputy County Attys., Phoenix, for petitioner.
Mason, McCall Ross by Frank L. Ross, Phoenix, for respondent Wilson.
Ross P. Lee, Maricopa County Public Defender by Bernard J. Dougherty and Bedford Douglass, Jr., Deputy Public Defenders, Phoenix, for respondent French.
Respondents Robert Wilson and Teresa Ann French were charged by information in the Superior Court of Maricopa County with the murder of a two-year-old child. Injuries to the head were the direct cause of death. On the second day of trial, prior to a medical examiner's testimony, respondents made an oral motion in limine, whose principal purpose was to prohibit the medical examiner from testifying concerning any prior injuries which did not directly relate to the cause of death. At the conclusion of arguments on the motion, the court "ORDERED that the defendant's motion in limine is granted as to all injuries suffered by the victim that do not relate to the cause of death of the victim."
(1) The primary purpose of a motion in limine is to avoid disclosing to the jury prejudicial matters which may compel a mistrial. It should not, except upon a clear showing of non-admissibility, be used to reject evidence. State v. Johnson, Iowa, 183 N.W.2d 194, 197 (1971). And see, Davis, The Motion in Limine, 5 Washburn L.J. 232 (1966) and 46 Neb.L.Rev. 502 (1967).
Arizona's Rules of Criminal Procedure for the Superior Courts do not recognize motions in limine. However, Maricopa County's Local Criminal Rules of Practice, by Rule 1(f) (3), 17 A.R.S., provide that all motions in limine, voluntariness hearings, motions to suppress and other evidentiary motions should be filed prior to the trial date. It is obvious that the motion was not timely made.
(2) If the motion is treated as an objection to the introduction of evidence, the court's unequivocal order effectively prohibits the State from establishing that the child was the victim of prior criminal assaults. While the record at this time does not contain sufficient facts to support any firm conclusion, acts constituting separate criminal offenses are admissible where they establish motive, intent, absence of mistake or accident, identity or common scheme or plan. State v. Hunt, 91 Ariz. 145, 148, 370 P.2d 640, 641 (1962). Prior injuries inflicted upon a child may establish the ingredient of malice so essential to the crime of murder. They could also support the conclusion that death did not result from accident or that the continuous assault on the child's vital forces were contributing causes of the death.
The trial court's unequivocal ruling improperly restricted the prosecution's proof of important elements of the State's case. The trial court has the power in the interest of justice where potentially prejudicial evidence is offered to both require avowals from counsel as to the relevancy of the evidence and direct the order of proof.
The order granting the motion in limine is set aside and the stay heretofore issued is dissolved.
HAYS, C.J., and STRUCKMEYER, LOCKWOOD and HOLOHAN, JJ., concur.
Note: Vice Chief Justice JAMES DUKE CAMERON did not participate in the determination of this matter.