Summary
In Stanford v. St. Louis-San Francisco Railway Co., 214 Ala. 611, 108 So. 566 (1926), this Court, construing a predecessor to § 6-5-391(a), held that a "parental injury before the birth is no basis for action in damages by the child or its personal representative."
Summary of this case from LePage v. The Ctr. for Reprod. Med.Opinion
6 Div. 657.
May 20, 1926.
Appeal from Circuit Court, Walker County; Ernest Lacy, Judge.
Gray Powell, of Jasper, for appellant.
For an injury amounting to a felony a civil action may be maintained by the injured party. Code 1923, § 5691. Where a child dies by reason of injury inflicted upon the mother before its birth, the offense is murder. Clarke v. State, 117 Ala. 1, 23 So. 671, 67 Am. St. Rep. 157. The personal representative of an infant, dying as the result of prenatal injuries wrongfully received, may maintain an action for damages for such wrongful death. Allaire v. St. Luke's Hospital, 184 Ill. 359, 56 N.E. 638, 48 L.R.A. 225, 75 Am. St. Rep. 176 (dissenting opinion).
Bankhead Bankhead, of Jasper, for appellees.
The personal representative of an infant, dying as the result of prenatal injuries wrongfully received, cannot maintain an action for damages for such wrongful death. Allaire v. St. Luke's Hospital, 184 Ill. 359, 56 N.E. 638, 48 L.R.A. 225, 75 Am. St. Rep. 176; Dietrich v. Northampton, 138 Mass. 14, 52 Am.Rep. 242; Buel v. United R. Co., 248 Mo. 126, 154 S.W. 71, 45 L.R.A. (N.S.) 625, Ann. Cas. 1914C, 613; Drobner v. Peters, 232 N.Y. 220, 133 N.E. 567. 20 A.L.R. 1503; Nugent v. Brooklyn Heights R. Co., 209 N.Y. 515, 102 N.E. 1107; Lipps v. Milwaukee, etc., R. L. Co., 164 Wis. 272, 159 N.W. 916, L.R.A. 1917B, 334.
This suit is by the legal representative of a minor child, and seeks to recover damages for the death of said minor caused by injuries sustained by the mother of said child while alighting from one of the defendants' trains through the negligence of an agent or servant of the defendant; if being charged that the mother was quick with child, the intestate, that the birth of the said child was premature, though it lived several days after its premature birth, and died as a result of injuries sustained while in its mother's womb.
By a legal fiction or indulgence, a legal personality is imputed to an unborn child as a rule of property for all purposes beneficial to the infant after birth, but not for purposes working to its detriment. By the criminal law, such being the solicitation of the state to protect life before birth, it is a great crime to kill the child after it is able to stir in the mother's womb, by an injury inflicted upon the person of the mother, and it may be murder if the child is born alive and dies of prenatal injuries. Clarke v. State, 117 Ala. 1, 23 So. 671, 67 Am. St. Rep. 157. The authorities, however, are unanimous in holding that a prenatal injury affords no basis for an action in damages, in favor either of the child or its personal representative. Joseph Drobner v. Peters, 232 N.Y. 220, 133 N.E. 567, 20 A.L.R. 1503 and note; Allaire v. St. Luke's Hospital, 184 Ill. 359, 56 N.E. 638, 48 L.R.A. 225, 75 Am. St. Rep. 176; Dietrich v. Northampton, 138 Mass. 14, 52 Am.Rep. 242; Buel v. United Railway Co., 248 Mo. 126, 154 S.W. 71, 45 L.R.A. (N.S.) 625, Ann. Cas. 1914C, 613; Gorman v. Budlong, 23 R.I. 169, 49 A. 704, 55 L.R.A. 118, 91 Am. St. Rep. 629; Lipps v. Milwaukee Electric Co., 164 Wis. 272, 159 N.W. 916, L.R.A. 1917B, 334. It may be that in a few instances hard cases may arise wherein a child may be burdened through life with an affliction produced before its birth, while, on the other hand, many cases might arise, should the rule be different, where the recovery would be based upon the merest conjecture or speculation as to whether or not the prenatal injury was the cause of the death or condition of the child. Moreover, the mother, of whom the unborn child was a part at the time of the injury, may recover for any damage to it which was not too remote to be recovered at all. Dietrich v. Northampton, 138 Mass. 14, 52 Am. Rep. 242.
We are also impressed with the reasoning of the Illinois court in the case of Allaire v. St. Luke's Hospital, 184 Ill. 359, 56 N.E. 638, 48 L.R.A. 225, 75 Am. St. Rep. 176, notwithstanding the dissent of Justice Boggs, wherein it was said:
"That a child before birth is, in fact, a part of the mother and is only severed from her at birth, cannot, we think, be successfully disputed. The doctrine of the civil law and the ecclesiastical and admiralty courts, therefore, that an unborn child may be regarded as in esse for some purposes, when for its benefit, is a mere legal fiction, which, so far as we have been able to discover, has not been indulged in by the courts of common law to the extent of allowing an action by an infant for injuries occasioned before its birth. If the action can be maintained, it necessarily follows that an infant may maintain an action against its own mother for injuries occasioned by the negligence of the mother while pregnant with it. We are of opinion that the action will not lie."
The trial court properly sustained the demurrer to the complaint, and the judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.
Affirmed.
SOMERVILLE, THOMAS and BOULDIN, JJ., concur.