Summary
In Squire v. State, 32 Md. App. 307, 360 A.2d 443 (1976), we exercised our discretion in one direction, whereas in Squire v. State, 280 Md. 132, 368 A.2d 1019 (1977), the Court of Appeals exercised its independent discretion in the other direction, with both exercises of discretion being concerned with the close question of how many days an attorney had had to take due notice of a new constitutional pronouncement from the Supreme Court.
Summary of this case from Austin v. StateOpinion
No. 1171, September Term, 1975.
Decided July 23, 1976.
CRIMINAL LAW — INSTRUCTIONS TO JURY — APPEAL — Jury Instructions In Case Tried After Mullaney v. Wilbur Which Violated The Principles Announced In That Case In Placing Burden On Defendant To Prove Self-Defense Not "Plain Error" Under Maryland Rule 756 g And Court Declined To Invoke The Provisions Of That Rule In This Case In View Of The Purpose Of The Rule And Because The Error Of Which Defendant Complained Could Have Been Corrected By Additional Or Supplemental Instructions Had Mullaney Been Called To The Attention Of The Trial Judge. pp. 308-310
Appeal from the Criminal Court of Baltimore (DORF, J.).
John Henry Squire was convicted by a jury in the Criminal Court of Baltimore of assault with intent to murder and of the unlawful use of a handgun in the commission of a crime of violence, and, from the judgments entered thereon, he appeals.
Judgments affirmed; costs to be paid by appellant.
Note: Certiorari granted, Court of Appeals of Maryland, October 27, 1976.
The cause was argued before ROBERT C. MURPHY, Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals, ROBERT E. CLAPP, JR., Associate Judge of the Sixth Judicial Circuit, and ROBERT L. KARWACKI, Associate Judge of the Supreme Bench of Baltimore City, all specially assigned.
David B. Allen, with whom was Michael Bowen Mitchell on the brief, for appellant.
Gilbert H. Robinette, Assistant Attorney General, with whom were Francis B. Burch, Attorney General, William A. Swisher, State's Attorney for Baltimore City, and Roy A. Breslow, Assistant State's Attorney for Baltimore City, on the brief, for appellee.
The appellant was found guilty by a jury in the Criminal Court of Baltimore of assault with intent to murder and of the unlawful use of a handgun in the commission of a crime of violence; he was sentenced to eight years' imprisonment. He contends on appeal that the lower court, in its jury instructions, erroneously imposed upon him the burden of proving self-defense, thereby violating the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment by relieving the State of its burden of proving, beyond a reasonable doubt, every fact necessary to constitute the crime charged. He relies on In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 90 S.Ct. 1068, 25 L.Ed.2d 368 (1970), and Mullaney v. Wilbur, 421 U.S. 684, 95 S.Ct. 1881, 44 L.Ed.2d 508 (1975).
The pertinent portion of the jury instructions is as follows:
"Moreover, the burden of proof of proving self-defense is on the Defendant, not upon the State, although this burden by the Defendant may be fulfilled by a preponderance of the credible evidence; in other words, the Defendant is not obliged to prove a valid self-defense beyond a reasonable doubt. Naturally, in every criminal case, the burden is always upon the State to establish proof of every element of the crimes that are charged against the Defendant beyond a reasonable doubt."
The appellant argues that this instruction violated the principles of Mullaney since it shifted the burden to him to prove that the homicide was justifiable or excusable in contravention of our holding in Evans v. State, 28 Md. App. 640, 349 A.2d 300 (1975), aff'd, State of Maryland v. Edward Evans, 278 Md. 197, 362 A.2d 629 (1976). While he acknowledges that no exceptions were taken to the instructions, the appellant urges that the error was plain and material and that we should take cognizance of it on our motion under Maryland Rule 756 g. He contends that "the full scope of Mullaney was not realized" at the time of his trial, and that it was not until we decided Evans v. State, supra, on November 26, 1975, five months after his trial, that the implications of Mullaney, and its applicability to self-defense, were made clear.
The State, while agreeing that there was legally sufficient evidence to raise the issue of self-defense, and also agreeing that the instruction violated the principles announced in Mullaney, contends that "[s]ince the trial of this case occurred after the Mullaney decision was handed down, . . . the question is not one of plain error [in the instructions], but one of waiver."
The Supreme Court decided Mullaney on June 9, 1975. The appellant's trial took place on June 13, 1975. Maryland Rule 756 g provides that upon appeal a party assigning error in the jury instructions may not do so of right unless (1) the particular portion of the instructions given or the particular omission therefrom or the particular failure to instruct was distinctly objected to before the jury retired to consider its verdict and (2) the grounds of the objection were stated at that time. The rule provides that "ordinarily" no other error will be considered on appeal, but it permits appellate courts to "take cognizance of and correct any plain error in the instructions, material to the rights of the accused even though such error was not objected to . . . ." As we noted in Brown v. State, 14 Md. App. 415, 287 A.2d 62 (1972), even if an error in jury instructions is plain, its consideration on appeal is not a matter of right; the rule is couched in permissive terms and necessarily leaves its exercise to the discretion of the appellate court. 14 Md. App. at 418. That the error may have been of constitutional dimension does not per se raise it to the level of "plain error" under the rule, State v. Evans, supra, since even constitutional rights may be waived in the course of a trial, Dimery v. State, 274 Md. 661, 338 A.2d 56 (1975).
In Canter v. State, 220 Md. 615, 155 A.2d 498 (1959), it was held that Rule 756 g was designed to afford the trial judge an opportunity to correct inadvertent omissions or inaccuracies in a charge, and that an appellate court should not exercise its right to take cognizance of and correct any plain error material to the rights of the accused, of its own motion, if the alleged error was one that might have been readily corrected if it had been called to the trial judge's attention. To like effect, see Reynolds v. State, 219 Md. 319, 149 A.2d 774 (1959); Parker v. State, 4 Md. App. 62, 241 A.2d 185 (1968).
Compare Estelle v. Williams, U.S. , 96 S.Ct. 1691, 48 L.Ed.2d 126 (1976), decided May 3, 1976, a case in which the Supreme Court held that a criminal defendant waived his constitutional right to be tried in civilian clothes by failing to object where past practice indicated that had he objected he would have been permitted to wear civilian clothes at his trial.
In view of the purpose of the "plain error" rule, and because the error of which the appellant complains could have been corrected by additional or supplemental instructions had Mullaney been called to the attention of the trial judge ( see Brown v. State, supra, at 420), we decline to invoke the provisions of the rule in this case. In so holding, we note that the decision to treat as plain error the faulty instruction given in Evans stands in contrast with that here involved in that the error in Evans occurred before the Supreme Court decided Mullaney, whereas the error in the present case occurred subsequent to that decision. In its affirmance of the judgment in Evans v. State, the Court of Appeals considered it appropriate to recognize, as "plain error" under Rule 756 g, an error in jury instructions committed in a case tried prior to the Mullaney decision, since in view of Mullaney's retroactive application, the error was one specifically open to collateral attack under the provisions of the Post Conviction Procedure Act, Maryland Code (1957, 1976 Repl. Vol.), Article 27, § 645A(d).
Judgments affirmed; costs to be paid by appellant.