Opinion
James D. Myers, Stinson Morrison Hecker LLP, Kansas City, MO, for Plaintiff.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER DENYING DEFENDANT'S MOTION TO SET ASIDE DEFAULT JUDGMENT
ROBINSON, District Judge.
This matter is before the Court on defendant's Motion to Set Aside Default Judgment (Doc. 11). The motion is now fully briefed and the Court is prepared to rule. For the reasons described below, the Court denies defendant's motion. Background
Plaintiff Sprint Spectrum (" Sprint" ) filed its Complaint and issued summons to defendant Genesis PCS Corp. (" Genesis" ) on March 23, 2004 (Doc. 1). Mary Rodriguez, President of Genesis, submits that immediately after receiving the summons and Complaint, Genesis contacted Ramon Pagan, Esq. in New York, who represented Genesis in all legal matters. Pagan informed Genesis that it was not amenable to suit in Kansas " because Genesis did not have sufficient contacts with Kansas for Kansas to assert in personam jurisdiction over Genesis." Because all of the transactions between the parties took place in New York, Pagan advised that Genesis was not required to appear in the Kansas action.
Summons was returned executed, showing a receipt date of March 29, 2004.
The Answer was due to be filed on April 19, 2004 but was never filed. On August 2, 2004, Judge Waxse issued an Order to Show Cause for lack of prosecution with a response deadline to Judge Murguia of August 18, 2004 (Doc. 4). Although Genesis did not respond to the Order to Show Cause, Sprint did respond and advised the court: " Mr. Pagan informed counsel for Sprint PCS that defendants [sic] local counsel would be contacting counsel for Sprint PCS to request additional time to file its answer or other responsive pleading.... By the beginning of June, no local counsel for defendant had contacted counsel for Sprint PCS and no attorney had entered their appearance in the case" (Doc. 5 at 1-2). Sprint advised further that its counsel sent Pagan a letter on June 3, 2004 inquiring whether he or anyone else would be appearing in the matter and informing him that if counsel did not hear back from him or his client on or before June 14, 2004, it would seek default judgment.
On May 26, 2006, this case was reassigned to the undersigned.
The court granted Sprint's Motion for Default Judgment on October 29, 2004 in the amount of $462,311.71 after neither Pagan nor Genesis responded to the court's prior order or Sprint's correspondence. Genesis was served with the Motion for Default Judgment. According to Rodriguez, because " Genesis believed Mr. Pagan's rationale to be reasonable and trusted in his professional judgment ... [it] did not oppose the motion for default judgment."
In January 2005, Sprint registered its judgment against Genesis in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. Then, in late February 2005, someone contacted counsel for Sprint from the law office of Samuel Chuang, new counsel for Genesis, and asked if Sprint would agree to voluntarily set aside the default judgment. Counsel for Sprint declined but offered to review a draft motion identifying Genesis' asserted grounds for relief and to discuss it with Sprint. Genesis never submitted a draft motion to Sprint, but on October 31, 2005, Genesis filed the instant motion to set aside default judgment.
Discussion
Under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, the Court may set aside default judgment in accordance with Rule 60(b). " Relief under Rule 60(b) is extraordinary and may only be granted in exceptional circumstances." Under Rule 60(b), the Court may relieve a party from final judgment for the following reasons:
See, e.g., Cashner v. Freedom Stores, Inc., 98 F.3d 572, 576 (10th Cir.1996).
(1) mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or excusable neglect; (2) newly discovered evidence which by due diligence could not have been discovered; ... (3) fraud ... misrepresentation, or other misconduct of an adverse party; (4) the judgment is void; (5) the judgment has been satisfied ... or a prior judgment upon which it is based has been reversed or otherwise vacated, or it is no longer equitable that the judgment should have prospective application; or (6) any other reason justifying relief from the operation of the judgment.
This rule attempts to reflect the policy goals of preserving the finality of judgments while pursuing justice " in light of all the facts." A motion under Rule 60(b) must be made within a reasonable time. The decision to grant relief under Rule 60(b) is left to the sound discretion of the trial court.
Mullin v. High Mountain, No. 05-4039, 2006 WL 1520187, at *1 (10th Cir. June 2, 2006) (quoting Cessna Fin. Corp. v. Bielenberg Masonry Contracting, Inc., 715 F.2d 1442, 1444 (10th Cir.1983) (internal quotations omitted)).
Greenwood Explorations, Ltd. v. Merit Gas & Oil Corp., 837 F.2d 423, 426 (10th Cir.1988); Schnuelle v. C & C Auto Sales, Inc., 196 F.R.D. 395, 397 (D.Kan.2000).
In a motion under Rule 60(b), the movant has the burden to plead and prove justifiable grounds for relief permitted by the rule, and the existence of a meritorious defense. Genesis argues that the Court should set aside the default judgment in this case because of the gross negligence of its former counsel in failing to appear and answer or otherwise plead in this matter. Specifically, Genesis seeks relief under subsections (b)(1) and (b)(6). Sprint responds that the motion was not made within a reasonable time, and that neither ground specified by Genesis applies to the failure to prosecute in this case.
In re Stone, 588 F.2d 1316, 1319 (10th Cir.1978); see also Pelican Prod. Corp. v. Marino, 893 F.2d 1143, 1147 n. 5 (10th Cir.1990); Cessna Fin. Corp., 715 F.2d at 1445; Schnuelle, 196 F.R.D. at 397.
1. Timeliness
Rule 60(b) requires that a motion brought for mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or excusable neglect under subsection (b)(1) be made not more than one year after the judgment was entered. Sprint argues that the one-year requirement is not met here because Genesis filed its motion on October 31, 2005-more than one year after the judgment was entered on October 29, 2004. However, Genesis is correct that the motion was filed within the one-year period. When computing any period of time under the Rules, the Court looks to Rule 6(a), which states that the last day of any period is computed, unless it falls on a Saturday, Sunday, or holiday. October 29, 2005 fell on a Saturday; therefore, Genesis filed the motion exactly one year from the entry of judgment the following Monday, October 31, 2005.
Sprint argues further that the motion for default was not filed within a reasonable period, even if it was filed within one year from the date of judgment. Any motion under Rule 60(b) must be filed within a reasonable time. And, the " ‘ motion is not timely merely because it has been filed within one year of the judgment.’ " Instead, the Court must look at the facts of each case, evaluating the following factors: the interest in finality, the reason for delay, the practical ability of the litigant to learn earlier of the grounds relied upon, and prejudice to other parties.
Mullin, 2006 WL 1520187, at *3 n. 3; see Fed.R.Civ.P. 60(b).
Id. at *2 (quoting White v. Am. Airlines, Inc., 915 F.2d 1414, 1425 (10th Cir.1990)).
Id. (quoting Ashford v. Steuart, 657 F.2d 1053, 1055 (9th Cir.1981)).
Certainly the interest in finality is great here. The judgment in this case had been in place for over one year when Genesis filed its motion. Moreover, Sprint has registered the judgment in the Southern District of New York. The reason provided for the delay is Pagan's misguided advice to Genesis that it should not respond to this suit. Even assuming this reason is a valid reason for a defendant to completely ignore a Complaint filed against it, the length of the delay was unreasonable. There is uncontroverted evidence that counsel from Sprint was contacted by someone associated with Genesis' new counsel in February 2005, hoping to stipulate to setting aside the default judgment. Counsel for Genesis failed to send Sprint a draft motion, as Sprint had requested, and instead waited approximately eight months to file a motion to set aside default judgment. Genesis provides the Court with no explanation for this further delay. Finally, the Court finds that the delay caused some prejudice to Sprint. Sprint has registered the judgment in this case and has treated it as a closed matter since October 29, 2004. Requiring them to now engage in discovery after this length of time unavoidably will cause some prejudice. The Court concludes that the balance of these factors, in particular the reason and length of delay, weigh against a finding of reasonable delay. Although the Court finds that the motion was not filed within a reasonable amount of time from the date of judgment, it will proceed to evaluate the Rule 60(b) grounds under which Genesis seeks relief.
See CSU, L.L.C. v. Xerox Corp., 202 F.R.D. 275, 281 (D.Kan.2001); see also McCormick v. City of Chicago, 230 F.3d 319, 328 (7th Cir.2000); United States v. Assad, 179 F.R.D. 170, 172 (M.D.N.C.1998).
See Xerox Corp., 202 F.R.D. at 283 (explaining that when other factors weigh strongly against timely filing, the prejudice factor carries little weight).
2. Rule 60(b)(1)
Genesis cites Rule 60(b)(1)-mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or excusable neglect-as the first basis for relief from default judgment. Specifically, Genesis maintains that Pagan's advice, that it was not required to appear and defend in this action because this Court lacked jurisdiction, was negligent and/or careless. Excusable neglect is a " somewhat ‘ elastic concept’ and is not limited strictly to omissions caused by circumstances beyond the control of the movant." " [F]or purposes of Rule 60(b), ‘ excusable neglect’ is understood to encompass situations in which the failure to comply with a filing deadline is attributable to negligence. Because of the language and structure of Rule 60(b), a party's failure to file on time for reasons beyond his or her control is not considered to constitute ‘ neglect.’ " The Supreme Court has stated:
Pioneer Inv. Servs. Co. v. Brunswick Assocs., 507 U.S. 380, 388, 113 S.Ct. 1489, 123 L.Ed.2d 74 (1993).
Id. at 394, 113 S.Ct. 1489.
In other contexts, we have held that clients must be held accountable for the acts and omissions of their attorneys.... This principle applies with equal force here and requires that respondents be held accountable for the acts and omissions of their chosen counsel. Consequently, in determining whether respondents' failure ... was excusable, the proper focus is upon whether the neglect of respondents and their counsel was excusable.
Id. at 397, 113 S.Ct. 1489 (emphasis in original) (citations omitted); see also Harvey v. Yellow Freight Sys., Inc., 936 F.Supp. 790, 795 (D.Kan.1996) (explaining that because parties choose an attorney as their representatives, they are held accountable for the acts or omissions of their attorneys and that " [a]ny recourse against [the] attorneys for their alleged malpractice must be brought in a timely, separate action against them." ).
Moreover, the Tenth Circuit and courts in this district have declined to find attorney carelessness or negligence constitutes " excusable neglect" sufficient to set aside judgment. The Court sees no explanation for Pagan's failure to answer or even appear in this action. Genesis received a copy of the Complaint, which states that if it failed to answer within the appropriate time frame, " judgment by default will be taken against you." Sprint also certified that it placed copies of its Response to the Order to Show Cause, and its Motion for Default Judgment, in the United States Mail, Certified Mail, Return Receipt Requested to Genesis PCS Corp., 80-32 Jamaica Avenue, Woodhaven, N.Y. 11421. Genesis does not deny receiving these documents. The Court finds it difficult to comprehend how a company with notice of these filings could authorize an attorney to completely ignore them.
See, e.g., Pelican Prod. Corp. v. Marino, 893 F.2d 1143, 1147 n. 5 (10th Cir.1990); Cessna Fin. Corp. v. Bielenberg Masonry Contracting, Inc., 715 F.2d 1442, 1444 (10th Cir.1983); Mullin v. High Mountain, No. 05-4039, 2006 WL 1520187, at *1 (10th Cir. June 2, 2006); McMullen v. Wash. Nat'l Ins. Co., 19 F.3d 33, 1994 WL 75867 at *1 (10th Cir. Mar.8, 1994) (unpublished table decision); Schnuelle v. C & C Auto Sales, Inc., 196 F.R.D. 395, 397 (D.Kan.2000).
(Doc. 18, Ex. 5.)
Most importantly, no affidavit is offered by Pagan explaining his reason for not responding to the action. There is a discrepancy in the record on this point between the parties. Genesis argues that Pagan advised it not to answer the Complaint, while counsel for Sprint states that Pagan represented to counsel that he intended to retain local counsel to appear in the matter. " Parties desiring relief must particularize, and generally do not acquit themselves of responsibility by showing merely that they placed the case in the hands of an attorney." The Court finds that Genesis fails to prove excusable neglect here, where its explanation is in contrast to Sprint's and where the Court lacks supporting affidavits from its former counsel explaining his reason for allowing default. Instead, the Court finds that Genesis and its former counsel's neglect in this case was inexcusable.
Pelican Prod. Corp., 893 F.2d at 1146 (quoting 7 Moore's Federal Practice ¶ 60.22[2], at 60-184 (2d ed.1987)).
See id. (" We believe a most obvious void exists where a party claims that its counsel's activities were not its own, but fails to demonstrate to the court any effort to produce explanation from its former counsel for his conduct." ); McMullen, 1994 WL 75867, at *1 (explaining movant's burden is onerous because it did not come forward with any credible explanation from its counsel for the default); Cessna Fin. Corp., 715 F.2d at 1446 (pointing to a lack of supporting affidavits from counsel).
3. Rule 60(b)(6)
Genesis also claims relief under Rule 60(b)(6), for " any other reason justifying relief from the operation of the judgment." Rule 60(b)(6) is referred to as a " grand reservoir of equitable power to do justice in a particular case." Genesis urges the Court to find that gross attorney negligence, as in this case, may allow for relief under subsection (b)(6). Genesis argues that gross negligence takes the facts out of the realm of " mere carelessness" by counsel, subsumed by the excusable neglect basis for relief. Sprint argues that Genesis' decision not to defend in this action cannot form the basis to set aside a judgment under Rule 60(b)(6). The Court agrees.
Pelican Prod. Corp., 893 F.2d at 1146 (quoting Pierce v. Cook & Co., 518 F.2d 720, 722 (10th Cir.1975) (en banc)) (further citations omitted).
Genesis does not properly attribute this statement that it claims is made in Pelican Production Corporation. The word " mere" does not appear in the text of that opinion. 893 F.2d at 1146.
The Court has already found that Genesis' former attorney's neglect in this case was inexcusable. Genesis maintains that the gross negligence of its former attorney removes the case from the realm of excusable neglect under Rule 60(b)(1), and qualifies it for relief under Rule 60(b)(6) instead. The Court finds this interpretation untenable. As the Supreme Court has stated:
Rule 60(b)(1) ... permits courts to reopen judgments for reasons of " mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or excusable neglect," but only on motion made within one year of the judgment. Rule 60(b)(6) goes further, however, and empowers the court to reopen a judgment even after one year has passed for " any other reason justifying relief from the operation of the judgment." These provisions are mutually exclusive, and thus a party who failed to take timely action due to " excusable neglect" may not seek relief more than a year after the judgment by resorting to subsection (6). To justify relief under subsection (6), a party must show " extraordinary circumstances" suggesting that the party is faultless in the delay. If a party is partly to blame for the delay, relief must be sought within one year under subsection (1) and the party's neglect must be excusable. In Klapprott, for example, the petitioner had been effectively prevented from taking a timely appeal of a judgment by incarceration, ill health, and other factors beyond his reasonable control. Four years after a default judgment had been entered against him, he sought to reopen the matter under Rule 60(b) and was permitted to do so. The Court has already found that Genesis is not faultless in the delay; therefore, it may not seek relief under subsection (6) simply because it is unable to obtain relief under subsection (1).
Pioneer Inv. Servs. Co. v. Brunswick Assocs., 507 U.S. 380, 388, 113 S.Ct. 1489, 123 L.Ed.2d 74 (1993).
Further, even if subsection (6) was available to Genesis, the Court does not find extraordinary circumstances present in this case. " We do not have a case involving an uneducated [defendant], unaccustomed to litigation." Not only did Genesis have counsel, but it also had notice of many events in the litigation before default judgment was entered, as already discussed. The Tenth Circuit has stated on a previous occasion that it " find[s] nothing unfair about requiring a party to be bound of the actions of its attorney-agent." Because Genesis is a relatively sophisticated litigant and because it had ample notice of the possible consequences of its actions, the Court declines to find extraordinary circumstances present.
See Pelican Prod. Corp., 893 F.2d at 1147 (comparing cases); see also Cessna Fin. Corp., 715 F.2d at 1446 (finding sophistication of defendant made it unlikely that he did not know of the need to respond to the complaint).
Id.
Conclusion
The Court denies the motion to set aside default under Rule 60(b). First, the Court finds that the motion was not filed within a reasonable time from the date of judgment. Second, the Court finds that the neglect by former counsel for Genesis in not appearing or answering in this matter was inexcusable. Because this neglect is inexcusable, Genesis lacks a basis for relief under Rule 60(b)(6), as that relief is mutually exclusive to the relief sought under Rule 60(b)(1). Even if this were not the case, Genesis fails to present the extraordinary circumstances required to justify relief under Rule 60(b)(6). Because the Court concludes that the motion was not timely and that Genesis is unable to meet its burden of pleading a proving a basis for relief, the Court declines to consider whether Genesis is able to show merit in its defense.
IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED BY THE COURT THAT
defendant's Motion to Set Aside Default Judgment (Doc. 11) is denied.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Furthermore, to the extent Genesis seeks relief under the " mistake" provision of Rule 60(b)(1), the Court also declines to grant relief. " [A] party who takes deliberate action with negative consequences ... will not be relieved of the consequences when it subsequently develops that the choice was unfortunate." Cashner v. Freedom Stores, Inc., 98 F.3d 572, 577 (10th Cir.1996) (collecting cases).