Opinion
Record No. 1913-06-1.
December 27, 2007.
Appeal from the Circuit Court of the City of Portsmouth Dean W. Sword, Jr., Judge.
Stacie A. Cass, Assistant Appellate Defender (Office of the Appellate Defender, on briefs), for appellant.
Karen Misbach, Assistant Attorney General II (Robert F. McDonnell, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Present: Judges Kelsey, Haley and Beales.
MEMORANDUM OPINION BY
Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
On appeal, Alfred Lee Spivey challenges the evidentiary sufficiency of his conviction for possession of heroin in violation of Code § 18.2-250. The evidence at trial proved that a police officer found Spivey slumped over in the passenger seat of a vehicle with a syringe in one hand and a heroin capsule in the other. He had blood on the back of his left hand from a puncture wound. Spivey was unconscious. The officer arrested the intoxicated driver of the vehicle (who said he did not know Spivey) and called for medics to attend to Spivey. The medics arrived and revived Spivey. The officer searched the vehicle and found three more syringes under the driver's seat. Spivey was charged with possessing the heroin capsule in his hand.
A suspect's actual, physical possession of drugs permits the inference that he knowingly possessed them aware of their illegal nature and character. See Hunley v. Commonwealth, 30 Va. App. 556, 562, 518 S.E.2d 347, 350 (1999); Armstrong v. Commonwealth, 29 Va. App. 102, 114, 510 S.E.2d 247, 252-53 (1999); Hamilton v. Commonwealth, 16 Va. App. 751, 754, 433 S.E.2d 27, 29 (1993); Josephs v. Commonwealth, 10 Va. App. 87, 101, 390 S.E.2d 491, 498-99 (1990) ( en banc). "When the drugs are found in the actual, physical possession of the accused, knowledge of where they were and the defendant's assertion of dominion are virtually incontrovertible; such possession is also evidence that the accused knew what he possessed." Ronald J. Bacigal, Virginia Practice Series: Criminal Offenses Defenses 166 (2007-08) (emphasis in original);see also State v. Reid, 566 S.E.2d 186, 192 (N.C.Ct.App. 2002) (stating that the "knowing possession" element can be inferred from "actual possession").
Spivey acknowledges this inference but claims the trial court, sitting as factfinder, should have rejected the inference and adopted the alternative hypothesis that someone (perhaps the drunken driver) put the heroin capsule in Spivey's hand while he was unconscious (thus negating any inference of knowing possession). This hypothesis of innocence, however, was never raised in the trial court, Commonwealth v. Hudson, 265 Va. 505, 514, 578 S.E.2d 781, 786 (2003) (limiting appellate review only to hypotheses of innocence "advanced by the accused at trial"), relies solely on the "imagination of defense counsel" rather than any specific evidentiary support, Walker v. Commonwealth, 42 Va. App. 782, 793, 595 S.E.2d 30, 35 (2004), and could have been rejected by the factfinder in any event, Haskins v. Commonwealth, 44 Va. App. 1, 8-10, 602 S.E.2d 402, 405-06 (2004) (characterizing the reasonableness of the hypothesis of innocence as a question of fact subject to deferential appellate review).
"The Commonwealth is not required to prove that there is no possibility that someone else may have planted, discarded, abandoned or placed the contraband where the contraband is discovered." Kromer v. Commonwealth, 45 Va. App. 812, 819, 613 S.E.2d 871, 875 (2005) (citation and brackets omitted); see also Kelly v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 250, 260-61, 584 S.E.2d 444, 449 (2003) ( en banc).
We affirm Spivey's conviction for possession of heroin in violation of Code § 18.2-250.
Affirmed.