Opinion
April 17, 1935.
May 27, 1935.
Negligence — Automobiles — Degree of care to self-invited guest.
A driver of a motor vehicle is liable to a self-invited guest for failure to exercise ordinary care in the operation of the vehicle.
Mr. Justice KEPHART filed a dissenting opinion.
Argued April 17, 1935.
Before FRAZER, C. J., SIMPSON, KEPHART, SCHAFFER, MAXEY, DREW and LINN, JJ.
Appeal, No. 260, Jan. T., 1935, by defendant, from judgment of C. P. Clearfield Co., May T., 1934, No. 312, in case of Marion Spencer, by her next friend, Peter Joseph Malloy, v. Walter Jones. Judgment affirmed.
Trespass for wrongful death. Before SMITH, P. J.
The opinion of the Supreme Court states the facts.
Verdict for plaintiff in amount of $13,000, remitted to $11,398, and judgment thereon. Defendant appealed. Error assigned, among others, was refusal of judgment n. o. v.
John C. Arnold, with him D. Edward Chaplin, for appellant.
A. M. Liveright, of Liveright Smith, with him Carl A. Belin, for appellee.
Plaintiff, Marion Spencer, by her next friend, brings this action to recover damages for the death of her husband, who was killed while riding in the automobile belonging to and driven by defendant. From the recovery by plaintiff in the court below defendant prosecutes this appeal.
When deceased was going to work in his own automobile on the night of the accident, his car broke down. From the roadside, along which he was walking, he signalled to defendant, who overtook him, the desire to be taken into his automobile. Defendant stopped, and deceased entered the car, which proceeded for a distance of about two miles, when it collided with a truck coming in the opposite direction, and plaintiff's decedent was killed. The collision was caused by defendant's driving on the wrong side of the road on a curve and beyond the center line of the highway, in violation of the provisions of the Vehicle Code of May 1, 1929, P. L. 905, at page 977, 75 P. S., section 541, which directs that, "Drivers of vehicles proceeding in opposite directions shall pass the other to the right, each giving the other at least one-half (1/2) of the main traveled portion of the highway."
Under the presentation of the case, made by appellant's able attorney who argued it before us, we have but one question to meet: What was the degree of care which defendant owed to the deceased? The argument is that it was not ordinary care, but that to a self-invited passenger, as deceased was, the defendant is liable only if he wantonly or willfully injured him, and that in this class of cases we should adopt the Massachusetts Rule enunciated in Massaletti v. Fitzroy, 118 N.E. 168, which is analogous to the rule of liability in the case of bailment. The court below held the measure of defendant's liability to be the absence of ordinary care.
We think it unnecessary to broaden beyond our own borders the review of authorities on the question. How some of the other states may have determined, with us the rule of ordinary care in such cases is fixed and not to be departed from, since we regard the principle we have established as being the just one. It is difficult to see why a person who becomes a self-invited guest in an automobile, under circumstances such as those before us, should be covered by a different rule of law as to the vehicle's operation from that which applies to one who enters such a conveyance on the invitation of the owner. In each instance, the operator of the car has the safety of another human being in his keeping. It would seem that he should exercise ordinary care for both classes of guests, and it sounds somewhat strange to say, as to one of them, that he need not be ordinarily careful in operating his car. Whether self-invited or owner-invited, the guest enters the car with the assent of the owner.
In the very recent case of Richards v. Warner Co., 311 Pa. 50, we had to consider a situation very similar in its legal aspects to that now before us. There the plaintiff, Grace P. Richards, was riding in an automobile belonging to and driven by the defendant, Huggins. He had taken the son of Mrs. Richards to a dentist for the purpose of having the son's tooth extracted. After the operation he invited the mother to ride home with him. In the course of the ride she was injured, due, as we held, to the negligence of Huggins. In the opinion, we said (page 59): "It is argued on behalf of Huggins that as to Mrs. Richards and her son he was a gratuitous bailor for their benefit and, therefore, responsible only for gross negligence. In this connection Cody v. Venzie, 263 Pa. 541, is called to our attention. Whether driving an automobile into the side of a truck in broad daylight is gross negligence may be a matter fruitful of discussion, but we need not explore the subject, as in our opinion the absence of ordinary care on Huggins's part is sufficient to fix him with liability. In the Cody Case, the want of ordinary care was held sufficient to warrant a verdict for plaintiff. In Curry v. Riggles, 302 Pa. 156, where the plaintiff was a gratuitous passenger, we held the defendant was required to exercise ordinary care."
The court below was correct in its ruling that the defendant was liable if he did not operate his car with ordinary care.
The judgment is affirmed.
The majority opinion confines its conclusion to the facts of this particular case, but as it is a self-invited guest case I cannot agree with their conclusion. Here a "hitch hiker," who asked for a ride, was killed. Suit was instituted against the owner who gave him a ride; by a jury's verdict the wife will receive $11,398 from the person who gave her husband a ride in his car. Whether the finding of the jury that the owner was negligent in driving partly on the wrong side of a curve was correct, it is a safe conclusion that juries will generally so find when such questions are submitted to them.
I would lay down a rule that prevents such questions being submitted — a rule that an owner or driver of a vehicle is liable only for gross negligence or for wanton or wilful injury to self-invited guests, following Massaletti v. Fitzroy, 118 N.E. 168. The rule which subjects the owner or driver to damages for injuries to a self-invited guest, in the absence of gross neglect or wantonness, is a very harsh rule for the reason that the self-invited guest is given the same care and attention as the owner and host receives, and, apart from wantonness, should be subjected to the same risk in the operation of the car as the owner. Recovery by this class of riders is controlled by statute in twenty states, and in others by judicial decisions following the law of bailment. I would follow Cody v. Venzie, 263 Pa. 545, 546. Counsel who represented the owner driver presented a clear exposition to this court of the law bearing on this question both in oral argument and printed brief. I am convinced that our rule should be changed, and our State brought into harmony with the majority of other states.