Opinion
Docket No. 22596.
Decided August 14, 1975.
Appeal from Kent, Stuart Hoffius, J. Submitted June 6, 1975, at Grand Rapids. (Docket No. 22596.) Decided August 14, 1975.
Complaint by Don V. Souter and others against the Board of Zoning Appeals of the City of Grand Rapids, the city's Department of Building Inspection, Naegele Outdoor Advertising Company of Grand Rapids, Inc., and Ted Aalsburg for an order of superintending control to revoke a building permit. Judgment for defendants. Plaintiffs appeal. Affirmed.
Cholette, Perkins Buchanan (by Don V. Souter), for plaintiffs.
Warner, Norcross Judd (by Vernon P. Saper), for defendant Naegele.
George Weible, City Attorney, (by Richard A. Wendt), for the Grand Rapids Board of Zoning Appeals and Department of Building Inspection.
Before: McGREGOR, P.J., and D.E. HOLBROOK and N.J. KAUFMAN, JJ.
We adopt the facts recited by the dissent. We affirm the trial court's approval of the Board of Zoning Appeals' (Board) issuance of a building permit to defendant Naegele Outdoor Advertising Co. (Naegele).
We find, for the reasons given by the dissent, that Naegele's construction of the sign was, at the time it was built, permitted by the relevant provisions of the Grand Rapids City Code. Notwithstanding this fact, plaintiff and the dissent claim that the issuance of the building permit was done without authority. They rely on City Code ch 61, art 23, § 5.273, which provides:
"No oversight or dereliction on the part of the Director of Community Improvement and Inspection Services or his authorized assistants or any official or employee of the City of Grand Rapids vested with the duty or authority to issue permits or licenses shall legalize, authorize, waive or excuse the violation of any of the provisions of this ordinance. No permit, nor any license for any use, building or purpose shall be issued by any official or employee of the City of Grand Rapids if the same would be in conflict with the provisions of this ordinance. Any person or license so issued shall be null and void." (Emphasis supplied.)
They contend that Naegele's failure to get the planning commission's approval was "in conflict with the provisions of [the] ordinance" and rendered null and void the permit issued by the Board.
We find that the dissent was incorrect in citing § 5.233(4) as representing the procedure for obtaining approval to put up a free-standing business sign. That section pertains to the procedure for developing an entire lot, not for putting up a sign. Under § 5.233(4), any signs to be erected as part of the development shall be made part of the site plan which must be submitted to the planning commission for its approval. Naegele was not developing a lot, but was putting up a free-standing sign. The procedure for doing this is specifically governed by § 5.233(6). That section sets physical specifications and, as does § 5.233(4), requires planning commission approval.
We disagree. Our reading of the City Code's procedure for obtaining approval to construct a sign convinces us that the Board's approval vitiated Naegele's failure to acquire the city planning commission's imprimatur. First, § 5.273 is a general provision. As such, it must be read in the context of art 19, that provision which specifically governs planned industrial districts. The role of the planning commission cannot be viewed in a vacuum. It is part of a procedure designed to insure that a proposed sign meets the specifications dictated by the ordinance and will not cause aesthetic or safety problems. The planning commission has limited discretion in this scheme. Its sole function is to ensure that the proposed sign satisfies the design specifications detailed by the ordinance. Its approval " shall be given when such signs meet all the requirements therefor under the City Code". Grand Rapids City Code, ch 61, art 20, § 5.233(6)(d). (Emphasis supplied.) If the requirements are met, the commission's duty to approve the permit becomes purely ministerial. Bills v Grand Blanc Township, 59 Mich. App. 619; 229 N.W.2d 871 (1975).
The Board represents the final arbiter in the administrative process. It is important to remember that flexibility is the essence of this procedure, as it should be for all administrative process. Once the Board has made sure that no technical, aesthetic or safety problems exist, the function of the procedure has been fulfilled. This fulfillment, not a rote-step of procedural requirements, is the purpose behind the entire procedure. We do not see why the zoning board cannot shorten the procedure as long as it ensures that the applicant has met all of the substantive ordinance requirements. The Board has the final word on all planning commission decisions. As such, we cannot consider the Board's determination that the ordinance requirements were satisfied as an improper usurpation of the commission's essentially ministerial function.
Second, we read § 5.273 as inapplicable to this type of case. Section 5.273 makes "null and void" a permit issued "in conflict with the provisions of this ordinance". We find that the "provisions" cited are substantive, not procedural ones. Section 5.273 is essentially a codification of the principal that the issuance of a building permit in violation of substantive provisions of a zoning ordinance does not give the builder the right to use the premises in violation of the ordinance nor does it estop the city from enforcing the ordinance. Fass v Highland Park, 326 Mich. 19; 39 N.W.2d 336 (1949). We cannot read the section as making absolute compliance with procedural formalities a prerequisite to approval and as removing from the Board of Zoning Appeals the ability to waive such formalities.
In addition to finding that statutory construction favors defendant, we find from a review of the record that the great weight of the equities are on the side of defendant Naegele. Naegele built a sign that complied with the existing ordinance. It did so in reliance on an apparently legitimate approval by the building inspector, an officer of the city. This is not a case where an applicant claimed reliance on a permit issued for a purpose not authorized by the ordinance. Bingham v Flint, 14 Mich. App. 377; 165 N.W.2d 628 (1968). Indeed, the city ordinance could reasonably be read to require that the building inspector, not the applicant, has the onus of obtaining planning commission approval. Naegele should not be punished for this failure. As the late Chief Justice THOMAS M. KAVANAGH noted, in analyzing the vesting of a nonconforming use:
"Once a city or township issues a valid permit to an applicant, that applicant has every reason and right to rely thereon in his business dealings. Permits are not issued by local authorities when the contemplated use for which the permit is issued conflicts with a local zoning ordinance. * * * [H]e has within his possession an official document of the local community authorizing him to proceed with his contemplated project.
"While it is true that the issuance of a permit itself will not give vested rights to a nonconforming use to the holder thereof, the possession thereof, and substantial reliance thereon, will give such rights. And in determining whether or not there has actually been substantial reliance on the issuance of the permit, * * * equity demands that, at the very least, all actions which have been undertaken and completed by the holder of the permit prior to actual notification to him of the revocation of such permit must be considered." Dingeman Advertising, Inc v Algoma Township, 393 Mich. 89, 98-99; 223 N.W.2d 689 (1974).
Ordering Naegele's sign to be torn down under these circumstances would be a most inequitable holding.
Affirmed. Costs to defendants.
D.E. HOLBROOK, J., concurred.
On March 12, 1971, an official of the Community Improvement and Inspection Service of the City of Grand Rapids issued a permit to Naegele Advertising Company for the construction of a 15-foot by 55-foot advertising sign in a planned industrial district (PID) near Plymouth Road and Interstate 96, in Grand Rapids. As the construction of the sign progressed, Don V. Souter, one of the plaintiffs, observed the construction and checked with city officials concerning its legality. He received information from both the city attorney and the city manager that the sign was not in conformity with the City Zoning Ordinance concerning PID.
The sign, nevertheless, was completed. An appeal was subsequently brought before the Board of Zoning Appeals for the City of Grand Rapids by petition filed July 20, 1973. The Board considered the matter at three of its meetings and on September 20, 1973, passed the following resolution:
"Be it resolved that the relief requested in the application by Mr. Souter be rejected for the following reasons and findings of fact:
"1. The ordinance as originally adopted did not contain adequate prohibition against erection of billboards in a planned industrial district and was subsequently amended by Ordinance No. 72-32 adopted April 25, 1972 expressly prohibiting billboards within this district.
"2. The time of beginning substantial construction upon the billboard is not sufficiently clear for this Board to determine that the billboard would be governed by the 1969 Zoning Ordinance or that in effect prior to that time which permitted billboards. Motion to deny this request was made by Mrs. Brooks, seconded by Mr. Winter and carried: Yeas 8, Nays 0."
On October 11, 1973, plaintiffs brought this action for superintending control to the Kent County circuit court. The trial judge, sitting as finder of fact, held that the action of the Board of Zoning Appeals was correct in that the ordinance allowed the issuance of the permit at the time it was issued, and failure to procure prior approval by the Director of Planning was excusable, since the construction of the sign did comply with various provisions of the Grand Rapids code.
Plaintiffs now bring this appeal, asserting that the construction of an advertising sign in a planned industrial district was not permitted by the city ordinances of Grand Rapids and that, even if it was, the procedure defined in the ordinance was not followed. Therefore, the granting of the permit was without legal authority and should be revoked.
Paragraph V, ch 61, art 20, § 5.232 of the Grand Rapids City Code, which was in effect on March 12, 1971, provides:
"Use Regulations. Any use permitted in the I-1 Light Industrial Zone and ancillary service-type uses, trade schools with sleeping quarters, project-oriented industrial engineering with consultant offices, project-oriented recreational facilities and printing establishments shall not be permitted in the PID Zone."
Paragraph V, ch 61, art 19, § 5.222(8), in enumerating the permissible uses in an I-1 zone, provides:
"Advertising signs with a sign surface not exceeding eighteen (18) feet by fifty-five (55) feet".
An advertising sign of the dimensions 15 feet by 55 feet was permissible in an I-1 zone. By reference, the same sign is not permissible in a PID zone. The addition to § 5.232 of the language "Advertising signs shall not be permitted in this zone district", in April, 1972, supports that interpretation. At the very least, the addition of new language indicates that the initial intent, if such an intent existed, to exclude advertising signs from a PID zone was not expressed by the language of the statute and needed a clear expression.
However, ch 61, art 20, § 5.233(4), does require that site plans for individual lots within a PID zone " shall first be approved by the Planning Director and other departments concerned as to compliance with the Grand Rapids Codes and the provisions hereof before final working drawings are started for the structure. The site plan shall include * * * free-standing signs". (Emphasis added.) This provision was not complied with in the instant case.
In this regard, it is important to look to ch 61, art 23, § 5.273, which provides:
"No oversight or dereliction on the part of the Director of Community Improvement and Inspection Services or his authorized assistants or any official or employee of the City of Grand Rapids vested with the duty or authority to issue permits or licenses shall legalize, authorize, waive or excuse the violation of any of the provisions of this ordinance. No permit, nor any license for any use, building or purpose shall be issued by any official or employee of the City of Grand Rapids if the same would be in conflict with the provisions of this ordinance. Any person or license so issued shall be null and void." (Emphasis added.)
Therefore, by the clear language of § 5.273, the failure to comply with the provisions of § 5.233(4) rendered the permit issued in this case null and void.
The defendant sign company certainly cannot, either by commencing or completing construction on the sign, validate an otherwise invalid permit. I do not think that the trial court was correct in holding that the provisions of § 5.233(4) can simply be ignored where, in retrospect, it appears that compliance or noncompliance therewith would ultimately end in a similar result. Such a holding would effectively emasculate the clear language of both § 5.273 and § 5.233(4), in that a person would be able to build a structure in a PID zone without gaining the necessary prior approval, and then subsequently attempt to justify such noncompliance by claiming that to do so was unnecessary since the structure did, in fact, comply with the zone's use regulations. Such a result is contrary to the language of the above ordinances. It would change the language of § 5.233(4) to read that prior approval is needed only where the structure is later found to be nonconforming. Similarly, the language of § 5.273 would be changed to read that a null and void permit is only null and void if the structure is again later found to be nonconforming. The above ordinances clearly provide otherwise.
The real problem present in the foregoing is that the overall planning system by the city is disrupted and the prior approval provisions of § 5.233(4) are destroyed. It is only after the structure is built or contruction is commenced that the trial court's holding would allow the safeguards contained therein to be employed.
The decision of the Zoning Board of Appeals for the City of Grand Rapids and the decision of the trial court should be reversed.